Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation

In the semiarid highlands of central Mexico the mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata) is often removed for agricultural and forestry purposes. Clearing of land for agricul tural purposes has a significant impact on soil processes and nutrient dynamics and, ultimately, on crop production. We have studied the effect of the mesquite tree on soil respiration, amounts of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, and soil characteristics. Soil was sampled from three distinct locations: under the canopy of the mesquite tree, in the area surrounding the mesquite tree but not covered by its canopy, and in adjacent cultivated land. It was found that the mesquite tree plays an important role in nutrient cycling in arid and semiarid regions. Soil microorganisms and nutrients (N, P, and Fe) were more abundant under the canopy of the mesquite tree than in the surrounding area and in the adjacent arable soil.

J. T. Frias-Hernandez

A. L. Aguilar-Ledezma

V. Olalde-Portugal

None Cinvestav-Ipn

J. A. Balderas-Lopez

G. Gutierrez-Juarez

J. J. Alvarado-Gil

J. J. Castro

H. Vargas

A. Albores

L. Dendooven

None Upibi-Ipn

L. C. M. Miranda

Research Note Soil Characteristics in Semiarid Highlands of Central Mexico as Affected by Mesquite Trees (Prosopis laevigata)

研究笔记 墨西哥中部半干旱高原土壤特性受牧豆树（Prosopis laevigata）影响

The objective of this research was to determine the degree of decomposition and alteration of lignin in soils of two types of shrub patches , featured by the dominant species (Prosopis alpataco and Atriplex lampa) in the northeastern Patagonian region . These species have been widely utilized in land reclamation programs mainly in west and south - central Argentina . Shrub patches of both species showed different characteristics in relation to variations in the contents of polysaccharides and lignin . There were different patterns of polysaccharides and lignin distribution in both patches and in climatic seasons . Lignin concentration changes are evidence that there is a transformation in structural units when its units (vanillyl, syringyl, and cinnamyl) lose phenolic groups during oxidation, as depth in the sampled mineral soil is increased . Polysaccharides and lignin dynamics showed a temporary variability of litter quality when the total primary production , decomposition , and mineralization were different in both types of patches . The lignin decomposition pattern under aerobic conditions involves type of litter materials in patches , influ ence of the contribution of surface and subsurface roots (above ground and below ground litter), environmental conditions , and precipitation of fragments decomposed from lignin in soil solution .

H. F. Del Valle

R. A. Rosell

Lignin Signature in Soils of Shrub Patches in Northeastern Patagonia

东北巴塔哥尼亚灌丛斑块土壤中的木质素特征

In some field and laboratory studies , H2SO4 has shown better reclamation efficiency than gypsum, but the explanation for this has been debated. We tested the hypothesis that significant amounts of HCO might be formed during the reaction of HSO3 with CaCO3 leading to additional Ca2+ in solution and enhanced displacement of exchangeble Na +. To determine if H2SO4 is more efficient than gypsum , we compared four equivalent treatments of H2SO4 and gypsum on three soils and two clay minerals. Gypsum and H2SO4 were reacted with calcareous sodic soils and clay minerals in closed-system batch studies, with CO2 pressures typical of soil root zones. Column studies comparing two equivalent treatments of H2SO4 and gypsum were conducted on one of the soils and produced results comparable to the batch studies. Soluble ions, electrical conductivities (EC), and mineral saturation indices were determined and compared between treatments . Clay dispersion and average dispersed particle size were compared between amendments on bentonite . When H2SO4 was applied to calcite in the absence of exchangeable sodium (soil), the solution was fourfold oversaturated with respect to gypsum. This was not observed in the soils because the exchange phase of the soil was a sink for Ca2+. In the soils, there was significantly more HCO3 in all H2SO4 treatments, with an average of 8 % of the H+ applied producing H3CO3. The concentration of dispersed clay was significantly less in three of the four H2SO4 treatments on bentonite , while the mean particle diameter was significantly larger in two of the four treatments , suggesting better tactoid preservation . Compared to equivalent soil gypsum treat ments, H2SO4 generally caused (1) lower sodium adsorption ratios , (2) more soluble Ca 2+ and Mg2+, (3) lower pH , and (4) greater EC. In the calcareous sodic soils and clays we tested , it appears gypsum supersaturation , HCO3 production , lower pH , and higher EC frequently contributed to better reclamation with H2SO4. Keywords: Gypsum RequirementReclamation EfficiencySodium Adsorption Ratio

J. E. Mace

C. Amrhein

J. D. Oster

Comparison of Gypsum and Sulfuric Acid for Sodic Soil Reclamation

石膏与硫酸对碱土改良效果的比较

Maize, sorghum, and millet monoculture effects on soil properties of a Typic Ustip samment in the semiarid pampa of Argentina were evaluated after 27 years in a plot experiment. A permanent Eragrostis curvula pasture was used as a reference. Millet was the most destructive crop to the soil because it decreased dry aggregate stability by 10%, soil organic matter (OM) by 30%, extractable K by 20%, available P by 44%, inorganic P by 11%, available Fe by 20%, available Zn more than 90%, available Cu by 30%, and available Mn by 26%, and it increased wet aggregate instability by 75%. Grain sorghum was less destructive to the soil than millet because it only decreased OM by 30% and extractable K by 24%. All studied crops decreased the cation exchange capacity of the soil between 20 and 30%, the pH values, and the concentration of soil extractable Mg2+by 38 to 63%. Soil extractable Ca2+ was decreased 30% by the Eragrostis pasture and 40% by maize. The negative effect of millet and grain sorghum on OM was attributed to a low coverage of the soil with plant residues left by these crops as well as the long exposition of the bare soil during temperate and wet periods. Decreases of soil nutrient contents were attributed to plant uptake in all cases, except the Zn concentrations, which were related to variations on soil pH and phosphate concentrations. It was concluded that maize, the most commonly cultivated crop in the region studied, did not affect physical and chemical soil properties to a large extent. Conversely, millet had the most negative effect on physical and chemical properties of the soil.

D. E. Buschiazzo

S. B. Aimar

J. M. Garcia Queijeiro

Long-Term Maize, Sorghum, and Millet Monoculture Effects on an Argentina Typic Ustipsamment

长期玉米、高粱和谷子单作对阿根廷典型灰钙土的影响

A synthesis of progress achieved thus far is provided for a 10 - year research and development program aimed at the ecological and economic rehabilitation of agroecosystems in the unirrigated portions of the central valley of Chile's Mediterranean climate region. We review our data on (1) revised management techniques aimed at restoring the gross superstructure and former levels of diversity and productivity of a mixed espinales formation; (2) selection and utilization of ecotypes of the naturalized annual Medicago polymorpha L. and the N2-fixing microsymbiont Rhizobium meliloti, for gradual improvement of espinal soil fertility; and (3) studies of the outstandingly well adapted and fast growing Canary Island tree Chamaecytisus proliferus (L. fil.) Link ssp. palmensis (Christ) Kunkel (Tagasaste), which along with about three dozen other woody nitrogen - fixing legume and several nonlegume multipurpose trees, was considered to be of potential value for deep soil layer rehabilitation combined with economic improvements. In all these subprograms, efforts were made to identify techniques or organisms that could provide short-term benefits to landowners, especially in the form of wood, fuelwood, or forage for livestock. We also consider various approaches to be added to the program over the next decade, especially in view of the overarching goal of reintegrating fragmented landscapes and combining restoration with rehabilitation and reallocation at this spatial scale. Keywords: MedicagoN2-FIXING LegumesTagasaste

Carlos Ovalle

James Aronson

Alejandro Del Pozo

Julia Avendan

Restoration and Rehabilitation of Mixed Espinales in Central Chile: 10-Year Report and Appraisal

智利中部混合艾斯皮纳莱斯林的恢复与重建：10年报告与评估

Some indigenous fruit trees, in the drylands of southern Africa are worthy of interest because of their adaptation to environmental conditions prohibitive for traditional crops. Their fruits or their derivatives are traditionally used as an additional income by rural population, but little information is available about the properties of the soils that support their growth, although this information is necessary if the trees are subjected to sustainable domestication. Several soil properties are, however, to be considered as a whole and discriminant analysis provides a helpful tool to individuate the best conditions for the tree growth. Thirty-five soil samples were taken in areas where the trees naturally grow and produce, and the analytical data of the surface layer were used to relate soil properties to tree species. Four groups of trees were well separated using two discriminant functions that takes into account both the fertility characteristics (pH, organic C, N, texture, and properties of the exchange complex) and the Fe contents and distribution among the oxide forms. The discriminant functions allow a very acceptable reclassification of the data (more than 80% of cases correctly reclassified) and the classification coefficients were used to build an empirical equation that may help to identify the most suitable tree to be introduced at a new site.

E. Bonifacio

S. Santonoi

E. Zanini

Soil Properties Required by Some Southern Africa Fruit Trees as Assessed by Discriminant Analysis

判别分析评估的南部非洲一些果树所需的土壤特性

In Morocco, as in many other regions of north Africa, desertification is affecting the most sensitive environments such as the rangelands. Demographic expansion, cereal growing, and overgrazing constitute the principal factors of degradation in such regions. The use of satellite data provides an efficient tool for observation and continuous measurement of the biosphere. Our objective is to propose a method for the characterization and mapping of rangelands in arid and desert areas, based on the biophysical reality of the environment (field data). A highly detailed study based on field surveys of the Taznakht basin (Moroccan Anti-Atlas) was carried out to determine rangeland typology. Close relationships were demonstrated between the abiotic environment and the vegetation. The relevant bio-pedo-morphological classes at each site, corresponding to the different types of rangeland, were identified. The cartographic accuracy of these classes was considerably increased by combining the stratification obtained by Visual Interpretation Assisted by Computer of the photofacies of a Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Tene (SPOT) image obtained during the dry period, with a supervised classification of each stratum based on maximum likelihood. This methodological approach was used to develop a simple, robust, and generally applicable model for the efficient correlation of field and remote sensing data.

T. Bennouna

A. Nejmeddine

M. J. Lefevre

M. Kaemmerer

J. P. Lacombe

J. C. Revel

Innovative Evaluation of Field and Spatial Remote Sensing Data for Analysis of Vegetation Bio-types in Arid Rangelands, Taznakht, Moroccan Anti-Atlas

干旱草地Taznakht摩洛哥反阿特拉斯地区植被生物类型分析中现场与空间遥感数据创新评估

In Senegal at Nioro experimental station the 15 N 2 isotope dilution technique was used at field conditions for estimating fixation of N 2 in Faidherbia albida, mono cultured and mixed with the reference species, Parkinsonia aculeata. Trenched and nontrenched plots within the plantation were labeled with 15 N 2 - ammonium sulphate containing 2 atom % 15 N excess at the equivalent amount of 20 kg N ha -1. The proportion of fixed N 2 was lower than that previously measured in experiments using Parkia biglobosa as a reference tree species: 20.3% vs. 54.7%. This difference might be due to physiological differences between the two reference species. Significant effect of trenching vs. nontrenching to the labeled area was observed on the percentage of N 2 derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) of F. albida. The % Ndfa was higher in trenched than in nontrenched labeled area (+ 34.3%). There was no difference however in the amount of N 2 fixed in trenched and nontrenched plots although the estimate in the former (6.70 2 g N plant -1) was slightly higher than that in the later (5.60 g N plant -1). Thus trenching the labeled area seems to be necessary for estimating the N 2 fixed by F. albida in the field. Keywords: Parkia BiglobosaParkinsonia AculeataReference Species

M. Gueye

I. Ndoye

Trenching: A Necessity for Assessment of N ² Fixation in Field Grown Faidherbia albida Using N-Enrichment Methodology

沟槽法：利用氮富集方法评估田间种植的Faidherbia albida固氮作用的必要性

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to estimate the effects of irrigation water quality on chemical uptake and productivity of Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense) and fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens). Water and soil were obtained from an inactive U ore processing site near Tuba City, Arizona. Two observation wells provided the irrigation water. One was located upgradient from the contaminated site, and was located in the center of the plume downgradient from the area contaminated by the milling operations. A 50/50 mix of the two well waters was used as a third treatment. Concentrations of Se and U in aboveground tissues of saltbush were significantly (< 0.05) elevated when irrigated with the undiluted contaminated water, but not to unacceptable levels. In the case of Sudan grass, Mo, Se, U, NO3 -N, and S were significantly (< 0.05) elevated in the contaminated water treatment, and all except NO3 -N were elevated with the diluted contaminated water, but again within acceptable limits. Saltbush productivity was not significantly (< 0.05) affected by the three irrigation treatments. Sudan grass aboveground biomass results suggest that the undiluted contaminated plume water could be used for effective crop production, although productivity was significantly better with the nutrient-amended baseline water and the diluted contaminated water. Root biomass was significantly greater in the baseline water irrigation. Keywords: Chemical UptakeManganeseMolybdenumProductivitySeleniumSulfur

D. J. Baumgartner

E. P. Glenn

G. Moss

T. L. Thompson

J. F. Artiola

R. O. Kuehl

Effect of Irrigation Water Contaminated with Uranium Mill Tailings on Sudan Grass, Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense, and Fourwing Saltbush, Atriplex canescens

铀矿尾矿污染灌溉水对苏丹草、高粱苏丹变种及四翅滨藜的影响

In order to assess how plant water potential is related to soil water availability and evaporative demand, determinations of diurnal and seasonal plant water potentials between 23 April 1997, and 22 September 1998, were studied in Acacia berlandieri Benth., a native shrub of the northeastern region of Mexico. Average plant water potentials during the wettest period ranged from-0.37 MPa (predawn, PD) to -2.79 MPa (midday, MD )whereas, during the long, hot, and severe drought period PD and MD water potentials measurements diminished down to -5.9 and -6.8 MPa, respectively. Average diurnal depression of plant water potential (calculated as the difference between midday and predawn water potentials) during the wettest and driest season varied from -2.28 - 0.50 MPa to -0.86 - 0.46 MPa, respectively. An exponential function was found between PD water potential with average soil water content and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Both variables supported about 85% and 66%, respectively, of the variability in PD wate...

Publication Information	Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1987，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation

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