Africa Development (ISSN 0850 3907) is the quarterly bilingual journal of CODESRIA published since 1976. It is a social science journal whose major focus is on issues which are central to the development of society.    Its principal objective is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas among African scholars from a variety of intellectual persuasions and various disciplines. The journal also encourages other contributors working on Africa or those undertaking comparative analysis of developing world issues.    Africa Development welcomes contributions which cut across disciplinary boundaries. Articles with a narrow focus and incomprehensible to people outside their discipline are unlikely to be accepted.

Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement is the bilingual quarterly journal of CODESRIA, published since 1976 (ISSN 0850-3907). This social science journal primarily focuses on issues central to societal development. Its main objective is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas among African scholars from various intellectual backgrounds and disciplines. The journal also encourages contributions from those working on Africa or conducting comparative analyses of issues in the developing world. Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement welcomes interdisciplinary contributions, while articles with a narrow focus that are incomprehensible to those outside their discipline are unlikely to be accepted.

《Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement》是CODESRIA自1976年起出版的双语季刊（ISSN 0850 3907）。该期刊专注于社会科学，主要关注与社会发展相关的重要议题。期刊的主要目标是为来自不同学科和思想流派的非洲学者提供一个交流思想的平台。同时，期刊也鼓励其他研究非洲或进行发展中国家问题比较分析的贡献者投稿。《Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement》欢迎跨学科的研究成果，狭隘且难以为外部学科人士理解的文章不太可能被接受。

Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement

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Africa Development

Cover page

封面页

Special Issue on Covid-19 Pandemic and African Economies (Including a Revised Text of the Second Thandika Mkandawire Annual Memorial Lecture)

Prelim

初步

Security is a sine qua non for development. The Sahel is a troubled region and is described as the hotbed of insecurity in Africa. This state of insecurity was compounded by the outbreak of Covid-19. This article examines the regional impact of the pandemic on insecurity and development. It uses a meta-analysis and reviews secondary data to underscore the security and development imbroglio in the Sahel within the context of Covid-19. It was found that Covid-19 exacerbated the insecurity threat in the region due to pre-existing weak governance, poor capacity, grievances and climate change, which had already resulted in fragility, food insecurity, displacement, loss of livelihood, poverty, unemployment, hunger and a humanitarian crisis. The study concludes that armed groups took advantage of the health crisis to prolong conflicts which, coupled with the pre-existing economic conditions, became anathema to development. The article recommends that governments in the region should increase their health budget and enhance their capacity to respond to health emergencies such as the Covid-19 outbreak. The article further recommends that governments in the Sahelian states should prioritise good governance, improved security and regional cooperation to combat poverty.

None Tope Shola Akinyetun

From Epidemic to Pandemic: Covid-19, Insecurity and Development in the Sahel

从流行病到大流行：新冠疫情、不安全与萨赫勒地区的发展

Cet article porte sur l’effet de la crise de la Covid-19 sur les entreprises informelles du secteur agricole sénégalais. La démarche retenue combine une revue de la littérature et des analyses descriptives avec comme support les données de l’enquête du « Suivi de l’impact de la Covid-19 sur les unités du secteur informel 2020 », de l’Agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie (ANSD). Les résultats de l’analyse ont permis de renseigner les principaux canaux par lesquels la pandémie a affecté les UPI. Il en ressort que les restrictions liées à la pandémie sont principalement la cause de la fermeture définitive ou temporaire des unités. S’y ajoutent les difficultés d’approvisionnement en matières premières et celles liées à l’écoulement des produits. Cela affecte négativement le chiffre d’affaires de ces entrepreneurs. Cette situation se traduit par une baisse de la production d’au moins 25 pour cent pour 95,1 pour cent des répondants. Par conséquent, la variation à la baisse du personnel, exclusivement des hommes, est notée pour 10 pour cent des UPI. Elle se manifeste en partie par l’adoption de stratégies d’adaptation pour faire face aux effets de la crise. Dans ce sillage, la diversification des produits a constitué pour 46,5 pour cent des unités une approche salutaire.

None Sidia Diaouma Badiane

None Amadou Tandjigora

None Thierno Bachir Sy

None Adjani Nourou-Dine Yessoufou

None Mamoudou Dème

Effets de la Covid-19 sur les entreprises du secteur informel agricole au Sénégal

塞内加尔农业非正规部门企业受新冠疫情的影响

Covid-19 had social, physical and economic impacts that prompted governments to develop strategies to help their citizens cope with the mandatory lockdowns and curfews. East African countries faced several uncertainties and challenges in assisting their citizens, including a lack of funds to implement large-scale relief programmes, effective identification of eligible beneficiaries and viable distribution channels. Some African countries launched cash transfer and social assistance programmes. However, the size, efficiency and proportion of the population covered varied, leading to increased fraud, corruption and embezzlement. Patronage, political exploitation and partisanship were also prevalent. This article aims to assess the success of the East African Covid-19 cash and social assistance programmes and the mechanisms used and to draw lessons by comparing them with effective programmes outside Africa, in order to better inform the efficient design of future similar programmes. Using a data triangulation research methodology, the article finds that the Covid-19 relief programmes in many East African countries failed due to a lack of up-to-date multidimensional data on people's living standards, income and poverty levels. If East African countries are to implement effective social assistance programmes, they need to develop comprehensive and multi-faceted (resident) data collection systems to guide such programmes.

None Ivan Kagimu

Covid-19 Social Relief Programmes and Distribution Mechanisms in East Africa: Lessons Learned

东非新冠疫情社会救助计划与分配机制：经验教训

The period immediately after independence in Tanzania was marked by intense planning for the country’s development. Part of this planning involved the healthcare system and was aimed at addressing the grave dangers posed by life-threatening diseases. Improvements in healthcare included the expansion of medical facilities and staff. The government identified maternal health as vital in revamping public health. It understood that the well-being of mothers and children was fundamental for the prosperity of the newly founded state. The focus, however, was on rudimentary health provisions. This article examines health policy planning in Tanzania immediately after independence. Using examples from maternal health, it argues that healthcare planning after independence was still largely shaped by the measures developed under colonial rule despite the optimism about a sovereign future. This was mainly because the problems and plans that had arisen during colonialism remained in existence after independence. The article uses archival, oral and secondary sources to show how attempts to shift health policies were hindered by poor planning, lack of funds, inadequate staff, gender relations and the choice between healthcare and other needs. It examines how the newly independent government negotiated the quest for better healthcare, especially maternal health.

Veronica Kimani

5 - Maternal Healthcare and Health Policy Planning in Tanzania, 1961–1970s

5 - 坦桑尼亚1961-1970年代的孕产妇保健与卫生政策规划

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0 - Prelim

0 - 初步

Eyob Balcha Gebremariam

2 - Thandika Mkandawire’s Model for an African Developmental State, and the Ethiopian Experiment (2001–2018)

2 - 桑迪卡·姆坎达维尔的非洲发展型国家模型与埃塞俄比亚实验（2001-2018）

Cover Page

The formation of housing and settlement patterns, such as shape, space enclosure and organisation, are influenced by physical, social and economic factors. However, Rapaport found that sociocultural factors are the primary determinants of built form. This view has been challenged, justifying a replication of the study in other built environments. This study explores the influence of the socioeconomic occupation of the Tiv people in Nigeria on their housing and settlement patterns. The means-end chain qualitative enquiry was applied during interviews with twenty-four participants to determine the inherent socioeconomic values connecting their occupation to settlement pattern. Their settlements were found to be dispersed, with aggregated joint compounds, creating sufficient space for farming. However, the pattern of dispersion of settlements poses security risks. Therefore, transformative efforts are required to aggregate the settlements to make more land available for mechanised agriculture and to enhance people’s safety. More studies are required to reveal the sociocultural values of Nigerian Indigenous housing for sustainable development of their built environments and way of life.

Publication Information	Publisher: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2007，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

Africa Development/Afrique et Developpement

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