Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy

It has been widely claimed that direct and indirect carbothermic reduction of alumina for the production of aluminium have the potential to consume less energy, generate fewer perfluorocarbons and have lower total greenhouse gas emissions compared to the Hall–Héroult process. A review of alternative aluminium production techniques focusing on the indirect carbothermal reduction routes has been presented in the Part 1 paper. In this Part 2 paper, systematic thermodynamic analyses of indirect carbothermal reduction routes are presented. These include the analyses of the Stage 1 of the process where alumina is converted to intermediate aluminium compounds before they are further reduced to aluminium metal in the subsequent stages. The results suggested that in the Stage 1, high alumina conversion at the process conditions studied can be achieved through three process routes: halide (chloride), nitride and sulphide routes. Thermodynamic analyses were also carried out for the Stage 2 where the intermediate aluminium nitride, chlorides or sulphides are reduced to aluminium through thermal dissociation, thermal disproportionation and/or electrolysis. Analysis of the results suggests aluminium may be extracted from AlN using thermal dissociation, while disproportionation and electrolysis are more suitable for AlCl3 and Al2S3.

M A Dewan

M A Rhamdhani

G A Brooks

B J Monaghan

L Prentice

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy Section C

Alternative Al production methods

The polythermal crystallization method has been used to extract sodium and potassium carbonate salts as valuable by-products. The salt production was carried out using an alkaline carbonate solution from the Azarshar nepheline syenite pilot plant in Iran. The optimum conditions were obtained by comparison between the results of thermodynamic modelling and experiments. To better understand the properties of the carbonate salts, thermal analysis, chemical analysis, and X-ray diffraction methods were also utilised. The optimum density and temperature for sodium carbonate crystallization were found to be 1.50 g/cm3 and 115–120°C, respectively, and for hydrated potassium carbonate crystallization to be 1.68 g/cm3 and 130°C at the first stage, and 1.70 g/cm3 and 135°C at the second stage, respectively. The thermodynamic modelling showed good agreement with experimental data for the carbonate salts.

Shima Barakan

Mehdi Noroozi Ayaluey

Somayeh Shayanfar

Valeh Aghazadeh

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy

Production and characterisation of sodium and potassium carbonate salts from carbonation alkaline aluminate liquor

从碳化碱性铝酸钠溶液中制备和表征碳酸钠和碳酸钾盐

Copper reduction to metallic copper from dilute acid solutions containing Cu+2 was studied by means of sawdust from Radiata Pine as a reducing agent. Influence of the temperature, copper concentration and reaction time on the reduction of copper was investigated using an autoclave reactor. Furthermore, maximum reduction capacity of the sawdust was calculated through consecutive reductions. Results obtained show that diluted acid solutions containing Cu+2 can be effectively reduced to metallic copper by sawdust from Radiata Pine above 120°C. For a 0.5 g L−1 Cu+2 solution at 120°C and in 60 min, close to 90% of the copper can be reduced to metallic copper, which crystalises on the surface of the wood particles. At 120°C and for 90 min reaction time up to 95% of the copper can be reduced, generating an effluent with 0.02 g L−1 of copper. This value is similar to those obtained using activated carbon. Consecutive steps of reductions of the sawdust with fresh solutions with 0.5 g L−1 Cu+2 indicate that for 6 steps, the copper load of the sawdust is about 11.9 kg Cu/ton sawdust (dry basis) while for more concentrated solutions of 16.7 gL−1 Cu+2 the copper load reaches 15.0 kg Cu/ton sawdust. These results indicate that this process could be an alternative to conventional electrowinning.

M. Valenzuela

J. Becker

F. Parada

E. Balladares

I. Wilkomirsky

Reduction of copper from dilute acid solutions by hydrolysis of wood carbohydrates

木质碳水化合物水解从稀酸溶液中还原铜

Immobilisation of AsIII and AsV using alkali- and acid-bonded low temperature ceramics (LTCs), respectively, has been investigated. Arsenic was loaded into these matrices as solubilised arsenic or as a solid via precipitation with a metal nitrate. Where appropriate, samples were heated to 1000°C to consolidate their microstructure and reduce their open porosity. Samples were assessed according to microstructural characterisation and standard leaching protocols. Alkali-bonded LTCs, even after the application of a thermal treatment, did not bind arsenic sufficiently to pass a TCLP protocol, whereas acid bonded LTCs showed better potential for immobilising As. At a loading of 5 wt% As2O5, a TCLP leach test on an acid bonded LTC resulted in As levels of 7 ppm, close to the regulatory limit of 5 ppm As.

Warren John Bruckard

Dan R. M. Brew

Eric R. Vance

Graham Jeffrey Sparrow

Retention of arsenic using alkali- and acid-bonded low temperature ceramics

利用碱性和酸性键合的低温陶瓷固留砷

High-arsenic copper flotation concentrates, in which the major arsenic-bearing mineral was tennantite, were leached with an alkaline sulphide system. At a pulp density of 5 wt% solids with 100–150 g/L Na2S and 50 g/L NaOH, over 91 wt% As was dissolved within 2 h at 100°C. From concentrates containing 3.4–4.9 wt% As, leach residues containing <0.5 wt% As were obtained making them suitable as a smelter feed without a penalty for arsenic. Copper dissolution ranged from 16 to 22 wt% Cu, with significant amounts of calcium, iron and sulphur also dissolved. In a leach at 34.0 wt% solids, excellent arsenic extraction was obtained (97.9 wt% As), but the levels of copper, calcium, and iron dissolution were 0.5, 1.1, and 0.2 wt%, respectively, meaning excellent selectivity for arsenic was achieved. X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalyses indicated the mechanism for arsenic dissolution from tennantite, and bornite abundance in the residue.

Jacqueline Cuevas

Mark Ian Pownceby

Aaron Torpy

Alkaline sulphide leaching of tennantite in copper flotation concentrates to selectively dissolve arsenic

铜浮选精矿中黝铜矿的碱性硫化物浸出选择性溶解砷

Two billion tons of iron ore is mined globally/year, still, a comprehensive protocol for obtaining discrete element method parameters is missing. A slight improvement in operational difficulties can translate into significant financial benefits. A direct measurement of discrete element method interaction parameters, such as sliding and rolling friction and cohesion energy between a pair of particles, is very difficult. Therefore, a bulk calibration approach is used to obtain discrete element method parameters that involve performing laboratory scale tests (angle of repose, wall friction angle, etc.), which are subsequently reproduced in the discrete element method model and adjusted through a novel, sequentially coupled central composite experimental design. Results are demonstrated through simulations of 14.5 wt-% moisture-containing iron ore (representing the most difficult scenario) flow through an industrially operational transfer chute. Four different liner materials were investigated. Interestingly, cohesion and frictional forces are found to be flow-determining rather than inertial forces, and the nature of the liner plays the most significant role.

Rahul Kumar

Prashant Kumar Jha

Raj Kishore

Ranjeet Kumar Singh

T.V.S. Subrahmanyam

S.K. Chaurasiya

Kodanda Ram Mangipudi

Kisor Kumar Sahu

Analysing the flow of wet iron ore in an industrial transfer chute using discrete element method

使用离散单元法分析工业转运溜槽中湿铁矿石的流动

The study on the technology of producing neodymium metal using the calciothermic reduction process is reported in this article. The process primarily involves the conversion of neodymium oxide (Nd 2 O 3 ) into neodymium fluoride (NdF 3 ) followed by the reduction of neodymium fluoride to neodymium metal using calcium as reductant. Fluorinating conditions were standardised to obtain the desired product (NdF 3 ) free of any unwanted impurities. The calciothermic reduction of the resulting neodymium fluoride was studied in detail to establish the reduction conditions to achieve maximum yield and purity of the neodymium metal. This process obtained the neodymium metal with a purity of 99.6% before refining step.

Deepak Kumar Sahoo

Prafulla S Sarode

Dipali N Ambare

Soumyadip Mondal

Dhruva K Singh

Study on the extraction of neodymium metal by calciothermic reduction process

钙热还原法制备金属钕的提取研究

In this study, the recovery of copper from ammonia–ammonium chloride (NH 3 –NH 4 Cl) leach liquor using sterically hindered beta-diketone (β-diketones), a well-known extractant, was investigated. The experimental approach entails studying how various factors, including extraction time, concentration of the extractant, pH, phase ratio, and temperature, impact the effectiveness of copper extraction. The most favourable conditions for extracting copper from ammoniacal solutions containing 871.27 mg/L Cu 2+ , 1.75 mol/L NH 3 , and 0.5 mol/L NH 4 Cl were determined. Optimal copper extraction was achieved through a one-stage solvent extraction process at a phase ratio of 1 : 1, utilising sulphonated kerosene containing 0.25 mol/L of β-diketones. This extraction process lasted for 10 min and yielded a copper extraction efficiency of 75.10%. Additionally, a stripping ratio of 98.52% was achieved from the loaded organic phase through a one-stage stripping procedure at a phase ratio of 1 : 1, conducted at a temperature of 298 ± 0.5 K.

Ayo F. Balogun

Alafara A. Baba

Daud T. Olaoluwa

Recovery of copper from ammonia–ammonium chloride leach liquor using sterically hindered beta-diketone

使用空间位阻的β-二酮从氨-氯化铵浸出液中回收铜

The study focused on leaching complex copper–cobalt oxide ore from Zebesha Mine in Zambia. The chemical analysis indicated the presence of cobalt, copper, nickel, manganese and iron as base metals. Copper is predominantly found in malachite and a small portion in heterogenite mineral along with cobalt, iron, manganese and nickel. The leaching process involved using solutions containing iron: ferrous sulphate, FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O; ferrous ammonium sulphate, (NH 4 ) 2 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O; and ferric sulphate, Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . The effects of temperature and salt concentrations were studied alongside metal content determination through titration-atomic absorption spectroscopy techniques. It was observed that the preferential dissolution of copper occurred with Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 while temperatures above 70°C leaching with FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O resulted in the recovery of over 80% of manganese and cobalt. This study suggests that ferrous containing lixiviants can effectively promote the manganese and cobalt dissolution but are not efficient for extracting copper. Furthermore, using Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 may allow for selective leaching of copper.

Foibe DL Uahengo

Yotamu RS Hara

Olga Bazhko

Leaching a complex copper–cobalt oxide ore from Zebesha Mine in Zambia, a novel method

一种新方法：从赞比亚Zebesha矿的复杂铜钴氧化矿中浸出

The manufacture of phosphate fertilizers without prior uranium extraction leads to widespread dispersal of uranium compounds across agricultural fields, posing significant cumulative environmental and health risks. Furthermore, this represents a wasteful loss of a critical global energy resource. Against this backdrop, we propose an environmentally friendly method for extracting uranium from Egyptian Abu Tartur phosphate rocks using humic acid (HA). Almost complete dissolution of uranium with a 3% HA concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1/2, and a leaching temperature of 60°C. The uranium was then effectively adsorbed from the HA solution, with a concentration of 0.026 g/L, onto activated carbon, influenced by variables such as: pH, contact time, and adsorbent amount per leach solution volume. Subsequent uranium regeneration from the activated carbon was accomplished using 0.5 M ammonium bicarbonate, achieving a desorption efficiency of 98.7%. This process culminated in the production of a sodium diuranate concentrate following uranium precipitation with NaOH solution.

Walid M. Abdellah

A suggested eco-friendly procedure for the recovery of uranium from Egyptian Abu Tartur phosphorites before industrial processing

建议在工业加工前从埃及阿布塔图尔磷酸盐中回收铀的环保方法

短名	Miner. Process. Extr. Metall.
Journal Impact	0.94
国际分区	MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING(Q3)

出版信息	出版商: Taylor and Francis Ltd.，出版周期: ，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 否
基本数据	创刊年份: 1993，原创研究文献占比: ，自引率:， Gold OA占比:

Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy

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