Antichnaya Drevnost' i Srednie Veka

This article focuses on the hagiographical rewriting from the Palaiologan Period. Having outlined the corpus of relevant texts, the author discusses the two paradigms that currently permeate the scholarship dealing with the Late Byzantine hagiography, the “old saints” paradigm and the “metaphrasis” paradigm. Both approaches, despite their indisputable heuristic value, do not take into consideration all aspects of hagiographical rewriting in the period in question. The first paradigm is not adequate because, first, it is virtually impossible to determine how great the chronological distance between the hero and the text must be to make him or her “old”, and, second, because the life of old saint does not amount to a rewriting; vice versa, a rewritten text does not necessarily mean that we are dealing with the life of old saint. Regarding the second approach, the term “metaphrasis” inevitably creates an association with the metaphrastic Menologion, which is not entirely justifiable because the early Palaiologan hagiographic corpus differs from it minimum in four important ways: these texts are often transmitted in authorial collections (instead of menologia); they were composed on occasion (instead of being part of a prearranged program); they have individual (instead of collective) authorship; the rewriting techniques allow for major alterations in the contents and are rarely limited to passage-for-passage transposition.

Lev Vsevolodovich Lukhovitskiy

Античная древность и средние века

Early Palaiologan Hagiography: “Old” and “New” Saints under the Shadow of Symeon Metaphrastes

早期帕里奥洛加斯时期的圣徒传记：在西梅昂·梅塔弗拉斯特斯的阴影下“旧”与“新”圣徒

The article addresses Theodore Metochites’ assessment of the phenomenon of monastery and monastic life (mostly according to Chapter 40 of his Sententious Notes) in juxtaposition with his predecessors in the ekphrastic genre, such as Michael the Rhetor. The descriptions in question and the “conceptual portrait” of the monastic institution(s) and of the monk as an ascetic draw on a centuries-long Late Antique Jewish and, later on, Christian tradition of conceptualizing Temple, firstly that of Solomon, but then also every Christian one (first of all, St Sophia of Constantinople), as: a) a focal point of the believers’ life; b) antitype of the Heavenly Temple, i. e., of the New Jerusalem, the Divine Tabernacle, whereas its eschatological coming will be seen by the just in the Kingdom of God, according to the Bible. For Theodore, monastery is both spiritual and sensorial realization of the Divine Kingdom on earth, being a brilliant and luminous sacred space. In its description, which is being used by the author as a tool of its contraposition to the turmoil of the theatrum mundi (kosmikon theatron), some traits of hierotopicity are clearly to be seen. The description was carried out in the genre of ekphrasis, but different features of other genres as well (such as philosophical &amp; theological essay or threnos) are discernible there. Metochites cries out that now all the Church buildings and monasteries are destroyed or put in disorder, all their magnificence remaining in the past, and it is Joseph Bryennios in the fifteenth century who picks up the corresponding topics. Also typical for the style of Metochites’ thought are some allusions at Pseudo-­Dionysius the Areopagite. Theodore’s Notes with its Ch. 40 allow us to support the fresher speculations of Byzantinists concerning creative freedom and wild imagination of those Byzantine intellectuals and polymaths who, like the Great logothete, used to construe their own virtual worlds and attract those keen on reading to them.

Dmitrii Igorevich Makarov

Some Traits of Ekphrasis Interweaving with Hierotopy in Theodore Metochites’ Monastery Descriptions

西奥多·梅托基特斯修道院描述中交织的埃克弗拉西斯与圣像术的某些特征

The appearance of the local centres of glazed ware production in the Palaiologean Period allowed the development of local schools of parade table ware. In the Crimean Peninsula, the local production centres were active in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In the Genoese castle of Cembalo, there were glazed ware workshops from the second half of the fourteenth to the third quarter of the fifteenth century. Along with the manufacture of various forms of original pottery, the artisans of these workshops copied the ornamental compositions which were popular in the Mediterranean area. This article addresses the vessels attributed to the so-called “imitations” or “counterfeits”, which reproduced the samples of the Byzantine glazed pottery of the group of Elaborate Incised Ware, so widespread in the region. Among these vessels, there possibly were the pieces produced in the same workshop or by the same artisan: small handleless cups with small flaring ring-base, bowls, and tureens or dishes with the so-called “aslant” ring-base typical of the Byzantine pottery from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The finds in question testify to the popularity of the Byzantine Elaborate Incised Ware in the Northern Black Sea Area, and the Genoese castle of Cembalo in particular, in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.

Nataliia Vitalievna Ginkut

Imitation of the Late Byzantine Pottery Samples by the Local Production in the Genoese Castle of Cembalo

热那亚城堡塞姆巴洛本地生产的晚期拜占庭陶器样本的仿制品

This article discusses the social mobility among the Roman senatorial aristocracy in the late third and early fourth centuries. According to the accounts of narrative, legislative, and epigraphic sources and applying the methods of prosopography, the author analyzes the possibilities that the Roman senators had for their rise. The Roman aristocracy can be divided into several subgroups. Particularly closed and privileged was the group of patrician senators. The main channels of their social mobility were the conclusion of legal marriage, the birth within the legal marriage, the adoption of “new persons” by a representative of the patrician family, and, to a lesser extent, the procedure of the imperial adlectio. The modes of social mobility of other subgroups of the Roman senatorial aristocracy were more variable due to their activities in the imperial service. For senators who were not patriciates, the emperor acted as the main regulator of the influx of “new persons” and the rise of existing aristocrats. Under Emperors Diocletian and Constantine I, the promotion of aristocrats was situational, depending on state tasks. The only targeted reform to increase the total number of the senatorial aristocracy of Rome was carried out from 312 to 326; in result, the number of senators significantly increased for the first time in a long period and amounted to 2,000. In contrast to the interpretation established in historiography, in the late third and early fourth century, the senatorial aristocracy kept its privileged position in relation to other social groups. Having recovered from the consequences of the third-­century crisis, the Roman senators managed to rally; they represented a political force that the rulers had to reckon with. In result, the aristocrats got real opportunities to realize their political potential.

Evgeniya Sergeevna Zaitseva

Social Mobility in the Environment of the Roman Senatorial Aristocracy (The Age of Diocletian and Constantine I)

罗马元老院贵族环境中的社会流动（戴克里先与君士坦丁一世时期）

Sigillographic sources from the Taurica supply information on the relations of this region with the central government along with provincial administrations and representatives of aristocratic circles of the Byzantine Empire, as well as with various Orthodox Church institutions. An illustration to the latter could be an eleventh-­century mollybdoboullon discovered in the Crimea, which features a rare image of the Mother of God Spelaiotissa (of the Cave) and belonged to the monk Leo Spelaiotis. From the combination of the sigillographic type and the nickname of the seal’s owner there are reasons to suppose that the monument introduced into the scholarship is not a seal of the Byzantine noble families but belonged to a representative of a famous pilgrimage centre in the Peloponnesus. The find of the seal of a clergyman of the Mother of God Spelaiotissa’s Monastery in the Crimea widens the geography of the region’s pilgrimage connections and uncovers the contacts of the Taurica priests with the monasteries in the South Pontic coast, the Asia Minor, and Central Greece.

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Alekseienko

A Seal of Leo Spelaiotis from the Crimea

克里米亚出土的利奥·斯佩莱蒂斯印章

This paper analyses the Hispano-Moresque pottery with luster painting which was obtained by the castle of Cembalo from the second half of the fourteenth to fifteenth century. The excavation materials comprise of a few types of ceramic ware: pitchers, several types of bowls, and plates (dishes). The parallels to the ware in question appeared in a large tract of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, Eastern Europe, and the Golden Horde lands. The said vessels were popular on such a wide territory due to their unusually picturesque ornamental design. Parade Spanish ceramic ware appeared in the castle of Cembalo in result of the Genoese merchants’ active trading in the Black Sea area, where it was used as present and commodity. This ware penetrated into the area in question from the mid- or the second half of the fourteenth century on, according to the finds of the Pula group. The most of the fragments excavated dates from the fifteenth century. The Spanish ceremonial ware continued to penetrate to the Crimea, the castle of Cembalo in particular, even after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople. The latest finds date from the third quarter or late fifteenth century.

Spanish Luxury Pottery from the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Excavated at the Genoese Castle of Cembalo

十四至十五世纪西班牙奢华陶器在热那亚城堡塞姆巴洛的发掘

The system of early mediaeval fortifications in the Byzantine lands in the South- Western Crimea remains an object of discussion. The dating of many fortifications was determined by indirect evidence, particularly the stonework of defensive walls. In the mid-twentieth century, A. L. Yakobson inferred that the Crimean forts of ashlar masonry dated to the age of Justinian I. This article argues that the technique in question appeared in the Hellenistic Period and was used in the defensive walls throughout the history of Byzantium and therefore was not a particular chronological marker. The given research addresses the materials of archaeological investigations at 12 forts in the South-Western Taurica, constructed, in the scholars’ view, in the Early Middle Ages. The results of historiographical analysis make it possible to single out a group of castles constructed in the sixth century according to archaeological materials: Mangup-Kale, Eski-Kermen, Bakla, Sivag-Kermen, and Alouston. This group should also include the fort in Gorzoubitai, the construction of which fortifications was described in the Buildings of Procopius of Caesarea. The ashlar facing of defensive walls has been documented at two sites of the group in question, Mangup and Eski-Kermen. The other forts had rubble facing of their defensive walls. Apparently, both building techniques were used by the Byzantine engineers in the Taurica simultaneously. With a degree of probability, the castles of Chufut-Kale and Kalamita and the fort in the Karalez valley can be attributed to the Early Middle Ages.

Anton Anatol’evich Dushenko

Building Technique of the Early Byzantine Fortifications of the South-Western Taurica: Historiographical Tradition and Archaeological Realities

早期拜占庭西南陶里斯要塞的建筑技术：史学传统与考古现实

This paper addresses the descriptions of single combats and tournaments with participation from the emperor as described by the Late Byzantine writers (George Akropolites, John Kantakouzenos, George Pachymeres, Nikephoros Gregoras). The research is aimed to define the features of the use of stories about the participation of Byzantine emperors in single combats on the battlefield, trial combats, jousts (gaming combats), and collective faceoffs (tournaments) in the historical writings of Late Byzantine authors and to observe the authors’ value judgments about these cases. It has been taken into account that the Byzantine historians often applied traditional rhetorical models, imitated the language and style of ancient Greek and Roman authors, and used the allusions to the texts of the Holy Scripturee, and the works of other historians in their written works. It has been established that the descriptions of the eagerness of Michael Palaiologos to clear his name by judicial duel in connection with accusation of treason (1253) allowed Pachymeres to present Michael in a favorable light and deflect an accusation of treason from him. It has been shown that the writers used the stories regarding the participation of emperors in single combat on the battlefield (or their eagerness to participate) and in sports games (“jousts” and “tournaments”) to present the rulers in positive or negative way. Late Byzantine writers paid special attention to the characterization of manifestations of courage and other military virtues of Byzantine emperors, and to the correspondence or inconsistency of their actions with the imperial dignity. The influence of the imperial propaganda on the works of the authors, as well as the reflection in them of some features of the self-consciousness of the Byzantine aristocracy of that time, has been established.

Irina Sergeevna Okhlupina

Valour or Recklessness? The Emperor in Single Combats and Tournaments through the Eyes of Late Byzantine Writers

勇气还是鲁莽？拜占庭晚期作家眼中的皇帝在单挑和比武中的形象

“So-and-so to so-and-so [wishes] to rejoice” (Ὁ δεῖνα τῷ δεῖνι χαίρειν) is an epistolary salutation formula (hereinafter: infinitive formula), which emerged as early as the fourth century BC and was used throughout the Byzantine millennium. The formula is known in a large number of variants. This paper analyzes the use of the infinitive formula in the Greek letters from the Palaiologan period (second half of the thirteenth to fifteenth century). First, the evolution of the formula from antiquity to the thirteenth century is briefly characterized. Second, it has been investigated how often this formula was used, by which authors, and in what versions. Third, a typology of varieties of the infinitive formula has been proposed: two main types, “ancient” and “Byzantine,” have been distinguished, with variations possible within each one. Fourth, it is considered what reasons could have caused the choice between different variants of the formula, for example, when the verb χαίρειν (“to rejoice”) was replaced by the phrase εὖ πράττειν (“to fare well”) or when the name of the author is put in the first place, and when in the second place. It has been shown that this choice depended on various factors, including author’s belonging to a certain social group, his philosophical views, and aesthetic preferences.

Dmitrii Aleksandrovich Chernoglazov

Ancient Salutation Formula in the Greek Letters from the Palaiologan Period

拜占庭晚期希腊书信中的古代问候语

The Orthodox view of the Catholic Church with its sacred buildings, rituals, and shrines was amply reflected in the Byzantine and Russian descriptions of the Council of Ferrara-Florence. It is possible to divide the existing sources into two groups with different attitude to Latin cultic practices. An ambiguous attitude of earlier descriptions may be related to the uneasiness of the majority of Orthodox towards Western religious art, the decoration of churches, and the peculiarities of ritual that appeared unusual and alien. The most prominent Byzantines, including the emperor and the patriarch, were prepared to the union, tolerated the Latin liturgy and worshipped at Latin shrines. Many Orthodox followed their example, though not without hesitation. The rigorists, who constituted a minority at the council, rejected the very idea of a religious reunification based on compromise, and considered it unacceptable to honour Latin shrines. The latter view had eventually prevailed both in Constantinople and in Moscow, leading to the emergence of highly polemical descriptions of the council. Their authors tried to conceal the interested attitude of many Orthodox delegates towards Catholic churches and liturgy, their reverence for Catholic icons and relics. On the contrary, confessional distinction was strictly imposed, leading to firm refusal to venerate Catholic shrines that belonged to the menacing heresy and dangerous heretics.

涉及主题	历史艺术地理古代史考古经典哲学政治学拜占庭式建筑法学计算机科学生物语言学物理视觉艺术地质学神学
出版信息	出版商: Ural Federal University，出版周期: ，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 是
基本数据	创刊年份: 2019，原创研究文献占比: 0.00%，自引率:N.A.， Gold OA占比: 0.00%
平均审稿周期	网友分享经验：22 Weeks

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