AMINO ACIDS 发表来自氨基酸和蛋白质研究所有领域的贡献：分析、分离、合成、生物合成、交联氨基酸、外消旋化/对映异构体、氨基酸修饰如磷酸化、甲基化、乙酰化、糖基化和非酶糖基化，生理学和病理生理学中的氨基酸，生物学，氨基酸类似物和衍生物，多胺，辐射氨基酸，肽，稳定同位素和氨基酸同位素。医学、食品化学、营养学、肠胃病学、肾病学、神经化学、药理学、兴奋性氨基酸等领域的应用只是所涵盖的部分主题。感兴趣的领域包括：生物化学、食品化学、营养学、神经病学、精神病学、药理学、肾病学、胃肠病学、微生物学

The journal "Amino Acids" publishes contributions from all areas of amino acid and protein research, including analysis, separation, synthesis, biosynthesis, cross-linking of amino acids, racemization/enantiomers, amino acid modifications such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, glycosylation, and non-enzymatic glycosylation, as well as the role of amino acids in physiology and pathophysiology, biology, amino acid analogs and derivatives, polyamines, radiolabeled amino acids, peptides, stable isotopes, and amino acid isotopes. Applications in fields such as medicine, food chemistry, nutrition, gastroenterology, nephrology, neurochemistry, and pharmacology are just some of the topics covered. Areas of interest include biochemistry, food chemistry, nutrition, neurology, psychiatry, pharmacology, nephrology, gastroenterology, and microbiology.

《Amino Acids》期刊发表与氨基酸和蛋白质研究相关的各个领域的贡献，包括分析、分离、合成、生物合成、交联氨基酸、外消旋化/对映异构体、氨基酸修饰（如磷酸化、甲基化、乙酰化、糖基化和非酶糖基化）、生理学和病理生理学中的氨基酸、生物学、氨基酸类似物和衍生物、多胺、辐射氨基酸、肽、稳定同位素和氨基酸同位素等。该期刊涵盖的应用领域包括医学、食品化学、营养学、肠胃病学、肾病学、神经化学和药理学等。感兴趣的研究领域包括生物化学、食品化学、营养学、神经病学、精神病学、药理学、肾病学、胃肠病学和微生物学等。

Amino Acids

The reported requirements of largemouth bass (LMB, which is native to North America) for dietary protein and lipids varied substantially among previous studies, and this fish fed current formulated diets exhibit poor growth performance and pale liver syndrome. Because amino acids and lipids are known to affect hepatic metabolism and function in mammals, it is imperative to understand the impacts of these dietary macronutrients on the growth and liver morphology of LMB. In this study, we designed six isocaloric diets to determine the effects of different dietary crude protein (CP; 40%, 45%, and 50%; dry matter basis) and lipid levels (7.5% and 10%; dry matter basis) on fat and glycogen deposits, as well as hepatosis in LMB. There were four tanks (12 fish per tank, an average initial weight of 18.4 g/fish) per dietary treatment group and the trial lasted for 8 weeks. Fish were fed to apparent satiation three times daily. Results indicated that LMB fed the 45% or 50% CP diet grew faster (P < 0.05), had less (P < 0.05) glycogen in the liver and smaller (P < 0.05) hepatocyte sizes than fish fed the 40% CP diet, but there was no difference in weight gain or feed efficiency between the 45% and 50% CP diets. The hepatic lipid content did not differ between LMB fed the 40% and 45% CP diets, and the values for these two groups were 29% lower (P < 0.05) than those for LMB fed the 50% CP diet. Compared with the 40% CP group, LMB fed the 45% or 50% CP diet had 8-12% lower content of total minerals, phosphorus, and calcium in the body. Increasing the dietary lipid level from 7.5 to 10% enhanced the weight gains (+ 15%) and feed efficiency (+ 22%), as well as the retention of dietary protein (+ 18%), energy (+ 25%), and phosphorus (+ 7.6%) in the body. No fatty liver occurred in any group of LMB (with hepatic lipid concentrations being < 2%, wet weight basis). Based on these growth, metabolic and histologic data, we recommend dietary CP and lipids levels to be 45% and 10%, respectively, for juvenile LMB.

Xinyu Li

Shixuan Zheng

Xuekun Ma

Kaimin Cheng

Guoyao Wu

Amino acids

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth performance, feed utilization, and liver histology of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

Protein accretion in some fish species is affected by dietary lipids, starch and their interactions, but this aspect of nutrition is largely unknown in largemouth bass (LMB). Therefore, we designed six experimental diets with three starch levels (5%, 10%, and 15%; dry matter  basis) and two lipid levels (10% and 12.5%; dry matter basis) to evaluate the effects of dietary starch and lipid levels on the protein retention, growth, feed utilization, and liver histology of LMB. There were three tanks (18 fish per tank, ~ 4.85 g per fish) per dietary treatment group and the trial lasted for 8 weeks. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Results indicated that increasing the dietary starch level from 5 to 15% reduced (P < 0.05) absolute feed intake (AFI; - 9.0%, - 15% and - 14% on days 14-28, 28-42, and 42-56, respectively) and weight gains (- 4.4% and - 6.5% on days 42 and 56, respectively) of LMB. Increasing the dietary lipid level from 10 to 12.5% reduced (P < 0.05) AFI (- 9.7%, - 11.7% and - 11.9% on days 14-28, 28-42; and 42-56, respectively), weight gains (- 4.2%, - 5.9% and - 6.9% on days 28, 42 and 56, respectively), and survival rate (by a 5.6% unit) of LMB. The retention of dietary protein and some amino acids in the body was affected by dietary starch or lipid levels and their interactions. The viscerosomatic index (VSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPFR) increased with increasing the dietary starch level from 5 to 15%. Compared with 10% lipids, 12.5% lipids in diets increased IPFR but had no effect on VSI or HSI. The concentrations of glucose in serum increased with increasing the dietary starch level from 5 to 15% at 4 to 24 h after feeding, with the effect of dietary lipids being time-dependent. Compared with a 5%-starch diet, fish fed a diet with 10%- or 15%-starch exhibited an enlarged and pale liver with excessive glycogen. Based on these findings, we recommend dietary lipid and starch levels to be 10% and < 10%, respectively, for juvenile LMB to maximize the retention of dietary protein in their bodies.

Effects of dietary starch and lipid levels on the protein retention and growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

Fish generally have much higher requirements for dietary protein than mammals, and this long-standing puzzle remains unsolved. The present study was conducted with zebrafish (omnivores) and hybrid striped bass (HSB, carnivores) to test the hypothesis that AAs are oxidized at a higher rate than carbohydrates (e.g., glucose) and fatty acids (e.g., palmitate) to provide ATP for their tissues. Liver, proximal intestine, kidney, and skeletal muscle isolated from zebrafish and HSB were incubated at 28.5 °C (zebrafish) or 26 °C (HSB) for 2 h in oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4, with 5 mM D-glucose) containing 2 mM L-[U-14C]glutamine, L-[U-14C]glutamate, L-[U-14C]leucine, or L-[U-14C]palmitate, or a trace amount of D-[U-14C]glucose. In parallel experiments, tissues were incubated with a tracer and  a mixture of unlabeled substrates [glutamine, glutamate, leucine, and palmitate (2 mM each) plus 5 mM D-glucose]. 14CO2 was collected to calculate the rates of substrate oxidation. In the presence of glucose or a mixture of substrates, the rates of oxidation of glutamate and ATP production from this AA by the proximal intestine, liver, and kidney of HSB   were much higher than those for glucose and palmitate. This was also true for glutamate in the skeletal muscle and glutamine in the liver of both species, glutamine in the HSB kidney, and leucine in the zebrafish muscle, in the presence of a mixture of substrates. We conclude that glutamate plus glutamine plus leucine contribute to ~80% of ATP production in the liver, proximal intestine, kidney, and skeletal muscle of zebrafish and HSB. Our findings provide the first direct evidence that the major tissues of fish use AAs (mainly glutamate and glutamine) as primary energy sources instead of carbohydrates or lipids.

Sichao Jia

Amino acids are major energy substrates for tissues of hybrid striped bass and zebrafish.

Abstract Dipeptides (DPs), composed of two amino acids (AAs), hold significant therapeutic potential but remain underexplored. Given the crucial role of AAs in central nervous system (CNS) function, this study investigated the presence of DPs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and their correlation with corresponding AAs, potentially indicating their role as AA donors. Plasma and CSF samples were collected from 43 children with neurological or metabolic conditions of unknown origin, including 23 with epilepsy. A panel of 33 DPs was quantified using UPLC-MS/MS. Out of 33 DPs, 18 were detectable in CSF and 20 in plasma, displaying high inter-individual variance. Gly-Asp, Gly-Pro, and Ala-Glu were consistently found in all CSF samples, while only Gly-Asp was universally detectable in plasma. Anserine and carnosine were prominent in CSF and plasma, respectively, with no other histidine-containing DPs observed. Generally, DP concentrations were higher in plasma than in CSF; however, anserine and Gly-Pro had similar concentrations in both fluids. Significant correlations were observed between specific DPs and their corresponding AAs in CSF (Gly-Glu, Gly-Pro and Ser-Gln) and plasma (Glu-Glu and Glu-Ser). Notably, patients with epilepsy had elevated medium anserine concentrations in CSF. This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of numerous DPs in CSF and plasma. Further research is needed to determine if DP patterns can support the diagnosis of neurological diseases and whether DP administration can modulate amino acid availability in the brain, potentially offering new therapeutic options, such as for defects in the amino acid transporter.

Katharina Küper

Gernot Poschet

Julia Rossmann

Sven F Garbade

Alexander Spiegelhalter

Dan Wen

Georg F Hoffmann

Claus P Schmitt

Thomas Opladen

Verena Peters

Dipeptides in CSF and plasma: diagnostic and therapeutic potential in neurological diseases

脑脊液和血浆中的二肽：神经系统疾病中的诊断和治疗潜力

Abstract Nucleotide-pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases (NPP/PDE) are membrane or secreted Zn 2+ -metallohydrolases of nucleoside-5´-monophosphate derivatives. They hydrolyze, for instance, ATP and 4-nitrophenyl-dTMP, and belong to the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family that contains seven members (ENPP1-ENPP7). Earlier we had shown that an NPP/PDE activity solubilized and partially purified from rat liver membranes is inactivated by EDTA in a time-dependent fashion, an effect enhanced by glycine and blocked by the 4-nitrophenyl-dTMP. Here, we extended this observation to other free amino acids. Activity assays started after different incubation lengths with EDTA provided first-order, apparent inactivation constants (k i(ap) ). With the exception of cysteine (a strong inhibitor) and histidine (itself evoking a time-dependent inactivation), free amino acids themselves did not affect activity but increased k i(ap) . The results are compatible with a conformational change of NPP/PDE evoked by interaction with free amino acids. The enzyme preparation was analyzed to identify what ENPP family members were present. First, the hydrolytic activity on 2´,3´-cGAMP was assayed because until very recently ENPP1 was the only mammalian enzyme known to display it. 2´,3´-cGAMP hydrolase activity was clearly detected, but mass spectrometry data obtained by LC-MS/MS gave evidence that only rat Enpp3, Enpp4 and Enpp5 were present with low abundance. This finding coincided in time with a recent publication claiming that mouse Enpp3 hydrolyzes 2´,3´-cGAMP, and that Enpp1 and Enpp3 account for all the 2´,3´-cGAMP hydrolase activity in mice. So, our results are confirmatory of Enpp3 activity towards 2´,3´-cGAMP. Finally, the effect of amino acids could be relevant to NPP/PDE actions dependent on protein-protein interactions, like the known insulin-related effects of ENPP1 and possibly ENPP3.

Ana Romero

Guadalupe Cumplido-Laso

Ascensión Fernández

Javier Moreno

José Canales

Rui Ferreira

Juan López-Gómez

João Meireles Ribeiro

María Jesús Costas

José Carlos Cameselle

Free amino acids accelerate the time-dependent inactivation of rat liver nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase Enpp3 elicited by EDTA

自由氨基酸加速EDTA诱导的大鼠肝脏核苷酸焦磷酸酶/磷酸二酯酶Enpp3的时间依赖性失活

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, enabling them to rapidly detect and eliminate targets. In addition, many AMPs are natural peptides, making them promising candidates for therapeutic drugs. This review discusses the basic properties and mechanisms of action of AMPs, highlighting their ability to disrupt microbial membranes and modulate host immune responses. It also reviews the current state of research into using AMPs against various viral infections, focusing on their therapeutic potential against viruses that contribute to the global health crisis. Despite promising developments, therapies based on AMPs still face challenges such as stability, toxicity, and production costs. In this text, we will discuss these challenges and the latest technological advances aimed at overcoming them. The combination of nanotechnology and bioengineering approaches offers new ways to enhance the delivery, efficacy, and safety of AMPs. We emphasize the importance of further research to fully exploit the potential of AMPs in antiviral therapy, advocating a multifaceted approach that includes optimizing clinical use and exploring synergies with existing antiviral drugs.

Fei Yang

Yunqi Ma

The application and prospects of antimicrobial peptides in antiviral therapy

抗菌肽在抗病毒治疗中的应用与前景

A synthesis of new enantiomerically enriched derivatives of (S)-α-aminopropionic acid, containing in the β-position 1,2,3-triazole groups coupled with a o-, m- and p-substituted phenyl residue, was developed based on Cu(I) catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azides with alkynes. As the starting materials was used the square-planar Ni(II)complex of the Schiff base of propargylglycine with the chiral auxiliary BPB (Benzylprolylbenzophenone) and 1,4-substituted phenyl azides. The assignment of the (S)-absolute configuration of the α-carbon atom of the amino acid residue of the main diastereomeric complexes of the cycloaddition products was carried out on the basis of positive Cotton effects in the region of 480–580 nm of the circular dichroism spectra. The target amino acids were isolated from acid hydrolysates of diastereomeric complexes using ion-exchange demineralization and crystallization from aqueous ethanol. Additional confirmation of the absolute configuration and determination of the enantiomeric purity of the target amino acids were carried out by chiral HPLC analysis. As a result, seven new non-proteinogenic (S)-α-amino acids, containing in the β-position a 1,2,3-triazole moiety, were synthesized.

Artavazd S. Poghosyan

Emma A. Khachatryan

Anna F. Mkrtchyan

Volodya Mirzoyan

Anahit M. Hovhannisyan

Karapet R. Ghazaryan

Ela V. Minasyan

Peter Langer

Ashot S. Saghyan

Synthesis of enantiomerically enriched β-substituted analogs of (S)-α-alanine containing 1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole groups

含1-苯基-1H-1,2,3-三唑基团的(S)-α-丙氨酸β-取代类似物的对映体富集合成

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have caught the attention of researchers over the last couple of years due to their unique membrane lytic mechanism for combating antibiotic resistance, which differs from the molecular targets of traditional antibiotics. Although natural AMPs exhibit potential antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, some drawbacks, such as toxicity, low antibacterial activity, and high production costs limit their clinical application. To enhance the antimicrobial activity of a series of HSP peptides derived from the natural peptide HSP-1, this study optimized them using a variety of strategies, including net charge, hydrophobic moment, hydrophobicity, and helicity. Optimizing the antimicrobial action of HSP peptides depended mostly on net charge, hydrophobic moment, and hydrophobicity rather than helicity. HSP-M4 may be designed to combat microbial infections because the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity assays showed that they exhibited low cytotoxicity and prominent antimicrobial activity, respectively.

Xiaozhong Cheng

Yonghuang Zhang

Yan Zhang

Yajun Chen

Jianli Chen

Wei Wang

Guilan Zhu

Multiple strategies of HSP antimicrobial peptide optimization to enhance antimicrobial activity

HSP抗菌肽优化的多种策略以增强抗菌活性

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	2.89
Quartiles(Global)	BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY(Q3)

ISSN	0939-4451, 1438-2199
h-index	141

Publication Information	Publisher: Springer，Publishing cycle: Bimonthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1991，Proportion of original research papers: 92.11%，Self Citation Rate:3.30%， Gold OA Rate: 25.64%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：平均2.3个月
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：50%

Amino Acids

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