Indian Journal of Human Development

Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programs (UNDP) have presented the Human Development Index (HDI) with different technical applications. Latest by 2010, it undertook comprehensive reviews of all critiques so far available and introduced several major changes. The revolutionary change, in our view, was to introduce the application of geometric mean (GM) in place of arithmetic mean (AM) as the aggregation technique of all dimension indices to form the composite HDI. This article is an attempt to raise some questions, both theoretical and empirical, regarding that particular change in aggregation technique. Following a theoretical discussion on the rationale of ‘Arithmetic Mean’ vis-à-vis ‘Geometric Mean’, this article suggests that, for the construction of HDI, application of GM is not that suitable because of not only the complex and varied nature of its (i.e., HDIs) underlying dimension indices but also those of their comprising individual indicators. On the basis of available UNDP data, an analysis is offered here for the years 2010, 2015 and 2020. Going through this analysis, we may conclude that, at least in the present context, application of AM as the aggregation technique may not be fully perfect, but the application of GM leads us to a situation of more imperfection.

Debasish Mondal

Subikash Mookherjee

Sanjoy Kumar Pattanayek

Human Development Index: Methodology for Aggregation Revisited

人类发展指数：重新审视综合评价方法

This paper analyses the progress in human development across countries during the period 1990–2022 based on a surface measure of human development that has been developed for the purpose. The surface measure of human development addresses (HDS) the problems associated with aggregating the indexes of health, education and income by either arithmetic mean or geometric mean. The level of human development across countries based on the (HDS) is found to be similar to that obtained by the conventional HDI. The decomposition of the increase in the surface measure of human development during 1990–2021, although there are some difference in ranking, suggests that progress in the education index has been the main driver of human progress in the world during the last 30 years.

Aalok Ranjan Chaurasia

Progress in Human Development in the World, 1990–2022: Evidence from Surface Measure of Human Development

1990-2022年世界人类发展进展：基于人类发展表面测度的证据

This paper analyses the trends in health infrastructure and manpower (HIM) indicators across Indian states and regions from 2006 to 2020 using a composite index. It assessed the financial factors impacting HIM nationwide, particularly in rural and tribal areas, through a panel regression model. The findings revealed that economically advanced states like Haryana and Maharashtra underperformed in health indicators, while disadvantaged states like Odisha and Rajasthan performed better. Smaller states delivered more effective healthcare services in rural areas. Low public health expenditure (PHE) was associated with lower composite index values and higher infant mortality rates in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, with Kerala showing a notable reversal. The analysis indicated that increased per capita PHE was not linked to improvements in HIM across Indian states, including tribal regions. However, in rural areas, PHE as a percentage of gross state domestic product significantly enhanced HIM.

Tiken Das

Role of Public Health Expenditure on Health Infrastructure and Manpower in India: A State-Level Analysis of the Nexus Between Indicators

印度公共卫生支出对卫生基础设施和人力影响：指标间关系的州级分析

This paper highlights the gross enrolment ratio (GER) in higher education by economic groups using data from the survey on Household Social Consumption: Education conducted by the National Sample Survey Office during the 75th round (2017–2018). We find that the GER of the youth belonging to poor households is very low. Besides, more than two-thirds of them have not completed Class XII, which is the threshold level needed to pursue higher education. It follows that promoting higher education by focusing only on the tertiary level will not achieve the desired effect unless the secondary level is supported and promoted just like the elementary level.

Veronica Pala

Darishisha War Thangkhiew

Aibanskhem Nongspung

Economic Status, Access to Higher Education and the Role of the State

经济状况、高等教育机会与国家的作用

Child marriage poses a significant threat to a child’s freedom, right to education, health and overall development potential. This study examines the influence of educational factors and socio-economic development on the prevalence of child marriage in India. Using reliable data sources, a Pearson product–moment correlation analysis and a two-tailed significance P test were conducted to reveal relationships between child marriage, education and socio-economic factors. Additionally, artificial neural network structures were employed to develop a regression model that further validates these associations. This study demonstrates that regions with strong educational systems, high enrolment rates (especially for girls) and increased educational spending significantly reduce child marriage prevalence. In contrast, high student-to-teacher ratios and dropout rates exacerbate the issue. The analysis reveals a strong negative correlation between child marriage prevalence and socio-economic factors such as urbanisation, life expectancy, per capita income and the Human Development Index. Conversely, factors such as Hindu population percentage and infant mortality rates show a significant positive association. These findings underscore the necessity of investing in education and promoting socio-economic development to combat the deeply harmful practice of child marriage. Targeted interventions in these areas have the potential to protect children’s rights and create a brighter future for generations to come.

Shreyanshi Shukla

Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay

Seema Tiwari

Effects of Educational and Socio-economic Factors on Child Marriages in India: A Statistical Analysis

教育和社会经济因素对印度童婚的影响：一项统计分析

This research examines the rural–urban differences in educational inequality of major states in India. Using National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data and decomposition methods, this study finds that overall educational inequality has come down but still very high in rural areas. We found that factors such as limited access to higher education, financial constraints and social factors are responsible for the high inequality in rural areas. This study highlights the need for government intervention to enhance educational access by increasing institutions and providing financial aid. It also notes that non-financial barriers like English proficiency further exclude lower socio-economic groups. Hence, we argue for inclusive education policies to improve the existing situation.

None Aneesh MR

Maya K

None Aneesh KA

Education Inequality in India: An Empirical Analysis Using National Sample Survey Data

印度教育不平等：基于全国抽样调查数据的实证分析

This study focuses to examine the prevalence and determinants of poverty among handloom weavers in a non-monetary multi-dimensional approach. Drawing from a field study in four villages of Odisha which consists of 1,853 individual members in 435 weaver households, the Alkire–Foster methodology has been used for the estimation of multi-dimensional poverty. Three dimensions namely health, education and standard of living are considered to construct the multi-dimensional poverty index. The results show that around a quarter of the sample handloom weavers are multi-dimensional poor and are deprived in 40% of the indicators. Apart from this, another 29% are vulnerable to poverty. Nutrition under the health dimension and asset ownership, sanitation and cooking fuel under standard of living dimension have contributed the most to the overall MPI score. The results of regression analysis infer that household size, income, education, skill and social category are the significant factors in affecting the magnitude of poverty. Results point to a pressing need for extensive implementation and wider coverage of existing government schemes to the target population.

Ashish Kumar Meher

T. K. Venkatachalapathy

Prasant Kumar Panda

Pabitra Kumar Mishra

Multi-dimensional Poverty Among the Handloom Weavers in Odisha, India: Prevalence and Determinants

印度奥里萨邦手工织布工人的多维贫困：流行程度与决定因素

ISSN	0973-7030, 2456-480X
h-index	13

Publication Information	Publisher: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2007，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

Indian Journal of Human Development

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Human Development Index: Methodology for Aggregation Revisited

Progress in Human Development in the World, 1990–2022: Evidence from Surface Measure of Human Development

Role of Public Health Expenditure on Health Infrastructure and Manpower in India: A State-Level Analysis of the Nexus Between Indicators

Economic Status, Access to Higher Education and the Role of the State

Effects of Educational and Socio-economic Factors on Child Marriages in India: A Statistical Analysis

Economic Status, Access to Higher Education and the Role of the State

Role of Public Health Expenditure on Health Infrastructure and Manpower in India: A State-Level Analysis of the Nexus Between Indicators

Effects of Educational and Socio-economic Factors on Child Marriages in India: A Statistical Analysis

Education Inequality in India: An Empirical Analysis Using National Sample Survey Data

Multi-dimensional Poverty Among the Handloom Weavers in Odisha, India: Prevalence and Determinants