Advances in Group Processes

Sheldon Stryker

Richard T. Serpe

Matthew O. Hunt

Social Identification in Groups

Making Good on a Promise: The Impact of Larger Social Structures on Commitments

兑现承诺：更大的社会结构对承诺的影响

Cathryn Johnson

Amy M. Fasula

Stuart J. Hysom

Nikki Khanna

Legitimacy, Organizational Sex Composition, and Female Leadership

合法性、组织性别构成与女性领导力

Abstract 
Purpose 
The purpose of this chapter is to review the historical development of identity theory from 1988 to the present, and then outline some thoughts about future directions for the theory. 
 
 
Methodology/Approach 
The chapter discusses major advances in identity theory over the past 25 years such as the incorporation of the perceptual control system into the theory, the introduction of “resources” in which symbolic and sign meanings are important, new views of the social structure, the relevance of the situation in influencing the identity process, the idea of different bases of identities, broadening our understanding of multiple identities, studying identity change, and bringing in emotions into the theory. 
 
 
Findings 
Throughout the review, empirical work is identified and briefly discussed that supports the major advances of the theory. 
 
 
Research limitations 
The chapter suggests a number of ways that identity theory may be developed in the future such as examining negative or stigmatized identities. Additionally, there is a discussion as to ways in which the theory may be tied to other theoretical traditions such as affect control theory, exchange theory, and social identity theory. 
 
 
Social Implications 
Identity theory has had a number of applications to various areas in society, including understanding crime, education, race/ethnicity, gender, the family, and the environment. 
 
 
Originality/Value of Chapter 
This is the most recent overview of identity theory over the past 25 years. It becomes clear to the reader that the theory offers a way of understanding the person as a cognitive, emotional, and behavioral agent who influences the structure of society but who is also influenced by the social structure.

Jan E. Stets

Peter J. Burke

The Development of Identity Theory

身份理论的发展

Accumulating evidence suggests that individualism provides an atmosphere conducive to creative idea generation. However, research in both cross-cultural and social psychology suggests that individualism may reflect either independence or competition; a distinction that has been overlooked in research on group creativity. In this chapter, we highlight the distinction between these two constructs and develop a series of testable propositions that help distinguish their unique effects on the creative process. In doing so, we uncover several theoretical insights, including the possibility that independence and competition (a) are theoretically and empirically distinct, (b) have differential effects on idea generation, (c) have similar effects on idea selection but through different mechanisms, and (d) may interact to stimulate group creativity. We conclude by suggesting methodological approaches to disentangling these constructs in future research.

Jack A. Goncalo

Verena Krause

Being different or being better?: Disentangling the effects of independence and competition on group creativity

不同还是更好？：解开独立性和竞争对群体创造力影响的谜团

Laurie A. Rudman

Julie E. Phelan

Social Psychology of Gender

Sex Differences, Sexism, and Sex: The Social Psychology of Gender from Past to Present

性别差异、性别歧视与性别：从过去到现在的社会心理学视角

Abstract 
Purpose 
Balance Theory has accumulated an impressive record of empirical confirmation at both the micro- and macro-levels. Yet, it is unclear why humans consistently prefer balanced relations when imbalance offers the opportunity to reap material rewards. We argue that balance is preferred because it functions as a “compression heuristic,” allowing networks to be more easily encoded in, and recalled from, memory. 
 
 
Methodology/approach 
We present the results of a novel randomized laboratory experiment using nearly 300 subjects. We evaluate the independent and joint effects of degree of balance/imbalance and presence/absence of kin compression heuristics on network recall. 
 
 
Findings 
We find that memory for relationship valence is more accurate for balanced, rather than imbalanced, networks and that relationship existence and relationship valence are separable cognitive elements. We also use comparisons between kin and non-kin networks to suggest that humans are implicitly aware of the conditions under which imbalanced networks will be most durable. 
 
 
Research limitations/implications 
We show that the tension/strain postulated to generate mental and behavioral responses to increase balance likely stems from cognitive limitations. More broadly, this connects balance theory to models of human cognition and evolution and suggests that human general processing ability may have evolved in response to social, rather than physical, challenges.

Matthew E. Brashears

Laura Aufderheide Brashears

Altruism and Prosocial Behavior in Groups

The Enemy of My Friend Is Easy to Remember: Balance as a Compression Heuristic

我朋友之敌易记：平衡作为压缩启发式

Abstract 
Purpose 
We survey and organize over fifty years of theoretical research on status and expectation state processes. After defining some key terms in this theoretical approach, we briefly describe theories and branches in the program. 
 
 
Methodology/Approach 
We also focus on a few theories that illustrate distinct patterns of theory growth, using them to show the variety of ways in which the research program has grown. 
 
 
Findings 
The program structure developed from a single set of theories on development and maintenance of group inequality in the 1960s to six interrelated branches by 1988. Between 1988 and today, the overall structure has grown to total 19 different branches. We briefly describe each branch, identifying over 200 resources for the further study of these branches. 
 
 
Research Implications 
Although the various branches share key concepts and processes, they have been developed by different researchers, in a variety of settings from laboratories to schools to business organizations. Second, we outline some important issues for further research in some of the branches. Third, we emphasize the value of developing new research methods for testing and applying the theories. 
 
 
Practical Implications 
These theories have been used to explain phenomena of gender, racial, and ethnic inequality among others, and for understanding some cases of personality attributions, deviance and control processes, and application of double standards in hiring. 
 
 
Social Implications 
Status and expectation state processes often operate to produce invidious social inequalities. Understanding these processes can enable social scientists to devise more effective interventions to reduce these inequalities. 
 
 
Originality/Value of the Chapter 
Status and expectation state processes occupy a significant segment of research into group processes. This chapter provides an authoritative overview of ideas in the program, what is known, and what remains to be discovered.

Joseph Berger

David G. Wagner

Murray Webster

Expectation States Theory: Growth, Opportunities and Challenges

期望状态理论：发展、机遇与挑战

Why do strangers in collectivist societies act prosocially? Previous work indicates that generalized trust (trust in strangers) is necessary for prosocial behavior; however, generalized trust exists at low levels in collectivist societies. Researchers have also argued that without trust among strangers, social order is threatened. Yet, collectivist societies are not characterized by social disorder; therefore, individuals must be acting prosocially. Without generalized trust, how is this possible? In this work I argue that institutional trust (a belief that institutions induce others to act in a trustworthy manner) is responsible for prosociality in collectivist societies, not generalized trust. Does a similar relationship hold in individualist societies? Although some evidence suggests that prosocial behavior is predicated by generalized trust, other evidence indicates that the stronger predictor is institutional trust. All arguments are tested with data from the World Values Survey (WVS) with data from 14 countries. Results from regression analyses are reported. The chapter concludes with implications and directions for future work.

Kyle Irwin

Prosocial behavior across cultures: The effects of institutional versus generalized trust

跨文化中的亲社会行为：制度信任与普遍信任的影响

ISSN	0882-6145
h-index	31

Publication Information	Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: book-series，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2023，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

Advances in Group Processes

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Making Good on a Promise: The Impact of Larger Social Structures on Commitments

Legitimacy, Organizational Sex Composition, and Female Leadership

The Development of Identity Theory

Being different or being better?: Disentangling the effects of independence and competition on group creativity

Sex Differences, Sexism, and Sex: The Social Psychology of Gender from Past to Present

The Enemy of My Friend Is Easy to Remember: Balance as a Compression Heuristic

The Development of Identity Theory

Expectation States Theory: Growth, Opportunities and Challenges

Being different or being better?: Disentangling the effects of independence and competition on group creativity

Prosocial behavior across cultures: The effects of institutional versus generalized trust