European Journal of Applied Physiology

This review is a comprehensive guide for electromyography (EMG) researchers, providing a comparison of skin EMG recording (surface EMG: sEMG and high-density sEMG: HD-sEMG) and intramuscular EMG recording (multi-motor unit-MMU and single motor unit electromyography-SMU). We delve into the nuances of techniques, highlighting their strengths and limitations in quantifying muscle activation during dynamic and static conditions. We first examine how EMG signals change with time, focussing on the interplay between motor unit synchronisation and signal amplitude. The review then explores the impact of electrode placement on signal quality. We further discuss the challenges of signal cancellation, crosstalk from neighbouring muscles, and motion artifacts, which can significantly affect signal integrity. Finally, we address the temporal changes in electrode impedance and its implications for data interpretation. Our analysis proposes that specific research objectives should guide the choice amongst sEMG, HD-sEMG, SMU and MMU. MMU, which records the peak counts of individual motor unit action potentials from a localised muscle area, is particularly suited for studying deep or small muscles during static and dynamic activities. Its high sensitivity to motor unit recruitment and discharge rates minimises the impact of factors such as signal cancellation and motion artefacts. Conversely, sEMG is well-suited for short-duration, isometric assessments of large, superficial muscles. HD-sEMG helps study single motor unit properties under isometric conditions. SMU is particularly suited for studying neuronal networks between stimulated sites and motor neurons. This review aims to provide researchers with the information to select the most appropriate EMG technique for their investigations.

Ilhan Karacan

Kemal Sitki Türker

Eur J Appl Physiol

A comparison of electromyography techniques: surface versus intramuscular recording

肌电图技术比较：表面记录与肌肉内记录

When humans perform isometric ballistic contractions of different intensities, a strong linear relationship is observed between peak force and peak rate of force development. The slope of this relationship, termed the rate of force development scaling factor (RFD-SF), has been proposed as a measure of neuromuscular quickness of submaximal contractions. The RFD-SF is largely dependent on motor unit firing rate and its modulation with contraction intensity, and possibly by agonist-antagonist coordination. The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate the available literature on RFD-SF, including the underlying physiological mechanisms, assessment protocols and methodological considerations, practical application to clinical and sports practice and additional factors such as sex, muscle group, task and fatigue. The main findings of the review are: (a) RFD-SF is very sensitive to impairments associated with aging and neurological diseases, (b) the literature lacks studies on the importance of RFD-SF for athletes, with some evidence that RFD-SF may affect the accuracy of submaximal movements, (c) RFD-SF is not largely influenced by fatigue and sex, (d) the RFD-SF values have been very consistent across muscle groups, with an exception of ankle muscles, (e) the methodology for RFD-SF assessment appears to be well established and standardized. Future research is needed to determine if RFD-SF provides any independent information that cannot be captured with peak force/torque and RFD.

Žiga Kozinc

Darjan Smajla

Nejc Šarabon

The rate of force development scaling factor: a review of underlying factors, assessment methods and potential for practical applications

力发展速率缩放因子：基础因素、评估方法及实际应用潜力综述

The evaluation of rate of force development during rapid contractions has recently become quite popular for characterising explosive strength of athletes, elderly individuals and patients. The main aims of this narrative review are to describe the neuromuscular determinants of rate of force development and to discuss various methodological considerations inherent to its evaluation for research and clinical purposes. Rate of force development (1) seems to be mainly determined by the capacity to produce maximal voluntary activation in the early phase of an explosive contraction (first 50–75 ms), particularly as a result of increased motor unit discharge rate; (2) can be improved by both explosive-type and heavy-resistance strength training in different subject populations, mainly through an improvement in rapid muscle activation; (3) is quite difficult to evaluate in a valid and reliable way. Therefore, we provide evidence-based practical recommendations for rational quantification of rate of force development in both laboratory and clinical settings.

Nicola A. Maffiuletti

Per Aagaard

Anthony J. Blazevich

Jonathan Folland

Neale Tillin

Jacques Duchateau

Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations

力发展速率：生理学与方法学考量

To investigate the effects of strength training on abundances of irisin-related biomarkers in skeletal muscle and blood of untrained young women, and their associations with body mass composition, muscle phenotype and levels of thyroid hormones.

S Ellefsen

O Vikmoen

G Slettaløkken

J E Whist

H Nygaard

I Hollan

I Rauk

G Vegge

T A Strand

T Raastad

B R Rønnestad

European journal of applied physiology

Irisin and FNDC5: effects of 12-week strength training, and relations to muscle phenotype and body mass composition in untrained women.

鸢尾素和FNDC5：12周力量训练对未训练女性的影响，及其与肌肉表型和身体质量组成的关系。

Long-term effects of exercise training are well studied. Acute hemodynamic responses to various training modalities, in particularly strength training (ST), have only been described in a few studies. This study examines the acute responses to ST, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MCT).

Roberto Falz

Sven Fikenzer

Roman Holzer

Ulrich Laufs

Kati Fikenzer

Martin Busse

Acute cardiopulmonary responses to strength training, high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training.

力量训练、高强度间歇训练和中等强度持续训练的急性心肺反应。

Clara J. Mitchinson

Djadmann Gustave

Pasquale J. Succi

Brian Benitez

Minyoung Kwak

Haley C. Bergstrom

Vigorous intensity heart rate-clamp exercise does not elicit recommended oxygen consumption rates

高强度心率钳制运动未能达到推荐的摄氧量水平

We examined how heat exposure affects muscle and cerebral oxygenation kinetics using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) during repeated treadmill sprints.

Hervé Di Domenico

Thomas Rupp

Baptiste Morel

Franck Brocherie

Julien D. Périard

Sébastien Racinais

Olivier Girard

Time-continuous analysis of muscle and cerebral oxygenation during repeated treadmill sprints under heat stress: a statistical parametric mapping study

热应激下重复跑步机冲刺期间肌肉和脑氧合的时间连续分析：一项统计参数映射研究

Abstract Introduction SARS-CoV-2 may result in the development of new symptoms , known as long COVID, a few months after the original infection. Purpose It is elusive to what extent physical capacity in patients diagnosed with long COVID is impacted. Methods We compared maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ), one of the single most important factors for cardiovascular health and mortality, expired lung volumes and air flow, oxygen cost of walking and 6-min-walking-test (6MWT), in 20 patients diagnosed with long COVID (11 males and 9 females; 44 ± 16 years (SD); 26.7 ± 3.8BMI, duration of acute phase 1.7 ± 1.2 weeks, tested 4 ± 3 months after long COVID diagnosis) with 20 healthy age and sex matched controls (11 males and 9 females; 44 ± 16 years; 25.9 ± 4.0BMI). Results Long COVID patients had a V̇O 2max of 41.4 ± 16.2 mL∙kg −1 ∙min −1 (men) and 38.2 ± 7.5 (women) and this was not different from controls. Similarly, mean spirometry measures in the patient group (VC; FVC; FEV 1 ; FEV 1 /FVC) were also not different (85–106%) from predicted healthy values. Finally, inclined treadmill (5%, 4 km∙h −1 ) walking economy was not different between the groups (long COVID: 15.2 ± 1.1 mL∙kg −1 ∙min −1 ; controls: 15.2 ± 1.2 mL∙kg −1 ∙min −1 ), while the 6MWT revealed a difference (long COVID: 606 ± 118 m; controls: 685 ± 85 m; p = 0.036). Conclusion V̇O 2max , oxygen cost of walking, and spirometry measurements did not appear to be impaired in patients diagnosed with long COVID with a prior mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. The typical outcomes in these essential factors for health and longevity implies that while long COVID can present with a range of symptoms, caution should be made when attributing these symptoms directly to compromised pulmonary function or V̇O 2max .

O. K. Berg

N. Aagård

J. Helgerud

M. F. Brobakken

J. Hoff

E. Wang

Maximal oxygen uptake, pulmonary function and walking economy are not impaired in patients diagnosed with long COVID

最大摄氧量、肺功能和步行经济性在长期新冠肺炎患者中未受损害

To examine whether the children's superiority, over adults, to resist fatigue during repeated maximal-efforts depends on their often-cited oxidative advantage, attributed to greater muscle blood flow and O2-delivery. We also investigated the mechanisms underlying child-adult differences in muscle-oxygenation (due to O2-supply or O2-utilization) and examined if there are age-differences in cerebral-oxygenation response (a brain-activation index).

Leonidas Kastritseas

Aggelos Koutlas

Anastasios Kounoupis

Stella Kritikou

Stavros Papadopoulos

Ilias Smilios

Konstantina Dipla

Andreas Zafeiridis

Boys vs men differences in muscular fatigue, muscle and cerebral oxygenation during maximal effort isometric contractions: the effect of muscle blood flow restriction

男孩与成年男性在最大努力等长收缩时肌肉疲劳、肌肉和大脑氧合的差异：肌肉血流限制的影响

The aim of the current study was to determine whether gait control (muscle synergies) or gait stability (margin of stability (MoS)) were different between younger and older adults when walking on level or downhill slopes. Further, it sought to determine associations between either age or physical activity with muscle synergy widths.

Laura Nash

Vincent C. K. Cheung

Amitabh Gupta

Roy T. H. Cheung

Borong He

Matthew Liston

Daniel Thomson

The effects of age and physical activity status on muscle synergies when walking down slopes

年龄和身体活动状态对下坡行走时肌肉协同作用的影响

Abbreviation	Eur J Appl Physiol
Journal Impact	2.71
Quartiles(Global)	SPORT SCIENCES(Q1)

ISSN	0365-0863, 1439-6319, 1439-6327
h-index	160

Publication Information	Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2000，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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