OPHTHALMIC & PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS 于 1925 年首次出版，是一本领先的国际跨学科期刊，解决与当代视觉科学和验光研究相关的基本和应用问题。OPO 发表原创研究论文、技术说明、评论和信件，并将引起研究人员、教育工作者的兴趣和关注视力发育、使用和恢复的临床医生。

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, first published in 1925, is a leading international interdisciplinary journal addressing fundamental and applied issues related to contemporary vision science and optometry research. OPO publishes original research papers, technical notes, reviews, and letters, aimed at engaging researchers and educators, as well as clinicians interested in the development, use, and restoration of vision.

《Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics》创刊于1925年，是一本国际领先的跨学科期刊，专注于解决当代视觉科学和验光研究中的基本与应用问题。该期刊发表原创研究论文、技术说明、评论和信件，旨在引起研究人员和教育工作者的关注，同时也为临床医生提供有关视力发育、使用和恢复的最新研究成果。

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics

Abstract The cornea is one of the tissues responsible for covering and protecting the inner structures of the eye. Central corneal thickness (CCT) is defined as the distance between the anterior epithelial surface and the posterior surface of the endothelial layer. This parameter plays a very important role regarding intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, evaluation of corneal uniformity, selection of a suitable technique for corneal refractive surgery and the planning of surgical procedures to overcome corneal disease. This comprehensive review elucidates the multifaceted factors influencing the central corneal thickness. Recognising the impact of these factors not only enhances our understanding of corneal dynamics but also contributes significantly to the refinement of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in ophthalmology.

Filipe Da Silva

João M. M. Linhares

Madalena Lira

What intrinsic factors affect the central corneal thickness?

哪些内在因素影响中央角膜厚度？

To investigate the effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy (RLRLT) on retinal and choroidal blood perfusion in myopic children.Forty-seven myopic children (mean spherical equivalent refractive error [SE]: -2.31 ± 1.26 D; age range: 8.0-11.0 years) were enrolled and received RLRLT (power 2 mW, wavelength 650 nm) for 3 min twice a day, while 20 myopic children (SE: -2.75 ± 0.84 D; age range: 7.0-10.0 years) were included as a control group. All participants wore single-vision distance glasses. Refractive error, axial length (AL) and other biometric parameters were measured at baseline and during follow-up visits in the first, second and fourth weeks after initiation of treatment. Retinal thickness, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were obtained using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The percentage retinal vascular density (VD%) and choriocapillaris flow voids (FV%) were measured using en-face OCT angiography.After 4 weeks of treatment, a significant increase in SFCT was observed in the RLRLT group, with an average increase of 14.5 μm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.6-19.5 μm), compared with a decrease of -1.7 μm (95% CI: -9.1 to 5.7 μm) in the control group (p < 0.0001). However, no significant changes in retinal thickness or VD% were observed in either group (all p > 0.05). In the OCT images from the RLRLT group, no abnormal retinal morphology related to photodamage was observed. The horizontal scans revealed an increase in TCA, LA and CVI over time (all p < 0.05), while SA and FV% remained unchanged (both p > 0.05).These findings indicate that RLRLT can enhance choroidal blood perfusion in myopic children, demonstrating a cumulative effect over time.

Chang Zhao

Yao Ni

Junwen Zeng

Effect of red‐light therapy on retinal and choroidal blood perfusion in myopic children

红光疗法对近视儿童视网膜和脉络膜血流灌注的影响

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Frank Schaeffel

Christine F. Wildsoet

Red light therapy for myopia: Merits, risks and questions

红光疗法治疗近视：优点、风险与疑问

Abstract Purpose Recent evidence suggests that the ciliary muscle apical fibres are most responsive to accommodative load; however, the structure of the ciliary muscle in individuals with accommodative insufficiency is unknown. This study examined ciliary muscle structure in individuals with accommodative insufficiency (AI). We also determined the response of the ciliary muscle to accommodative/vergence therapy and increasing accommodative demands to investigate the muscle's responsiveness to workload. Methods Subjects with AI were enrolled and matched by age and refractive error with subjects enrolled in another ciliary muscle study as controls. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography was used to measure the ciliary muscle thickness (CMT) at rest (0D), maximum thickness (CMTMAX) and over the area from 0.75 mm (CMT0.75) to 3 mm (CMT3) posterior to the scleral spur of the right eye. For those with AI, the ciliary muscle was also measured at increasing levels of accommodative demand (2D, 4D and 6D), both before and after accommodative/vergence therapy. Results Sixteen subjects with AI (mean age = 17.4 years, SD = 8.0) were matched with 48 controls (mean age = 17.8 years, SD = 8.2). On average, the controls had 52–72 μm thicker ciliary muscles in the apical region at 0D than those with AI ( p = 0.03 for both CMTMAX and CMT 0.75). Differences in thickness between the groups in other regions of the muscle were not statistically significant. After 8 weeks of accommodative/vergence therapy, the CMT increased by an average of 22–42 μm ( p ≤ 0.04 for all), while AA increased by 7D ( p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions This study demonstrated significantly thinner apical ciliary muscle thickness in those with AI and that the ciliary muscle can thicken in response to increased workload. This may explain the mechanism for improvement in signs and symptoms with accommodative/vergence therapy.

Emmanuel Owusu

Nahrain M. Shasteen

G. Lynn Mitchell

Melissa D. Bailey

Chiu‐Yen Kao

Andrew J. Toole

Kathryn Richdale

Marjean T. Kulp

Impact of accommodative insufficiency and accommodative/vergence therapy on ciliary muscle thickness in the eye

调节不足与调节/聚散治疗对眼睛睫状肌厚度的影响

Previous research has shown that accommodation deficits are common in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), but the origin and mechanisms behind these deficits are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of different ocular structures involved in accommodation, in particular the ciliary muscle (CM), in a population of individuals with DS to further understand this deficit and its mechanisms.

Valldeflors Vinuela‐Navarro

Fiona Jane Baker

J. Margaret Woodhouse

Amy L. Sheppard

Ciliary muscle and anterior segment characteristics in pre‐presbyopic adults with Down syndrome

唐氏综合征成年前期睫状肌和眼前段特征

The Maddox rod is a staple in the assessment of strabismus. However, its optics mechanism is puzzling. How is it that an orthogonal line focus is formed? Surprisingly, few texts offer an explanation and those that do either provide insufficient detail, contain misleading information or are difficult to follow. There is a prevalent misconception that multiple cylinders are required for the orthogonal line focus to appear. However, this is untrue; Maddox himself only used a single cylinder when he first described the phenomenon. Herein, we review the optics explanations provided in a sample of texts and offer an accurate explanation using the biplanar principle of astigmatic refraction.

Malak Habib

Nicholas Howard Andrew

The Maddox rod: Revisiting the optics

马多克斯杆：重新审视光学

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate, using a power vector approach, whether corneal astigmatism follows a mirror symmetry pattern considering both the magnitude and axis, and whether age, sex and spherical equivalent refractive error can influence the pattern. Methods The IOLMaster 700 optical biometer was used to measure the radii of curvature of the anterior corneal surface. Refractive error was determined by non‐cycloplegic subjective refraction. Descriptive statistical analyses and inferential logistic regression were applied over the dichotomous variable of mirror symmetry using J 0 and J 45 power vector components. An evaluation was carried out based on the subject's age, sex and spherical equivalent refractive error. Results A total of 2974 Caucasian adults were evaluated. This cross‐sectional study revealed that axis orientation follows the isorule symmetry pattern, and in terms of both magnitude and axis orientation, mirror symmetry was present in 70.9% of cases. Age, sex and spherical equivalent refractive error were not significant factors and did not contribute to the clinical improvement of the model despite its statistical significance (refractive error, p = 0.001; age and sex, p = 0.23 and 0.36, respectively). Conclusions Among an adult Caucasian population, the prevalence of corneal astigmatism mirror symmetry was 70.9% and isorule symmetry was the most common pattern considering axis orientation only. The inclusion of age, sex and spherical equivalent refractive error did not improve the model.

Raquel Salvador‐Roger

Vicente Micó

José J. Esteve‐Taboada

Prevalence of interocular symmetry in corneal astigmatism and the possible influence of age, sex and refractive error

角膜散光的双眼对称性流行率及其可能受年龄、性别和屈光不正的影响

To evaluate the long-term effect of corneal transplantation on mental health outcomes and to assess potential predictors of these outcomes.

E. B. M. Elsman

H. P. A. Van der Aa

N. E. Billingy

C. Nieuwendaal

R. P. L. Wisse

R. J. Wijdh

M. L. Tang

B. T. H. Van Dooren

S. Nobacht

R. M. M. A. Nuijts

G. H. M. B. Van Rens

R. M. A. Van Nispen

Long‐term mental health outcomes after corneal transplantation and potential predictors: A multicentre prospective cohort study

角膜移植术后长期心理健康结果及潜在预测因素：一项多中心前瞻性队列研究

Abstract Purpose The present study aimed to determine the potential impact of scleral lenses on intraocular pressure (IOP) by analysing the Bruch's membrane opening–minimum rim width (BMO‐MRW) while the lenses are worn, in a population with keratoconus. Methods Participants were required to have keratoconus and be successfully fitted with scleral lenses for at least 3 months. A new pair of optimised scleral lenses was provided before the study. During the first session, corneal biomechanics was assessed using an air tonometer, coupling Scheimpflug technology. Then, a scan of the optic nerve was carried out using optical coherence tomography (OCT) at 2 h intervals for 6 h. Particular attention was paid to identifying the BMO‐MRW, which represents the smallest distance between the BMO and the internal limiting membrane. These tests were repeated, respecting the time at which the initial measurements were taken, while the scleral lens was worn. Results from only one eye were analysed. Results A statistically significant change of 10.5 ± 3.6 μm (95% CI [241.3–473.1]; p = 0.02) in BMO‐MRW was observed after 6 h of scleral lens wear, compared to measurements without lenses (4.8 ± 3.4 μm; 95% CI [285.1–439.7]; p = 0.18). The fluctuation was greater in participants with keratoconus than found in a previous study of regular corneas. Conclusion BMO‐MRW became significantly thinner after 6 h of scleral lens wear compared with measurements without lenses. These variations may be associated with a rise in IOP during lens wear. Close monitoring for optic head changes should be carried out for patients at risk. These results should be compared with future longer‐term studies including a larger cohort of patients.

Langis Michaud

Steve Balourdet

Dan Samaha

Variation of Bruch's membrane opening in response to intraocular pressure change during scleral lens wear, in a population with keratoconus

Bruch膜开口在巩膜接触镜佩戴期间眼内压变化中的变化，针对圆锥角膜人群

Abstract Purpose To compare the parameters and indices of a novel swept‐source optical coherence tomography device (SS‐OCT, ANTERION) with those of a rotating Scheimpflug camera (RSC)‐based tomograph (Pentacam) in normal and keratoconic (KC) eyes. Methods This prospective, monocentric, cross‐sectional study included individuals with unoperated normal and KC eyes, selecting one eye per subject. Ectasia‐specific parameters analysed with the SS‐OCT were difference in mean keratometry ( K mean ) in the inferior and superior meridians, maximum keratometry value ( K max ), elevation of the posterior surface at the thinnest point, screening corneal objective risk of ectasia (SCORE) and thinnest point thickness. With the RSC, parameters determined were Belin/Ambrosio total deviation value (BAD‐D), index of height decentration and index of vertical asymmetry. KC classification with the SS‐OCT was based on the anterior and posterior radii of curvature and thinnest point thickness according to the ABCD classification of the RSC system. Results This study included 117 individuals with healthy eyes and 335 eyes with KC. The indices with the highest diagnostic discriminatory ability between the two cohorts were SCORE, difference of K mean in the inferior and superior meridians and posterior elevation of the thinnest point (SS‐OCT), as well as the index of height decentration, index of vertical asymmetry and BAD‐D (RSC). The classifications using SS‐OCT defined mild‐stage KC as K max , posterior elevation of the thinnest point and thinnest point thickness as ≤50.9 D, ≤30 and ≥472 μm, respectively. Moderate stage values were 51–55.9 D, 31–69 and 471–438 μm, respectively, while respective advanced stage were ≥56 D, ≥70 and ≤437 μm. Conclusion The diagnostic capabilities for both devices were found to be comparable. KC classification using SS‐OCT can be independently based on the anterior surface, posterior surface and corneal thickness.

Robert Herber

Janine Lenk

Lisa Ramm

Dierk Wittig

Maria Magdalena Patzner

Lutz E. Pillunat

Frederik Raiskup

Evaluation of indices for the assessment and classification of keratoconus based on optical coherence tomography and Scheimpflug technology

基于光学相干断层扫描和Scheimpflug技术的圆锥角膜评估与分类指标的评价

Abbreviation	Ophthalmic Physiol Opt
Journal Impact	2.68
Quartiles(Global)	OPHTHALMOLOGY(Q1)

ISSN	0275-5408, 1475-1313
h-index	82

Publication Information	Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd，Publishing cycle: Bimonthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1981，Proportion of original research papers: 94.78%，Self Citation Rate:21.40%， Gold OA Rate: 41.96%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：较慢,6-12周
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：较易

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics

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