CHEMICAL SENSES 发表关于人类和动物化学感受各个方面的原创研究和评论论文。该杂志报道的一个重要部分是致力于研究化学感受和化学感应结构的技术以及新方法的开发和应用。

The journal "Chemical Senses" publishes original research and review articles on various aspects of chemical senses in humans and animals. A significant portion of the journal is dedicated to the study of techniques related to chemical sensing and the development and application of new methods.

《Chemical Senses》期刊发表关于人类和动物化学感受的原创研究和评论论文。该杂志的重要部分致力于研究化学感受和化学感应结构的技术，以及新方法的开发和应用。

Chemical Senses

Abstract Controversy and misunderstanding surround the role of feeding specialization in taste receptor loss in vertebrates. We refined and tested the hypothesis that this loss is caused by feeding specializations. Specifically, feeding specializations were proposed to trigger time-dependent process of taste receptor loss through deprivation of benefit of using the receptor’s gustatory function. We propose that this process may be accelerated by abiotic environmental conditions or decelerated/stopped because of extragustatory functions of the receptor’s protein(s). As test case we used evolution of the sweet (TAS1R2+TAS1R3) and umami (TAS1R1+TAS1R3) receptors in Carnivora (dogs, cats, and kin). We predicted these receptors’ absence/presence using data on presence/absence of inactivating mutations in these receptors’ genes and data from behavioral sweet/umami preference tests. We identified 20 evolutionary events of sweet (11) or umami (9) receptor loss. These events affected species with feeding specializations predicted to favor sweet/umami receptor loss (27 and 22 species, respectively). All species with feeding habits predicted to favor sweet/umami receptor retention (11 and 24, respectively) were found to retain that receptor. Six species retained the sweet (5) or umami (1) receptor despite feeding specialization predicted to favor loss of that receptor, which can be explained by the time dependence of sweet/umami receptor loss process and the possible decelerating effect of TAS1R extragustatory functions so that the sweet/umami receptor process is ongoing in these species. Our findings support the idea that feeding specialization leads to taste receptor loss and is the main if not only triggering factor for evolutionary loss of taste receptors.

Mieczyslaw Wolsan

Jun J Sato

Role of feeding specialization in taste receptor loss: insights from sweet and umami receptor evolution in Carnivora

摄食特化在味觉受体丧失中的作用：从食肉目甜味和鲜味受体进化中获得的启示

This study explored the effects of 5 taste solutions (citric acid, sucrose, sodium chloride, caffeine, and sodium glutamate) versus water on the power frequency content of swallowing submental surface electromyography (sEMG). Healthy subjects were presented with 5 ml of each of 5 tastants and water. Data were collected in 3 trials of the 5 tastants and water by using submental sEMG, which was then subjected to spectral analysis. Sour and salt taste solutions increased the spectrum-integrated values of the total power components. The spectrum-integrated values of low-frequency power (below 10 Hz) in the salt taste trial significantly increased, whereas those of high-frequency power (above 10 Hz) in the sour taste trial tended to increase. Neither pleasantness nor intensity of taste was related to these changes. This study also explored the effects of carbonation and cold stimulus on the power frequency content of continuous swallowing sEMG for 60-ml solutions. Carbonation significantly increased the spectrum-integrated value of the total power components by significantly increasing the high-frequency content. Cold stimulus significantly decreased the low-frequency content. In summary, this study reveals that taste, carbonation, and cold stimulus have qualitatively different influences on the power frequency content of swallowing sEMG.

Y. Miura

Y. Morita

H. Koizumi

T. Shingai

Effects of Taste Solutions, Carbonation, and Cold Stimulus on the Power Frequency Content of Swallowing Submental Surface Electromyography

味觉溶液、碳酸化及冷刺激对吞咽颏下表面肌电图功率频谱成分的影响

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is a very rare gastrointestinal disorder with ectodermal abnormalities. Taste abnormalities appear in more than 80% of cases. Our objective was to investigate the characteristics of CCS. Ten patients with taste abnormalities who were diagnosed with CCS were included. A medical interview, examination of the tongue findings, and blood tests were performed, and taste functions were assessed using an electrogustometry (EGM) and a filter paper disc (FPD) before and after treatment. There were nail atrophy in all cases, weight loss in 8 cases, hair loss in 6 cases, skin hyperpigmentation in 5 cases, gastrointestinal symptoms in 4 cases, and atrophy of the lingual papillae in at least 8 cases. Zinc therapy for taste disorder by the previous physicians was ineffective in all cases. The results of the FPD at the first examination showed a severe decrease in taste function of the anterior tongue, whereas taste function tended to be preserved in the posterior tongue (p<0.01, Wilcoxon). In all cases, subjective symptoms improved within 3 months after treatment of CCS. Taste function improved significantly after treatment (FPD in anterior tongue, p<0.05, EGM in posterior tongue, p<0.01, Wilcoxon). Taste disorder in CCS tended to be severe in the anterior tongue with findings of tongue papillary atrophy, which appears to be an ectodermal abnormality. Their taste function improved along with symptoms after treatment. The taste tests were useful for determining the effect of treatment for CCS.

Tomomi Nin

Koji Kamikozuru

Tetsuya Takagawa

Shinichiro Shinzaki

Kenzo Tsuzuki

Clinical features of taste disorders in Cronkhite-Canada syndrome: A report of 10 cases

克罗恩海特-加拿大综合征中味觉障碍的临床特征：10例病例报告

Former American football players are at risk for developing traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES), the clinical disorder associated with neuropathologically diagnosed chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The objective of this study was to determine whether hyposmia is present in traumatic encephalopathy syndrome. The study included 119 former professional American football players, 60 former college football players, and 58 same age asymptomatic unexposed men from the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project. All subjects included in the analysis had completed the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT). Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome and the level of CTE certainty were diagnosed using the 2021 NINDS consensus diagnostic criteria. TES is categorized antemortem by provisional levels of increasing CTE certainty: Suggestive, Possible, and Probable. Former players who had traumatic encephalopathy syndrome and Probable CTE had lower B-SIT scores than those with TES and Suggestive CTE. Hyposmia was more likely in the former players with TES who were either CTE Possible or Probable than in those who did not have TES or had TES but were less likely to have CTE, CTE Suggestive. There was no difference in B-SIT scores between all former players versus unexposed men nor overall between the football players with and without TES. We conclude that lower B-SIT scores may be a clinical biomarker for underlying CTE in former American football players.

Ben J Braunecker

Jenna R Groh

Charles H Adler

Michael L Alosco

David W Dodick

Yorghos Tripodis

Laura J Balcer

Charles Bernick

Sarah J Banks

William B Barr

Jennifer V Wethe

Joseph N Palmisano

Brett Martin

Kaitlin Hartlage

Robert C Cantu

Yonas E Geda

Douglas I Katz

Jesse Mez

Jeffery L Cummings

Martha E Shenton

Eric M Reiman

Robert A Stern

Olfactory Function Is Reduced in a Subset of Former Elite American Football Players with Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome

嗅觉功能在患有创伤性脑病综合征的前美国职业橄榄球运动员中有所下降

Moths recognize a wide range of volatile compounds, which they use to locate mates, food sources, and oviposition sites. These compounds are recognized by odorant receptors (OR) located within the dendritic membrane of sensory neurons that extend into the lymph of sensilla, covering the surface of insect antennae. We have identified 3 genes encoding ORs from the tortricid moth, Epiphyas postvittana, a pest of horticulture. Like Drosophila melanogaster ORs, they contain 7 transmembrane helices with an intracellular N-terminus, an orientation in the plasma membrane opposite to that of classical GPCRs. EpOR2 is orthologous to the coreceptor Or83b from D. melanogaster. EpOR1 and EpOR3 both recognize a range of terpenoids and benzoates produced by plants. Of the compounds tested, EpOR1 shows the best sensitivity to methyl salicylate [EC50 = 1.8 × 10−12 M], a common constituent of floral scents and an important signaling compound produced by plants when under attack from insects and pathogens. EpOR3 best recognizes the monoterpene citral to low concentrations [EC50 = 1.1 × 10−13 M]. Citral produces the largest amplitude electrophysiological responses in E. postvittana antennae and elicits repellent activity against ovipositing female moths. Orthologues of EpOR3 were found across 6 families within the Lepidoptera, suggesting that the ability to recognize citral may underpin an important behavior.

M. D. Jordan

A. Anderson

D. Begum

C. Carraher

A. Authier

S. D.G. Marshall

A. Kiely

L. N. Gatehouse

D. R. Greenwood

D. L. Christie

A. V. Kralicek

S. C. Trowell

R. D. Newcomb

Odorant Receptors from the Light brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana) Recognize Important Volatile Compounds Produced by Plants

来自苹果浅褐卷蛾（Epiphyas postvittana）的嗅觉受体识别植物产生的重要挥发性化合物

Abstract Sweeteners are used in the food industry to provide sweetness similar to sugar and to decrease the caloric intake and risks associated with obesity. However, some sweeteners are characterised by bitter, metallic and other off-tastes. Sensory and cellular studies have demonstrated synergies between sweetener blends, which are responsible for enhancing sweetness. This study aimed to identify new sweetener blends that are able to enhance sweetness intensity without causing bitter off-taste using in vitro functional expression of taste receptors. The dose-response of the sweet taste receptor (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) was determined for sucrose and 9 sweeteners and was consistent with their sweetness potency. Stimulation of TAS1R2/TAS1R3 by 6 binary sweetener blends confirmed 3 known synergies determined by sensory analysis, including sucralose/acesulfame-K, rebaudioside A/erythritol and rebaudioside A/thaumatin, and revealed 2 new synergies, known as, neotame/D-allulose and mogroside V/thaumatin. No synergy was observed for the rebaudioside M/mogroside V blend, probably due to their common binding sites on the sweet taste receptor. The ability of the 9 selected sweeteners to activate the 25 human bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) was tested. The cellular based assay demonstrated that sucralose, acesulfame-K, rebaudioside A, mogroside V and D-allulose activated at least 2 TAS2Rs. Sucralose, acesulfame-K and rebaudioside A exhibited lower EC50 values for TAS1R2/TAS1R3 than for TAS2Rs, which may explain their absence of bitter off-taste at low concentrations, unlike mogroside V and D-allulose. Our data provide a receptor-based understanding of the complex synergies among sweetener blends and an effective approach for testing new sweeteners while avoiding the activation of TAS2Rs.

Christine Belloir

Mathilde Jeannin

Adeline Karolkowski

Corey Scott

Loïc Briand

A receptor-based assay to study the sweet and bitter tastes of sweeteners and binary sweet blends: The SWEET Project

基于受体的甜味剂和二元甜味混合物甜味与苦味研究方法：SWEET项目

Abstract Transient or persistent hypo-anosmia is common in SARS‑CoV‑2 infection but olfactory pathway late-term morphometric changes are still under investigation. We evaluated late olfactory bulb (OB) imaging changes and their correlates with the olfactory function in otherwise neurologically asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. Eighty-three subjects (mean-age 43±14 years; 54 females; time-interval infection/MRI: 129±68 days) affected by asymptomatic to mild COVID19 in 2020 and 25 healthy controls (mean-age 40±13 years; 9 females) underwent 3T-MRI and olfactory function evaluation through anamnestic questionnaire and Sniffin’ Sticks. Exclusion criteria were intensive care treatment or neurological involvement other than olfaction. Maximal OB area was measured blindly on high-resolution coronal T2w images by two observers. Patients were subdivided into: i) persistently hypo/anosmic, ii) recovered normosmic and iii) never complaining smell dysfunction with proven normal olfactory function. No significant differences were observed among patients' subgroups (p=0.76). Intra-observer and inter-observer reliability were high.(r=0.96 and 0.86). Former COVID19 patients had decreased mean maximal OB area than controls (6.52±1.11mm2 vs 7.26±1.17mm2, p=0.008) even when considering persistently hypo-anosmic (6.46±0.90, p=0.006) or normosmic patients at MRI (6.57±1.25, p=0.04). SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with mid/late-term morphological changes on the olfactory bulbs, regardless of presence or persistence of olfactory dysfunction. The long-term consequences on olfactory aging need to be further investigated including possible links with neurodegenerative disorders.

Francesco Morra

Matteo Minerva

Silvia Valeggia

Giovanni Librizzi

Elena Tramarin

Caterina Scalpelli

Anna Bordin

Giancarlo Ottaviano

Piergiorgio Gaudioso

Alessandra Bertoldo

Manuela Moretto

Alessandro Miola

Eleonora Lupia

Riccardo Ceccato

Carla Mucignat

Angelo Antonini

Renzo Manara

Late olfactory bulb involvement in COVID19

COVID19晚期嗅球受累

Abstract Olfactory perception begins when odorous substances interact with specialized receptors located on the surface of dedicated sensory neurons. The recognition of smells depends on a complex mechanism involving a combination of interactions between an odorant and a set of odorant receptors (ORs), where molecules are recognized according to a combinatorial activation code of ORs. Although these interactions have been studied for decades, the rules governing this ligand recognition remain poorly understood, and the complete combinatorial code is only known for a handful of odorants. We have carefully analyzed experimental results regarding the interactions between ORs and molecules to provide a status report on the deorphanization of ORs, i.e., the identification of the first agonist for a given sequence. This meticulous analysis highlights the influence of experimental methodology (cell line or readout) on molecule-receptor association results and shows that 83% of the results are conserved regardless of experimental conditions. The distribution of another key parameter, EC50, indicates that most OR ligands activities are in the micromolar range and that impurities could lead to erroneous conclusions. Focusing on the human ORs, our study shows that 88% of the documented sequences still need to be deorphanized. Finally, we also estimate the size of the ORs’ recognition range, or broadness, as the number of odorants activating a given OR. By analogously estimating molecular broadness and combining the two estimates we propose a basic framework that can serve as a comparison point for future machine learning algorithms predicting OR-molecule activity.

Abbreviation	Chem. Senses
Journal Impact	2.76
Quartiles(Global)	PHYSIOLOGY(Q2)

ISSN	0379-864X, 1464-3553
h-index	112

Publication Information	Publisher: Oxford University Press，Publishing cycle: Monthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1974，Proportion of original research papers: 84.85%，Self Citation Rate:7.10%， Gold OA Rate: 21.05%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：平均1月
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：约95%

Chemical Senses

Journal Citation Format

A journal article with 1 author

A journal article with 2 authors

A journal article with 3 authors

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Books Citation Format

Thesis Citation Format

Web sites Citation Format

Patent Citation Format

Staying up late manually editing references? ivySCI automatically matches journals and helps you generate references with a single click.

Share Submission Experience

Role of feeding specialization in taste receptor loss: insights from sweet and umami receptor evolution in Carnivora

Effects of Taste Solutions, Carbonation, and Cold Stimulus on the Power Frequency Content of Swallowing Submental Surface Electromyography

Clinical features of taste disorders in Cronkhite-Canada syndrome: A report of 10 cases

Olfactory Function Is Reduced in a Subset of Former Elite American Football Players with Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome

Odorant Receptors from the Light brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana) Recognize Important Volatile Compounds Produced by Plants

Clinical features of taste disorders in Cronkhite-Canada syndrome: A report of 10 cases

Olfactory Function Is Reduced in a Subset of Former Elite American Football Players with Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome

A receptor-based assay to study the sweet and bitter tastes of sweeteners and binary sweet blends: The SWEET Project

Late olfactory bulb involvement in COVID19

A status report on human odorant Receptors and their allocated agonists