Acta Hydrotechnica

This study analyzes the flood inundation area using shallow water numerical modeling with HEC-RAS 6.3 software by comparing 1D, coupled 1D–2D, and 2D approaches. As a case study, the 2013 Way-Ela dam-break event in Indonesia is selected. Way-Ela Dam naturally formed by landslides in 2012, collapsed due to a piping mechanism after a heavy rainfall event. To estimate the breach outflow hydrograph, an empirical parametric model based on regression formula is used. Compared with the observed data, the numerical results show the 2D model produces the most accurate results among others, with reasonable computational time, while the 1D model, despite being computationally very efficient, misinterprets the flood extent map. The coupled 1D–2D model produces results similar to that of the 2D model; however, this coupled approach, which is expected to be more computationally efficient than the 2D one, interestingly yields a significantly longer calculation time. Some possible reasons are thus discussed. Additionally, comparisons for the water level and velocity are also presented in several locations to point out the difference between each model. Our finding informs the selection of an appropriate hydrodynamic model for dam-break simulations, balancing the result accuracy and computational cost.

Metta Lim

Bobby Minola Ginting

Theo Senjaya

Christine Kieswanti

Acta hydrotechnica

Comparison of 1D, coupled 1D–2D, and 2D shallow water numerical modeling for dam-break flow analysis of Way-Ela dam, Indonesia

印尼Way-Ela大坝溃坝流量分析的1D、耦合1D-2D和2D浅水数值模型比较

The paper presents the design and static analysis of a high arch dam. A feasibility study was conducted on the dam in the 90s and a preliminary layout was designed. However, the dam’s construction phase has been never started. In this paper, the design and layout of the dam under consideration are in accordance with the US manuals for the design of arch dams. The structure’s three-dimensional model was entered into the program SAP2000 and three-dimensional solid finite elements were used to discretize the model. This paper considers the hydrostatic pressure of the water reservoir and concrete self-weight. The analysis was performed for both the maximum and the minimum designed water level and for the case when the reservoir is empty. Special attention is given to the boundary conditions of the dam at its abutments and foundation. The results show that the planned layout is good for the dam’s construction. The arch dam’s curve transfers the loads to the abutments. The significant role of the foundation rigidity and the reservoir water level in the stress distribution and nodal displacements within the arch dam is observed.

Yaser Ghafoori

Andrej Kryžanowski

Dejan Zupan

Static analysis of a high arch dam

高拱坝静力分析

We compare the Iribarren, Hudson, and Van der Meer methods for designing rock armour revetments and breakwaters using fictive but plausible wave parameters. The obtained results show relatively high discrepancy. The Hudson method requires elements of almost twice the weight of those calculated using the Irribaren method, and the difference in maximum wave resistance is between 20 and 30%. Compared to the Hudosn method, the duration of storms causing 5, 20 and 30% damage to rock armour designed using the Iribarren method is two-fold lower for the trunk and almost an order of magnitude lower for the head of the rock armour. We suggest that the designers choose a method upon thoughtful consideration of the structure's purpose and importance, and of potential damage due to the structure's either partial or complete collapse.

Jerneja Čehovin

Dušan Žagar

Determining rock armour stability under the stress of wave loading

确定波浪荷载作用下岩石护岸的稳定性

In this paper we discuss energy storage requirements for EUSALP region in Europe. EUSALP is an Alpine region that includes the entirety Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and Lichtenstein, as well as parts of France, Germany, and Italy. A model is presented that facilitates the estimation of the required technical amounts of energy storage and installed power of pumped storage hydropower plants. The aim of the model is to estimate the requirements of energy storage to assist in setting guidelines for stable and reliable future electric energy supply in the EUSALP region. The model is based on currently known patterns of energy consumption and generation and available information on the future increase of renewable electric generation capacity, energy consumption, and the introduction of electromobility within all EUSALP regions. The hourly balance of generation, demand, and storage within a selected future year is assumed. The results are presented such that a mix of scenarios is addressed. Among them are installed generation capacity, installed pumped hydro storage power, selection of photovoltaic and wind electric energy generation ratio, the charging of a selected percentage of electric cars, flexible run-of-river hydro electric energy generation, import/export, generation by nuclear and backup fossil fuel sources, and a selection of disturbances. Results show that energy storage capacities must be increased by a large margin regardless of the choice of demand site management strategies or flexible electric car charging. Around a requisite 10-fold increase in pumped storage hydropower capacity is estimated, while the estimated increase in required energy storage is even higher. Daily and seasonal variations are also discussed. Further, the amount of surplus electric energy generation is presented and discussed.

Marko Hočevar

Lovrenc Novak

Gašper Rak

Future needs for energy storage in the Alpine region

阿尔卑斯地区未来对储能的需求

In order to determine the granularity of the material, image analysis may be used instead of traditional methods such as sieving. Data on granulometry is important in the water management sector for several practical applications, such as calculation of sediment transport capacity in watercourses, design of hydraulic structures, or modeling of debris flows. The WipFrag and Basegrain programs were tested on the case study of the Belca rockfall and the Sava Dolinka River’s gravel bar near the village of Mojstrana. In both cases, multiple images were taken from different heights and sieve analysis was performed. The results of both programs were compared with the results of the sieving analysis. The results showed that WipFrag yielded more comparable results with the sieving analysis than Basegrain. WipFrag gave slightly better results in the case of the Belca rockfall than in the case of the river gravel bar. The Basegrain program, on the other hand, produced similarly comparable results in both case studies. In most cases, both programs underestimated the grain size compared to the results of the sieving analysis. In some cases, the relative differences were close to 100%. On the other hand, the selected statistical test did not show a statistically significant difference between the results of the sieving analysis and the results of the image analysis in both of the programs. Optimal image analysis results were obtained from images taken from the height of about 1.5-2 m, which means that we suggest that photos of aggregates, fluvial sediments, and erosion material should be taken from a height of approximately ten times the maximum grain size.

Maja Matič

Nejc Bezak

Mikoš Matjaž

Optical granulometry of coarse aggregates and sediments

粗骨料和沉积物的光学粒度分析

Municipal waste is a collection of residential, industrial, institutional, commercial, construction, and demolition waste collected by a municipality and disposed at a particular site. In poor urban areas, a large proportion of leachate is discharged, untreated directly into the closest water body. The Boragaon Garbage Dump is located inside the eastern part of Deepor Beel Wildlife Sanctuary, the only Ramsar site in Assam, Northeast India. The Boragaon Municipal Garbage dump directly releases its landfill leachate into the Deepor Beel, which increases the concentration of toxic substances in its water. In the present study, the water quality parameters and heavy metal concentration (EC, TDS, turbidity, pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, F-, BOD, DO, SO42-, PO43-, NO3-, As, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ni, Pb and Zn) of the water in the outlets of Boragaon Garbage dump released into the Deepor Beel were assessed using standard methods for a one-year period. The results found were quite surprising, with very high levels of EC (8740±120 µScm-1), turbidity (693±1 NTU), BOD (458.6±1.86 mg/L), TDS (917.4±2.23 mg/L), K (53.9±0.24 mg/L), Cl- (502.28±2.96 mg/L), Al (7.21±0.06 mg/L), As (129.42±0.22 µg/L), Ni (0.102±0.002mg/L) and Pb (32.4±1 µg/L). These large amounts of physiochemical properties and heavy metals concentration in water may cause detrimental effects on the ecological communities of the Deepor Beel and the nearby human population. This Ramsar site needs an immediate solution such as the relocation of the dumping ground and better management of the existing waste to rectify the problem of deteriorating water quality, otherwise the water quality will be past the point of recovery within a decade.

Ranjit Kakati

Keshob Borah

Dipankar Borah

Queen Saikia

Ajit Hazarika

Assessment of water quality and heavy metal pollution in leachate from municipal dumping ground located in Deepor Beel, a Ramsar site

评估位于拉姆萨尔湿地Deepor Beel的市政垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质及重金属污染

The unconfined gravity-flow system near a free-outflow boundary such as a highway cut slope was investigated by using a higher-order numerical model. Unlike the Dupuit–Forchheimer equation, which is applicable mainly to a hydraulic flow problem, the proposed model accounts for the effects of the vertical component of the flow for a full treatment of the problem of plane phreatic flow. The model equations were numerically solved by means of a finite-difference scheme. Their accuracy was then verified using the solutions of the full two-dimensional potential-flow method and rigorous mathematical approaches, revealing that for a face slope flatter than 70º, the differences between the solutions of the model and the earlier approaches for the relative seepage-face height were nearly negligible. The comparison results also demonstrated the substantial effects of the slope of the downstream face on this height and the seepage discharge. Furthermore, the accuracies of the model predictions for the phreatic-surface profile and the distributions of the piezometric head at different vertical sections are much better than the earlier method, which approximates the trapezoidal-shaped aquifer by its equivalent rectangular one. Such a satisfactory performance may be attributed to the model’s higher-order correction factor for the effects of the phreatic-surface curvature and steep slope.

Yebegaeshet Zerihun

Two-dimensional unconfined seepage flow toward a highway cut slope

二维无压渗流流向公路开挖边坡

Most of the world's population lives in areas facing a severe water crisis. Climatology researchers need precipitation information, pattern analysis, modeling of spatial relationships, and more to cope with these conditions. Therefore, in this paper, a comprehensive approach is developed for describing geographic phenomenon using various geostatistical techniques. Two main methods of interpolation (Inverse Distance Weighting and Kriging) are used and their results are compared. The Urmia Lake Basin in Iran was selected as a case-study area that has faced critical conditions in recent years. Precipitation was initially modeled using both conventional, non-statistical approaches and advanced geo-statistical methods. The result of the comparison shows that ordinary Kriging is the best interpolation method for precipitation, with an RMS of 4.15, and Local Polynomial Interpolation with the exponential kernel function is the worst method, with an RMS of 5.02. Finally, a general regression analysis was conducted on precipitation data to examine its relationship with other variables. The results show that the latitude variable was identified as the dependent variable with the most influence on precipitation, with an impact factor of 81%, and that the slope has the lowest impact on precipitation, at nearly zero percent. The influence of latitude on precipitation appears to be localized, suggesting that it may not be a significant variable for predicting global environmental threats.

Hossein Aghamohammadi

Saeed Behzadi

Fatemeh Moshtaghinejad

Spatial Statistics Analysis of Precipitation in the Urmia Lake Basin

乌尔米亚湖流域降水空间统计分析

The analysis examines various impacts of global warming (GW) and urban heat island (UHI) effects at four meteorological stations in and around Zagreb, Croatia, spanning from 1981 to 2021. The goal was to determine the intensity and causes of the different warming tendencies and behaviour of air temperature variations observed in various parts of Zagreb. Data from four meteorological stations were analysed: Grič (GR) – a hill within the city area, Maksimir (MA) – an urbanized suburban area, Pleso (PL) – a suburban area unaffected by intense urbanization (airport), and Puntijarka (PU) – atop of Mt. Medvednica. Various statistical methods were applied to analyse trends and variations in annual, monthly, and daily air temperature indices (ATI), including linear regression, the Mann–Kendall test, the day-to-day variability method (DTD), and diurnal air temperature range (DTR) method. All stations showed increasing trends in all ATI. At the PU station, the trend is solely due to GW; at others, both UHI and GW contribute. The MA station exhibits the most pronounced UHI. DTD variability decreases at all stations. GR sees an increasing DTR trend, while PU's trend is decreasing. No DTR trends were observed at the other two stations. Overall, ATI variations are similar, but each location's behaviour differs due to its unique local environment.

Ognjen Bonacci

Adrijana Vrsalović

Tanja Roje-Bonacci

Different development of global warming (GW) and urban heat island (UHI) in the city of Zagreb

全球变暖与城市热岛在萨格勒布市发展的差异

涉及主题	工程类环境科学地质学物理生物地理生态学岩土工程计算机科学水文学（农业）数学历史考古化学哲学气象学热力学有机化学海洋学
出版信息	出版商: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering，出版周期: ，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 否
基本数据	创刊年份: 2018，原创研究文献占比: 0.00%，自引率:N.A.， Gold OA占比: 0.00%

Acta Hydrotechnica

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Comparison of 1D, coupled 1D–2D, and 2D shallow water numerical modeling for dam-break flow analysis of Way-Ela dam, Indonesia

Static analysis of a high arch dam

Determining rock armour stability under the stress of wave loading

Future needs for energy storage in the Alpine region

Optical granulometry of coarse aggregates and sediments

Comparison of 1D, coupled 1D–2D, and 2D shallow water numerical modeling for dam-break flow analysis of Way-Ela dam, Indonesia

Assessment of water quality and heavy metal pollution in leachate from municipal dumping ground located in Deepor Beel, a Ramsar site

Two-dimensional unconfined seepage flow toward a highway cut slope

Spatial Statistics Analysis of Precipitation in the Urmia Lake Basin

Different development of global warming (GW) and urban heat island (UHI) in the city of Zagreb

ISSN	0352-3551, 1581-0267
h-index	7