Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health – CBMH – aims to publish original material on any aspect of the relationship between mental state and criminal behaviour. Thus, we are interested in mental mechanisms associated with offending, regardless of whether the individual concerned has a mental disorder or not. We are interested in factors that influence such relationships, and particularly welcome studies about pathways into and out of crime. These will include studies of normal and abnormal development, of mental disorder and how that may lead to offending for a subgroup of sufferers, together with information about factors which mediate such a relationship.

The journal "Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health" aims to publish original research on any aspect of the relationship between mental state and criminal behavior. We are interested in the mental mechanisms associated with offending, regardless of whether the individual has a mental disorder. We particularly welcome studies that explore the factors influencing these relationships, especially those examining pathways into and out of crime. This includes research on normal and abnormal development, mental disorders and how they may lead to offending in a subgroup of sufferers, along with information about the factors that mediate such relationships.

《Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health》期刊旨在发表关于心理状态与犯罪行为之间关系的原创研究。我们关注与犯罪相关的心理机制，无论个体是否存在心理障碍。期刊特别欢迎关于影响这些关系的因素的研究，尤其是关于犯罪的进入与退出路径的研究。这些研究将包括正常与异常发展、心理障碍及其如何导致部分患者犯罪的研究，以及有关调节这种关系的因素的信息。

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Abstract Background The prevalence of cyberbullying suggests that about 15% of school‐aged children are involved in some way, although estimates vary widely. Preventing and limiting the behaviour will require more understanding of how mutable variables relate to it. There is some evidence linking higher psychopathy scores to cyberbullying, but the cognitive processes involved in ‘moral disengagement’ may provide better candidates for intervention. Aims To test the hypothesis that psychopathy scores and moral disengagement ratings would each be associated with cyberbullying, but that sex and age would moderate any associations. Method We conducted a cross‐sectional study with 334 11 to 15‐year‐olds (162 girls, 172 boys) from two French schools. Participants completed a self‐report questionnaire which measured cyberbullying, psychopathy traits and moral disengagement. Results We found a significant relationship between moral disengagement scale scores and cyberbullying ratings, but a stronger relationship between psychopathy scores and likelihood of cyberbullying. Neither sex nor age of the students affected these relationships. Conclusion This study adds to existing knowledge in showing that enduring personal qualities, as captured by a self‐rated psychopathy scale, may increase the risk of cyberbullying among adolescents. The findings suggest that teachers should be helped to monitor students’ emotional and cognitive social skills and consider extra support for those who struggle to recognise or process others’ distress.

Natacha Hoareau

Celine Bages

Mégane Allaire

Alain Guerrien

Crim Behav Ment Health

The role of psychopathic traits and moral disengagement in cyberbullying among adolescents

青少年网络欺凌中精神病态特质和道德脱离的作用

ABSTRACT Introduction Recent evidence suggests that autonomic nervous system functioning can reflect individual differences in sensitivity to the environment, which in turn moderates the effects of family context on psychopathic and antisocial behaviour. Although some preliminary research suggests that the coordination of the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) branches of the autonomic nervous system may reflect sensitivity to environmental influences, the majority of research to date has been limited in its focus on just one branch, and little is known about the effects of parental empathy on a child's psychopathic‐like traits. This study aimed to address this gap by examining if the SNS and PNS jointly moderate the prospective contribution of parental empathy to youth psychopathic‐like traits. Methods Male and female children ( n = 340; age = 8–10 years) from the community completed an emotion regulation task during which their skin conductance level (SCL) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) activity were recorded. Parental cognitive, affective, and somatic empathy were reported by the caregivers. The child's psychopathic‐like traits were reported by the caregiver and the child and were reassessed 1 year later. Results Hierarchical regression indicated that after controlling for child sex, age, and concurrent CU traits, low affective empathy in parents predicted higher CU traits 1 year later in youths who exhibited reciprocal sympathetic activation (i.e., SNS activation along with PNS withdrawal), reflecting their enhanced sensitivity to the environment. No such effects were found for other psychopathic‐like traits. Conclusions Findings suggest that reciprocal SNS reactivity may be a biological indicator for sensitivity to environmental influence and highlight the importance of examining the interactions among multiple systems to better understand the aetiology of psychopathic traits.

Liat Kofler

Adrian Raine

Yu Gao

Low Parental Empathy Predicts Callous‐Unemotional Traits in Children With Enhanced Autonomic Sensitivity to the Environment

低父母共情预测具有增强环境自主敏感性的儿童冷酷无情特质

ABSTRACT Background The term neurodiversity is an umbrella term for any atypical pattern of cognitive ability, including but not confined to neurodevelopmental disorders. Research suggests that several neurodivergent conditions are overrepresented in offender populations, with a recent survey suggesting that over half of those coming into contact with the criminal justice system may have a neurodivergent condition. Considerable effort has been invested in trying to divert people with such conditions out of long‐stay hospitals, but nevertheless, a few studies in secure hospitals suggest that while prevalence in hospitals may be lower than in prisons, it is high relative to the general population. Aims To determine the prevalence of recorded neurodivergent conditions in one high secure hospital. Methods We conducted a records survey of a resident cohort of men in one high secure hospital in England during December 2022. Results Records were accessed for all 197 resident men. According to these records, over one‐half (115, 58%) of the men had at least one neurodivergent condition; nearly a third (56, 29%) had more than one form of neurodivergent condition. The most frequently recorded form of neurodivergent condition was general cognitive dysfunction (24%), followed by general language difficulties (16%), ADHD (15%) and autism (14%) and those with a history of seizures (14%) and atypical brain scans (12%). Dyslexia was reported within 6.5% of patient notes, acquired brain injury 5% and chromosomal disorders 2%. The survey also suggests some differences in the prevalence of neurodivergent disorders across clinical groups, with higher rates among people with mental illness than with personality disorder. Prevalence was also unevenly distributed across nature of ward type. Conclusions With the survey suggesting that the majority of patients in one high secure psychiatric hospital have at least one form of neurodivergent condition, it raises questions around how useful the term is and what the term neurodivergence means in this population. With each form of neurodiversity having different needs, the diversity of conditions present also raises questions around what a ‘neurodiverse informed model of care’ would look like in forensic mental health services.

Freya Walker

David Murphy

Laura Gröger

Estelle Moore

Prevalence of Neurodiversity in a UK High Secure Psychiatric Hospital Cohort: A Records Study

英国高度安全精神病医院队列中神经多样性的流行率：一项记录研究

There are not many longitudinal studies examining people experiencing homelessness and interacting with the criminal justice system over time.To describe the type of criminal offences committed, court outcomes, identify probable predictors of reoffending, and estimate the criminal justice costs in a cohort of homeless hostel clinic attendees.A retrospective cohort study of 1646 people attending a homeless clinic who had had contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, using linked clinic, criminal offence, health and mortality data from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2021. Initial comparisons were made with the 852 clinic attendees without CJS contact in the period. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of recidivism.There were 16,840 offending episodes, giving an offence rate of 87.8 per 100 person-years (95%CI: 86.5-89.1). The most common index offences were acts intended to cause injury (22%), illicit drug (17%) and theft-related (12%) offences. Most people (83%) were found guilty of the index offence and received a fine (37%) or community-based sentence (29%). Total court finalisation costs were AUD $11.3 million. Three-quarters of those convicted reoffended within 24 months. Offenders were more likely to be younger, have a diagnosis of personality disorder (AOR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.04-1.67), a substance use disorder (AOR: 1.60; 95% CI 1.14-2.23) and/or to have a previous charge dismissed on mental health grounds (AOR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.31-2.46). Within the offending cohort, reoffenders had almost twice the odds of having theft-related offences as their principal index offence (AOR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.29-2.66).This longitudinal study finding of not only a high rate of criminal justice contact, but also a high rate of recidivism among people who have been homeless, lends support to a need for strategies both to address the root causes of homelessness and to provide a comprehensive systems-based response to reduce recidivism, that includes secure housing as well as mental health and substance use treatment programmes for homeless offenders.

Rebecca J. Mitchell

Nicholas Burns

Nicholas Glozier

Olav Nielssen

Homelessness and predictors of criminal reoffending: A retrospective cohort study

无家可归与犯罪累犯的预测因素：一项回顾性队列研究

Abstract Background Extended stays in specialist secure hospital units raise ethical concerns. While this topic has been investigated in various countries, there has been little research on it in France. Aims We aimed to study the length of stay of patients in the Henri Colin unit, a secure hospital unit in the Paris area and test relationships between length of stay and sociodemographic, clinical and legal features. Methods In this records‐based retrospective study, we included all 60 inpatients on a census day just prior to the pandemic. We chose a 2‐year threshold to define long stay status. Results Mean length of stay was just in the long‐stay range (756.7 days, SD 1071.2). Over a quarter (17, 28%) of the patients had been hospitalised for more than 2 years and 5 (8%) patients for more than 5 years. In multivariate analysis, legal status and need for seclusion during stay were significantly associated with long‐stay status. These results are consistent with international literature, especially as they show the significant interplay between legal and medical aspects in the patients' care pathway. Conclusion As the first such study in a specialist medium security hospital unit in France, this study adds to the international evidence on the complexities surrounding extended stays in secure units and underscores the importance of addressing both clinical and legal aspects in the treatment of patients with mental disorders in these settings.

Camille Larhant

Sophie Raymond

Laurie‐Anne Claude

Michel Lejoyeux

Ivan Gasman

Barriers to discharge: A retrospective study of factors associated with stays of longer than 2 years in a French secure hospital unit

出院障碍：法国安全医院单元住院时间超过2年的相关因素回顾性研究

Criminal Behaviour and Mental HealthEarly View EDITORIAL Addiction behind bars: Swiss symposium insights Constantin Bondolfi, Corresponding Author Constantin Bondolfi [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-1900-360X Department of Vulnerabilities and Social Medicine, Unisanté, Lausanne, Switzerland Correspondence Constantin Bondolfi. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorPatrick Bodenmann, Patrick Bodenmann Department of Vulnerabilities and Social Medicine, Unisanté, Lausanne, Switzerland Populations in Situation of Vulnerability, UNIL, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorYasser Khazaal, Yasser Khazaal Addictions Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorDidier Delessert, Didier Delessert Departement of Psychiatry, Service of Prison Medicine and Psychiatry (SMPP), Prilly, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorSophie Paroz, Sophie Paroz Addictions Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorRebecca Gray, Rebecca Gray Addictions Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorJean-Bernard Daeppen, Jean-Bernard Daeppen Addictions Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this author Constantin Bondolfi, Corresponding Author Constantin Bondolfi [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-1900-360X Department of Vulnerabilities and Social Medicine, Unisanté, Lausanne, Switzerland Correspondence Constantin Bondolfi. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorPatrick Bodenmann, Patrick Bodenmann Department of Vulnerabilities and Social Medicine, Unisanté, Lausanne, Switzerland Populations in Situation of Vulnerability, UNIL, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorYasser Khazaal, Yasser Khazaal Addictions Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorDidier Delessert, Didier Delessert Departement of Psychiatry, Service of Prison Medicine and Psychiatry (SMPP), Prilly, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorSophie Paroz, Sophie Paroz Addictions Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorRebecca Gray, Rebecca Gray Addictions Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this authorJean-Bernard Daeppen, Jean-Bernard Daeppen Addictions Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 November 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2362Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 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Constantin Bondolfi

Patrick Bodenmann

Yasser Khazaal

Didier Delessert

Sophie Paroz

Rebecca Gray

Jean‐Bernard Daeppen

Addiction behind bars: Swiss symposium insights

狱中成瘾：瑞士研讨会洞察

Abstract Background A substantial number of police–citizen interactions involve a civilian presenting in a mental health crisis, often with law enforcement as the first point of contact. Traditional training methods offer minimal opportunity for police to practice navigating such civilian interactions or to develop and strengthen relevant skills. Virtual reality (VR) offers a promising avenue for addressing this gap by immersing police officers in realistic, controlled environments that could help them to acclimatise to these encounters and understand their own reactions to them. Aims To examine the extent to which law enforcement officers become immersed in a virtual training environment (VTE), to assess their empathy and sympathy towards a non‐player character (NPC) presenting with schizophrenic psychosis and how empathy and sympathy relate to virtual immersion. Methods Forty police officers—about a fifth of the department approached—participated in a VR mental health training scenario. Officers' immersion in the VTE was assessed using a 28‐item Presence Questionnaire and their empathy and sympathy were measured using adapted standard scales. The study employed Fisher's Exact Test and Spearman's correlation to analyse the relationships between immersion, empathy and sympathy. Results Most officers experienced good levels of immersion, although nearly half felt confused or disoriented at the beginning of the session. Officers reported moderate levels of sympathy and higher empathy towards a non‐player character. Significant correlations were found between specific aspects of immersion (e.g. sensory engagement) and empathy. Fisher's Exact Test revealed strong associations between physical interactions in the VTE and empathy/sympathy. Conclusions Our findings show that police are willing and able to engage in a VR exercise to learn about their response to people in a mental health crisis and that, in such circumstances, they can be both sympathetic and empathic. Next steps will be exploration of the value of such a tool to enhance real‐life responding.

Lisa M. Dario

Jesse D. Saginor

Exploration of a virtual reality exercise to help train police with responding to mental health crises in the community

探索一种虚拟现实训练方法，帮助警察应对社区心理健康危机

Abbreviation	Criminal Behav Ment Health
Journal Impact	1.02
Quartiles(Global)	PSYCHIATRY(Q4)

ISSN	0957-9664, 1471-2857
h-index	62

Publication Information	Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1992，Proportion of original research papers: 93.33%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 32.58%

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

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Low Parental Empathy Predicts Callous‐Unemotional Traits in Children With Enhanced Autonomic Sensitivity to the Environment

Prevalence of Neurodiversity in a UK High Secure Psychiatric Hospital Cohort: A Records Study

Addiction behind bars: Swiss symposium insights

Exploration of a virtual reality exercise to help train police with responding to mental health crises in the community

Barriers to discharge: A retrospective study of factors associated with stays of longer than 2 years in a French secure hospital unit