建筑物内的环境质量是公共卫生的一个重要主题。INDOOR AIR 为报告非工业建筑物室内环境定义的广阔区域内的原始研究结果提供了一个场所。 INDOOR AIR 是一本具有多学科内容的国际期刊，发表的论文反映了该领域广泛的兴趣类别：健康影响；热舒适度；监测和建模；源表征；通风和其他环境控制技术。研究结果提供了基本信息，让设计师、建筑业主和运营商能够为建筑居住者提供健康舒适的环境，并为医疗从业者提供有关如何处理与环境相关的疾病的信息。室内环境。

The quality of the indoor environment in buildings is a significant public health issue. "Indoor Air" provides a platform for reporting original research findings across a broad spectrum of indoor environmental issues in non-industrial buildings. As an international journal with a multidisciplinary focus, "Indoor Air" publishes papers that reflect a wide range of interests in the field, including health impacts, thermal comfort, monitoring and modeling, source characterization, ventilation, and other environmental control technologies. The findings provide essential information for designers, building owners, and operators to create healthy and comfortable environments for occupants, as well as for healthcare practitioners to address environment-related health issues.

建筑物内的环境质量是公共卫生的重要主题。《Indoor Air》为报告非工业建筑物室内环境的广泛领域提供了一个原始研究结果的发布平台。《Indoor Air》是一份多学科的国际期刊，发表的论文涵盖了该领域的多个兴趣类别，包括健康影响、热舒适度、监测与建模、源特征、通风及其他环境控制技术。研究结果为设计师、建筑业主和运营商提供了基本信息，以帮助他们为建筑居住者创造健康舒适的环境，同时也为医疗从业者提供了处理与环境相关疾病的信息。

Indoor Air

With the greater use of air-conditioned offices in Singapore, achieving good indoor air quality has become an important issue. The laws that impose duties upon designers and contractors with respect to the design and construction of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) systems are set out in the Building Control Regulations and the Singapore Standard Code of Practice for Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning in Buildings (hereinafter "SS CP 13:1980"). ACMV maintenance is governed by the Environmental Public Health Act, the Building and Common Property (Maintenance and Management) Act, and the Land Titles (Strata) Act, as well as by lease or tenancy agreements. Designers, contractors, developers, building owners and management corporations may also be liable to the workers, occupants and other premises users for indoor air quality (IAQ)-related injuries under the general principles of contract and tort. Recently, the Guidelines for Good Indoor Air Quality in Office Premises was issued by the Ministry of Environment to complement SS CP 13:1980 toward improving the indoor air quality of air-conditioned office premises. Although the Guidelines have no statutory effect, they may be adopted as contractual requirements in construction, lease and maintenance contracts. They may also be used to determine the relevant standard of duty of care required to discharge tortious liability. This paper looks at the existing laws and rules affecting the design, construction and maintenance of air-conditioned offices in light of Part III of the Ministry's Guidelines.

Philip Chan

Indoor Air Quality and the Law in Singapore

新加坡室内空气质量与法律

Given the concerns surrounding the possibility of crosscontamination caused by the airborne transmission of respiratory aerosols (&gt; 5 μ m in diameter) and droplets (&gt; 5 μ m in diameter) containing infectious viruses, there is a great need for simulations that reliably characterize the behaviour of these particles in real‐world scenarios. This study performs a comprehensive transient CFD analysis to investigate the transmission of virus‐carrying aerosols and droplets released through coughing by a mobile patient within a typical room equipped with a ventilation system. This computational study elaborately examines how particle size and relative humidity impact the dispersion of aerosols and droplets carrying virus in both mobile and stationary conditions of patients. To enhance the accuracy of this study, effective factors such as evaporation of liquid content within aerosols and droplets and random distribution of the particles, along with considerations for buoyancy, drag, lift, Brownian motion, and gravitational forces, are taken into account. To investigate the influence of aerosol and droplet size, this study considers uniform size distributions of 1, 10, and 100 μ m in diameter, comprising 98.2% liquid water and 1.8% solid content. Additionally, different relative humidity levels, 0%, 50%, and 90%, are incorporated to indicate their impact on the dispersion pattern and residence time of the particles in both stationary and dynamic scenarios. According to the results, high levels of relative humidity and individuals’ movement significantly affect the turbulence intensity, airflow pattern, travelling distance, residence time and trajectory of particles, air pressure, and density distributions in such environments.

Sadegh Sadeghi

Saiied M. Aminossadati

Christopher Leonardi

Comprehensive Computational Study on the Influences of Particle Size and Relative Humidity on Aerosol/Droplet Transmission in a Ventilated Room Under Stationary and Dynamic Conditions

通风房间中颗粒物/液滴传播在静态和动态条件下受颗粒物粒径和相对湿度影响的全面计算研究

Cooking activities are responsible for substantial emissions of both particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), two key indoor air pollutants, which can lead to numerous adverse health effects, including premature mortality. Chicken breast was prepared following tightly constrained cooking procedures with contrasting cooking methods in a well‐controlled research kitchen to investigate the PM and VOC emissions by simultaneous measurements with reference instruments (an optical aerosol spectrometer measuring light scattering of single particles for continuous PM monitoring and a proton‐transfer‐reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer [PTR‐ToF‐MS] for VOCs). Peak concentrations of PM 2.5 ranked in the order (median [ μ g m −3 ]) pan‐frying (92.9), stir‐frying (26.7), deep‐frying (7.7), boiling (0.7), and air‐frying (0.6). Peak concentrations of VOCs ranked in the order (median [ppb]) pan‐frying (260), deep‐frying (230), stir‐frying (110), boiling (30), and air‐frying (20). Key VOCs from different frying methods were identified in a detailed principal component analysis (PCA), including aldehydes, ketones, furans, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkenes, pyrazines, and alkanes. The cooking temperature was found to be the key factor that positively correlated with both PM and VOC emission strength, while the oil weight was negatively correlated with the PM levels. We also determined PM emission rates (varying over a wide range, e.g., for PM 2.5 from 0.1 to 2931 μ g min −1 ) and PM exposures (ranging, e.g., for PM 2.5 from approximately 2 to more than 1000 μ g m −3 min). In addition, by using EPR spectroscopy, we measured environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) that formed from heating and cooking processes at levels of approximately 10 9 spins μ g −1 of PM mass. These EPFR concentrations were shown to be unaffected by ozone exposure.

Ruijie Tang

Ravi Sahu

Yizhou Su

Adam Milsom

Ashmi Mishra

Thomas Berkemeier

Christian Pfrang

Impact of Cooking Methods on Indoor Air Quality: A Comparative Study of Particulate Matter (PM) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions

烹饪方法对室内空气质量的影响：颗粒物(PM)和挥发性有机化合物(VOC)排放的比较研究

Detailed investigation of pathogen transmission by respiratory droplets requires extensive experimental datasets with high spatial–temporal resolution in a wide range of ambient conditions. Respiratory simulators are attractive tools for those measurements, because they improve repeatability, endurance, and control of experimental conditions with respect to studies on human subjects. They also enable the use of powerful experimental techniques, which may raise health concerns if employed on humans. In this paper, we design and present a respiratory simulator, which is capable of accurately reproducing physiological flow rate profiles and allows the investigation of the spatial and temporal features of the exhaust flow by background‐oriented schlieren (BOS) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). We use laser interferometry and high‐magnification shadowgraphy to verify the size distributions of the emitted droplets, and we quantify the evolution of the droplet concentration during cough events by Mie scattering analysis. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the respiratory simulator to generate highly reproducible cough events with precise and controllable droplet size distributions over a wide range of flow rates.

Claudio Mucignat

Bernhard Roth

Ivan Lunati

A Respiratory Simulator for the Study of Pathogen Transmission in Indoor Environments

室内环境中病原体传播研究的呼吸模拟器

The quality of the internal microclimate is a very important issue nowadays, considering that people in developed societies spend a good part of their day inside buildings and means of transport. But the poor quality of indoor air has a double effect; on the one hand, it can harm human health, and on the other hand, it can cause the degradation of materials. Thus, the current study considers the potential influence of a number of 20 pollutants on the exhibits, visitors, and employees of a synagogue that is over 140 years old in the Municipality of Oradea (Romania), which today is included in the list of historical monuments and is open to be visited. The monitoring period consisted of 9 months, during which parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, CO concentration, light intensity, concentration of particulate matter, and other pollutants were monitored. All the obtained values were then reported to the international standards in force for each indicator, both regarding the potential for human health and the integrity of the exhibits. The results indicate that the values of most pollutants respect the allowed thresholds, with more or less permitted exceptions. The most problematic are the values of temperature, relative humidity, HCHO, and VOC, which substantially exceed the allowed limits and vary a considerable difference. This can induce additional stress on the exhibits, leading over time to damage and premature aging; in terms of human health, the indoor microclimate can, in rare cases, cause discomfort associated with headaches, dizziness, and irritation, but the potential to cause persistent ailments is quite low. To maintain a clean internal microclimate, preventive conservation through the continuous monitoring of internal parameters as well as the establishment of long‐term strategies to stabilize the values of pollutants are necessary actions.

Tudor Caciora

Dorina Camelia Ilies

Monica Costea

Lucian Blaga

Zharas Berdenov

Alexandru Ilies

Thowayeb H. Hassan

Ana Cornelia Peres

Bahodirhon Safarov

Ioana Josan

Ioan-Cristian Noje

Olivier Dehoorne

Vasile Grama

Stefan Baias

Microclimate Assessment in a 19th‐Century Heritage Building From Romania

罗马尼亚19世纪遗产建筑的微气候评估

Flexible polyurethane (PU) materials find extensive use in upholstery, mattresses, and automobiles, yet the molecular background of their odor is still inadequately understood. To address this gap, we aimed at identifying major odorants in fifteen samples representing eight common types of flexible PU materials. The volatiles isolated from the samples were subjected to activity-guided screening via gas chromatography-olfactometry. Structures were assigned by comparing odor, retention data, and mass spectra to those of authentic reference compounds. This approach led to the identification of 50 odorants, 39 of which had not previously been described in PU. The odorants belonged to a wide range of compound classes, including tertiary amines, fatty acid oxidation products, short-chain aldehydes, trioxocanes, pyrazines, aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocycles, chlorinated compounds, phenol derivatives, fragrance compounds, and nitriles. For some odorants, further insights were gained into their origins and release behavior. For example, the odorous 1,4-dimethylpiperazine had been used as a catalyst, and propanal was shown to be not only a PU odorant but also the precursor of an odor-active trioxocane. Additionally, the quantitation of acetaldehyde and propanal suggested their continuous regeneration from the samples. While the sources of other compounds still have to be clarified, the data obtained in this study could pave the way for odor reduction strategies in the production of PU materials, ultimately resulting in an improved odor and consumer experience.

Charlotte Minig

Klaas Reglitz

Martin Steinhaus

Odor-Active Compounds in Flexible Polyurethane Materials

柔性聚氨酯材料中的气味活性化合物

The development of electric vehicles (EVs) has prompted a critical examination of the trade-off between range and human thermal comfort. Therefore, an accurate, real-time assessment of human thermal perception inside vehicles is important. This study investigates an electroencephalogram- (EEG-) based method for evaluating human thermal comfort in the vehicle passenger compartment. Under transient winter heating conditions, the study experimentally investigates the correlation between objective physiological parameters (skin temperature and electroencephalogram) and subjective human thermal perception. The results reveal distinct patterns in EEG signals corresponding to changes in thermal perception. Specifically, the δ rhythm exhibits a U-shape variation with increasing thermal perception, while the θ , α , β , and γ rhythms display an inverted U-shape variation. Differences in each frequency band across thermal comfort states in humans are greater than differences in the frequency band across thermal sensation states. Furthermore, the relative power of the θ rhythm emerges as the most effective in discerning the thermal perception state of the human body. The EEG signal characteristics of the T7 and T8 channels align more closely with human thermal sensation, whereas the AF4 channel excels at discriminating the state of human thermal comfort. The insights gained from this study serve as a foundation for evaluating human thermal perception in vehicles, enhancing human-vehicle interaction, and addressing challenges related to human thermal comfort and vehicle range.

Xin Xu

Lanping Zhao

Yuxin Hu

Qinyue Zheng

Guomin Wu

Zhigang Yang

Relationships between Electroencephalogram and Thermal Perception of Passenger in Winter Vehicle Compartments

冬季车内乘客脑电图与热感知之间的关系

The details of the interaction of human thermal plume and breathing activities are simulated in the current study of an unsteady turbulent flow field in an elevator cabin. Air velocity and temperature distributions of the circulation flow pattern (i.e., the macroenvironment), the breathing-scale microenvironment’s characteristics, and the thermal plume’s fate are analyzed. The current study is aimed at showing how respiratory activities such as breathing and human thermal plumes affect the flow field and respiratory contaminants dispersion pattern in a nonventilated enclosed environment (the elevator cabin). The results from three cases, i.e., breathing thermal manikins, nonbreathing thermal manikins, and isothermal breathing manikins, are contrasted to unveil better the effects of human thermal plume and breathing on the flow field, including the velocity distribution, dispersion pattern of the exhaled contaminant, the human body’s heat transfer coefficient, and the large-scale flow pattern. Results reveal that breathing inhalation increases the upward velocity of the thermal plume on the one hand, which directly affects the microenvironment and indirectly impacts the macroenvironment due to the more vigorous reflected thermal plume. On the other hand, the upward thermal plume reduces the penetration length of the exhaled jet. Breathing activities create ring vortices that connect the microenvironment and the macroenvironment. The circulation flow features a downward flow in the cabin’s center, affecting the vortex strength and contaminant dispersion pattern. Overall, the human thermal plume and human breathing make comparable contributions to the resulting elevator-cabin flow characteristics.

Farzad Pourfattah

Weiwei Deng

Lian-Ping Wang

How Does the Interaction of the Human Thermal Plume and Breathing Affect the Microenvironment and Macroenvironment of an Elevator Cabin?

人体热羽流与呼吸相互作用如何影响电梯轿厢的微环境和宏观环境？

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a widespread air pollutant in the indoor environment. Previous studies have shown that some bacteria have potential application to remove indoor HCHO. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Methylobacterium sp. strain R1 (S-R1) in removing formaldehyde (HCHO) from indoor air using biofilters. Three experiments confirmed S-R1’s ability to degrade HCHO in the air, with 13 C-NMR analysis revealing its involvement in the metabolic process. Optimal biofilter parameters, including 35 sponge layers, 30% humidity, and 9.50 m 3 /min air flow, resulted in a removal efficiency of up to 90% and an elimination capability of 24111-27000 μ g/(m 3 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mo>∗</mml:mo></mml:math>h) during a 60-minute test period. Long-term (31-day) operation of the biofilter with the optimal parameters effectively reduced HCHO levels from 1.60 mg/m 3 to 0.02-0.03 mg/m 3 , below China’s national standard, and maintained this level. Fluorescence microscope observation and downstream gas detection revealed stable S-R1 cell numbers and no bacterial leakage, respectively. Two conclusions can be drawn: (1) S-R1 is effective in removing HCHO in polluted air and (2) with optimum parameters, the S-R1 biofilter is engineering effective in purifying the indoor air environment.

Ru Wang

Wenyuan Wang

Wei Zhang

Zhengxue Li

Zhengyang An

Dongming Zhou

Yong Min

Formaldehyde-Degrading Bacteria R1 Is Effective in Removing HCHO from the Air in an Indoor Environment

甲醛降解菌R1在室内环境中有效去除空气中的HCHO

South Korea was the first to administer the Indoor Air Quality Control Act in 1996, followed by Taiwan’s implementation in 2012. This study investigated indoor air quality (IAQ) in public facilities before and after the enactment of Taiwan’s Indoor Air Quality Management (IAQM) Act in 2012 to assess the effectiveness of the Act. The study also calculates health risks for employers, and consumers/visitors separately. The mean concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) after the IAQM Act’s enactment was higher than before, except for government offices. The lowest attainment rates for CO2, below 80%, were 73% in hospitals and 78% in libraries. As for formaldehyde, average concentrations were higher after the IAQM Act’s implementation, except for the exhibition room and library. Notably, improvements in particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) levels were evident in hospitals and libraries compared to other environments (attainment rates increased from 85% to 100% and 89% to 94%, respectively). However, in schools, preschools, and public transport spaces, unattainment rates worsened. Regarding cancer risk from formaldehyde exposure in the public, the 95% of upper risk limits ranged from <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><a:mn>3.44</a:mn><a:mo>×</a:mo><a:msup><a:mrow><a:mn>10</a:mn></a:mrow><a:mrow><a:mo>−</a:mo><a:mn>5</a:mn></a:mrow></a:msup></a:math> in the public transport system to <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><c:mn>8.80</c:mn><c:mo>×</c:mo><c:msup><c:mrow><c:mn>10</c:mn></c:mrow><c:mrow><c:mo>−</c:mo><c:mn>4</c:mn></c:mrow></c:msup></c:math> in preschools. Our findings highlight the necessity of integrating more measurement data after IAQM Act implementation and formulating management strategies based on risk assessments for future investigations.

Hsiu-Ling Chen

Pei-Shan Chih

Kai-Jen Chuang

Hsiao-Chi Chuang

Li-Te Chang

Changes in Indoor Air Quality in Public Facilities before and after the Enactment of Taiwan’s Indoor Air Quality Management Act

台湾《室内空气质量管理法》实施前后公共场所室内空气质量变化

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	4.20
Quartiles(Global)	PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH(Q1)

ISSN	0905-6947, 1600-0668
h-index	125

Publication Information	Publisher: Wiley-Hindawi，Publishing cycle: Quarterly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1991，Proportion of original research papers: 87.86%，Self Citation Rate:2.30%， Gold OA Rate: 79.47%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：平均3.0个月
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：较难

Indoor Air

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