BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES 致力于从任何理论角度发表关于动物行为的高质量原创研究。它欢迎从行为分析、认知、行为学、生态和进化的角度考虑动物行为的贡献。这份清单并非详尽无遗，特别欢迎整合跨学科理论和方法论的论文。

Behavioural Processes is dedicated to publishing high-quality original research on animal behavior from any theoretical perspective. Contributions are welcomed from the fields of behavioral analysis, cognition, ethology, ecology, and evolution. We particularly encourage papers that integrate interdisciplinary theories and methodologies.

《Behavioural Processes》致力于发表关于动物行为的高质量原创研究，欢迎从行为分析、认知、行为学、生态和进化等多个理论角度进行贡献。我们特别鼓励整合跨学科的理论和方法论的论文。

Behavioural Processes

Although both human and non-human animals, in everyday life, deal with risky decisions in a social environment, few studies investigated how social dimension influences risk preferences (i.e., if consequences on others feeds back over own choice). Here, we assessed whether the presence of a conspecific, acting as a potential competitor for the same food resource, influenced risky decision-making in male rats. Subjects received a series of choices between a safe option (always yielding a small yet optimal reward, solely to itself) and a risky option (yielding a larger but suboptimal reward, one third of times to itself and two third of times delivered to the other half cage); rats were tested twice, both alone and paired with a conspecific, recipient of own-lost food and hence acting as potential competitor. Results showed that focal subjects were more risk-prone when paired with a conspecific than when tested alone. However, rats exhibited also a higher motivational conflict with a competing bystander present than alone: data suggest that the primary drive was to increase "own" food rather than either a competitive or prosocial tendency. Overall, for rats tested in a risky-choice task, a competitive social context increased the salience and attractiveness of larger food outcomes, as observed in humans and great apes. This led to the economically irrational response of selecting the "binge-but-risky" option, notwithstanding uncertainty about the actual recipient of such food.

Francesca Zoratto

Gabriele Oddi

Silvia Pillitteri

Fabiana Festucci

Concetto Puzzo

Giuseppe Curcio

Giovanni Laviola

Fabio Paglieri

Walter Adriani

Elsa Addessi

Behavioural processes

Behav Processes

The presence of a potential competitor modulates risk preferences in rats.

潜在竞争者的存在会调节大鼠的风险偏好。

A common method of improving the performance of children and non-human primates on the delay-of-gratification maintenance paradigm and measures of executive function (e.g., the Less is More task) is to represent the rewards subjects can acquire symbolically. This method, known as symbolic distancing, is thought to lower activation of the "hot" impulsive system and allow the "cool" rational system to dominate processing. Surprisingly, in contrast to its impact on the measures noted above, recent developmental and comparative studies have reported that symbolic distancing has a null or negative impact on performance on the delay-of-gratification choice paradigm. Here, we add to this literature by demonstrating that 4-year-old children's performance on the choice paradigm is impaired when symbolic stimuli, but not iconic stimuli (i.e., pictures of the rewards), are used to represent rewards. These data add to a growing body of comparative work demonstrating task manipulations have a similar impact on children and non-human primates and also support other research suggesting different decision making processes may underlie performance on the delay-of-gratification choice and maintenance paradigms.

Lisa G Labuschagne

Taylor-Jane Cox

Kaitlyn Brown

Damian Scarf

Too cool? Symbolic but not iconic stimuli impair 4-year-old children's performance on the delay-of-gratification choice paradigm.

太酷了？象征性而非图标性刺激物会损害4岁儿童在延迟满足选择范式中的表现。

One central issue in the study of animal cognition concerns conceptual behaviour, where an organism categorises objects, events, and relationships so as to transfer previously learned rules to novel contexts. In this study, we investigated whether or not dogs demonstrate conceptual behaviour in the form of simple relational class concept learning. A two-choice visual discrimination task was used to assess if dogs are capable of simple relational class concept learning by generalising the same rule (i.e. circle is larger or smaller than) to various novel shapes. Eight purebred Lagotto Romagnolos were included in the study. The results demonstrated that they were capable of generalising a previously learned size discrimination rule to novel stimuli; however, there were differences in dog's generalization capabilities across certain shapes. Considering their unique relationship with humans, and their immediacy in everyday life, a better understanding of conceptual behaviour and generalising abilities in domestic dogs may have implications for training and management methods, as well as contributing to comparative psychology and applied ethology.

Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere

Lynna C Feng

Philippe A Chouinard

Tiffani J Howell

Pauleen C Bennett

Relational concept learning in domestic dogs: Performance on a two-choice size discrimination task generalises to novel stimuli.

家犬的关系概念学习：在双选择尺寸辨别任务中的表现可推广至新刺激。

Four experiments investigated the ability of a border collie (Chaser) to acquire receptive language skills. Experiment 1 demonstrated that Chaser learned and retained, over a 3-year period of intensive training, the proper-noun names of 1022 objects. Experiment 2 presented random pair-wise combinations of three commands and three names, and demonstrated that she understood the separate meanings of proper-noun names and commands. Chaser understood that names refer to objects, independent of the behavior directed toward those objects. Experiment 3 demonstrated Chaser's ability to learn three common nouns--words that represent categories. Chaser demonstrated one-to-many (common noun) and many-to-one (multiple-name) name-object mappings. Experiment 4 demonstrated Chaser's ability to learn words by inferential reasoning by exclusion--inferring the name of an object based on its novelty among familiar objects that already had names. Together, these studies indicate that Chaser acquired referential understanding of nouns, an ability normally attributed to children, which included: (a) awareness that words may refer to objects, (b) awareness of verbal cues that map words upon the object referent, and (c) awareness that names may refer to unique objects or categories of objects, independent of the behaviors directed toward those objects.

John W Pilley

Alliston K Reid

Border collie comprehends object names as verbal referents.

边境牧羊犬理解物体名称作为语言指称。

Communication involves a wide range of behaviours that animals emit in their daily lives and can take place between different species, as is the case of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans. Dogs have shown to be successful at following human cues to solve the object choice task. The question is what are the mechanisms involved in these communicative abilities. This article presents a review of studies about the communicative capacities of domestic dogs emphasizing the ones that considered the effect of associative learning upon these skills. In addition, evidence about differences in dogs' performance in following physical or social cues is summarized and two studies where both signals compete are presented here. The obtained results suggest that the training of a colour cue reverses the dogs' preference for the social one. These results are discussed in light of the findings that gave importance to the learning effect, concluding that the dogs fundamentally follow those cues that allowed them to obtain reinforcers in their previous learning history.

Angel M Elgier

Adriana Jakovcevic

Gabriela Barrera

Alba E Mustaca

Mariana Bentosela

Communication between domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans: dogs are good learners.

家犬（犬科家犬）与人类之间的交流：狗是优秀的学习者。

The marginal value theorem (MVT) predicts that optimal foragers leave a patch when the instantaneous gain rate decreases to the average long-term gain rate. However, various animals systematically deviate from this optimum by staying too long or overharvesting relative to this optimum. We hypothesised that animals do not represent their optimal stay time but instead determine their departure point probabilistically. To test this hypothesis, we conducted behavioural experiments and modelling using chicks. The chicks ran on a treadmill with feeders on both sides, and their travel time to the feeder was experimentally controlled. As predicted by the MVT, the chicks stayed longer at the feeder when forced to run more. However, they stayed even longer than predicted by the MVT. Therefore, we constructed and compared stochastic decision-making models with the MVT-based model. The stochastic models explained the chicks' behaviour better than the MVT-based model. These results suggest that chicks leave probabilistically based on their immediate foraging history rather than representing an optimal stay time.

Yukiko Ogura

Ai Kawamori

Toshiya Matsushima

Chicks make stochastic decisions based on gain rates of different time constants

雏鸟基于不同时间常数的增益率做出随机决策

Virtual environment software is increasingly being employed as a non-invasive method in primate cognition research. Familiar and novel stimuli can be presented in new ways, opening the door to studying aspects of cognition in captivity which previously may not have been feasible. Despite the increased complexity of visual input compared to more traditional computerised studies, several groups of captive primates have now been trained to navigate virtual three-dimensional environments. Here, we outline a method for training primates to use a computerised virtual foraging task presented on a touchscreen. We document how to tailor this method to groups facing different training challenges. We present data from three groups: touchscreen-experienced chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), touchscreen-naïve orang-utans (Pongo abelii), and chimpanzees tested in a group setting. Subjects from all groups mastered basic navigation challenges with relative ease (some in as little as 16 days), setting them up for systematic studies of primate cognition within virtual environments. The training method we present is flexible, yet structured, and we encourage other researchers to adapt it to implement virtual environment research with more individuals and across more species.

Emma S McEwen

Matthias Allritz

Josep Call

Sarah E Koopman

Emilie Rapport Munro

Cristóbal J Bottero Cantuarias

Charles R Menzel

Francine L Dolins

Karline R L Janmaat

Kenneth Schweller

Training primates to forage in virtual 3D environments

训练灵长类动物在虚拟三维环境中觅食

One of the simplest forms of behavior, operant behavior, appears fundamentally prospective, implying potential similarity to 'sophisticated' prospective behaviors like planning in terms of underlying mechanisms. But differences between paradigms for studying behavior resulting from 'simple' versus 'sophisticated' mechanisms prevent true comparison of underlying mechanisms. To aid development of an operant paradigm with more similarity to 'sophisticated' prospective paradigms, we replicated and extended Cowie and Davison's (2021) investing task. Pigeons were required to emit an investing response to ensure food at a different time and different response location. We asked if investing depended on whether the behavior was a single, discrete key peck (typical in operant paradigms) or an extended sequence of pecks (echoing behaviors in planning paradigms), and whether facilitative effects of an immediate stimulus change persisted when the stimulus change no longer occurred. Pigeons invested successfully whether investing required one or more responses, and for extended investing responses, performance did not worsen significantly with increasing response requirements. Experience investing with an immediate stimulus change did not enhance subsequent investing without the stimulus change. Findings show simple learning mechanisms can support extended activities with no immediate consequences. Further, they support the investing paradigm as a potential tool for investigations of overlap in mechanisms controlling 'simple' and 'sophisticated' behavior.

Sarah Cowie

Michael Davison

Cost does not prevent pigeons from investing in the future.

成本并不能阻止鸽子为未来投资。

Julia Laura Pompeu de Abreu

Vinícius de Avelar São-Pedro

Experimental evidence of aposematic signal in black tadpoles

黑色蝌蚪警戒信号的实验证据

Joshua E. Wolf

Melissa Larsen

Amphipods (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) do not demonstrate a left-right preference in a 3-D printed aquatic T-maze

端足类动物（拟沼钩虾）在3D打印的水生T型迷宫中未表现出左右偏好

Abbreviation	Behav. Processes.
Journal Impact	1.25
Quartiles(Global)	ZOOLOGY(Q2)

ISSN	0376-6357, 1872-8308
h-index	91

Publication Information	Publisher: Elsevier B.V.，Publishing cycle: Monthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1976，Proportion of original research papers: 99.29%，Self Citation Rate:7.70%， Gold OA Rate: 22.03%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：偏慢,4-8周
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：容易

Behavioural Processes

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