Carsologica Sinica

The Ciba-Gangtou village water-rich block,16.07km2 in area,is located in the Panlongjiang river valley on the east of Sheshan fault in northern suburb of Kunming.There are some famous karst springs such as the Heilongtan,the Lanlongtan and the Bailongtan.The karst aquifer of the water-rich block mainly composed of limestone and dolomite in the Permian and Carboniferous systems covered on the top by quaternary proluvial and alluvial gravel layers of 2.5-173.92min thickness.It takes east Heilongtan branch fault and basalt as the impermeable boundary to the east and the Douposi group argillaceous siltstone as the impermeable boundary to the south.Groundwater flows from north to south and from west to east,some of the groundwater discharges by the spring on the gentle slope piedmont edge and some runs deep down,forming the confined area.The rainfall decreased in recent years,leading to drought in Kunming,where the waterrich block is located.In particular for the continuing drought during 2009-2011,the karst groundwater table declines continuously in the water-rich block affecting greatly the production and livelihood there.In order to clarify the reasons for the declining groundwater table,this paper analysis the decrease of rainfall,comparing to the average rainfall,and the decrease of groundwater recharge and extraction,as well as amplitude of groundwater table in the water-rich block during 2009-2011,based on ascertaining hydrogeological condition.The results show that the reduction of the annual rainfall compared to normal amounts leads to the reduction of groundwater recharge,which is the main reason for the declining trend of groundwater table after reducing exploitation continuously and closing of the wells in the Ciba-Gangtou village water-rich block.This understanding to the drought in Yunnan and rational exploitation of karst groundwater is of some guiding significance.

Yuan Zhong-y

Zhongguo yanrong

Analysis on the reasons for continuous declination of groundwater table in the Ciba-Gangtou village water-rich block in Kunming in recent years

近年来昆明茨坝-岗头村水资源丰富区块地下水位持续下降原因分析

The paper carried on the work of first and second level karst environment zoning for highway engineering from the demands of the construction of highway engineering in karst areas.The purpose of the zoning is to make the karst environment been fully considered during the highway planning and designing.The conditions of geological and natural environment that may influence the highway engineering and environmental geological problems that may be encountered in different zones should be considered so as to provide service for the highway planning,route selecting,designing,construction and maintenance,which also make up for the current natural zoning of highway.In first-level zoning,five zones of tropical and subtropical monsoon humid-semi humid area of South China,temperate monsoon sub arid area of North China,mid-cold temperate monsoon sub arid-sub humid area of the Northeast,mid-temperate continental climate arid area of the Northwest and alpine mountain climate arid area of Qinghai-Xizang plateau are divided using the climate and tectonics as indexes.And 26 zones of mid-mountain area of Qinling-Daba mountain and peak-forest plain area of Guangxi Basin etc are divided using the landform,distribution of karst and karst environmental problems as indexes in second-level zoning based on the result of first-level zoning.

Lei Ming-tang

First and second level karst environment zoning for highway engineering

公路工程喀斯特一级和二级环境区划

In order to discuss the differences of corrosion rates between the forestland and the grassland,tablets made of the Aoxi group dolomite(∈2a3) and the Bitiao group limestone(∈3b1) as well as the Guniutan group limestone(O2g)are used to test the soil CO2 concentration and organic content at 20 cm and 50 cm deep on soil profile in the Dalongdong basin,Hunan.It is concluded that,(1) the corrosion rates among the three tablets are quite different both under the forestland and the grassland at 20 cm and 50 cm deep on the soil profile with the ∈3b1g tablet the largest;(2) corrosion rates are affected obviously by lithology,the higher the CaO content the larger the corrosion rate,so the fewest the ∈2a3 tablet in CaO content(32.64 %),the smallest the corrosion rate of the ∈2a3 tablet;(3) the corrosion rate is larger under forestland than that under grassland,which proving the land type is of effect on corrosion rate.It will be benefit to karstification if the vegetation successes consequently towards forest from grass.

Lao Wen-ke

Corrosion rate of carbonate tablet under diverse land use and lithology in the Dalongdong basin,Hunan

湖南大龙洞盆地不同土地利用与岩性下的碳酸盐岩腐蚀速率

In order to reveal the karst development characteristics more comprehensively,the history of the tectonic evolution and the karst development in Wuhan is studied by means of history comparison method.During the Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic,the crustal movement in Wuhan and the surrounding area are characteristic of integral lifting,and strata in every periods is parallel unconformity contacted with each other.Two sets of the Carboniferous-Permian and Lower Triassic carbonate are formed by the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic marine transgression-regression.It provides materials for karst development in Wuhan.The powerful compression stress of NNE to SSW in direction generated by the Indosinian movement at the end of the middle Triassic creates the linear folds with the trends of NWW to SEE,and controls the plane distribution of carbonate in Wuhan.During the late Triassic to Jurassic,the crust in west and north Wuhan uplifts as well as the Liangzihu in the east and southeast Wuhan began to depress gradually under the influence of Xiangfan-Guangji fault.The surface water and groundwater discharge overall to the Liangzihu depression,which controls the development of the karst groundwater system at the first phase in Wuhan.During the Cretaceous and Paleocene Periods,the crustal activity in Wuhan and the surround area is characteristic of differentiation subsidence,and the karstification stops.During the Neocene-early Pleistocene,the crust depresses continuously in Qianjiang,while uplifts overall in Wuhan.The paleo-topography in the period is high to the east and low to the west,surface water and groundwater flow from east to west,and the second phase of the karst groundwater system develop from east to west.During the middle and late Pleistocene,Wuhan and surrounding areas overall sinking,the old clay with the thickness of 10~30 m forms widely,and the karst groundwater systems of the former two periods are covered.Karstification basically stops due to the relatively impermeable layer barrier.In the Holocene period,the erosion of surface water has destroyed the continuity of the old clay layer.The carbonate is below 10~20 m of the Yangtze River water and the base level of erosion is much higher than that of carbonate,so the groundwater acts very weakly resulting only weak or no karstification.

Luo Xiao-jie

On the history of tectonic evolution and karstification in Wuhan

武汉构造演化与岩溶作用历史研究

In order to set up a method which is suitable for assessing the eco-service value in karst region,and then provide data for assessing the benefit of karst rocky desertification comprehensive management project in the future,the eco-service value evaluation system is put forth in Jinsha County on the basis of former studies at home and abroad.Furthermore,4 dominant functions including organic matter production(SOM),CO2 fixing and O2 release(CFR) and soil and water conservation(SWC)as well as landscape and recreation(LR)are selected for estimating the eco-service value in forest land ecosystem,farmland ecosystem and grassland ecosystem as well as unutilized land ecosystem in Jinsha County.The results show that,from 2005 to 2010,the eco-service value of the four ecosystems in Jinsha County decreased by 16.2 thousand yuan/km2,the total eco-service value decreased 36.07 million yuan,which is 0.42 % of the GDP of the Jinsha County in 2010,and among them,the function of SOM decreased 32.32 million yuan,the function of CFR decreased 23.25 million yuan,the function of SWC increased 16.15 million yuan,and the function of LR increased 3.35 million yuan.

Wang Yue-rong

Assessment on the eco-service value in karst rocky desert: A case study in Jinsha County

喀斯特石漠化生态服务价值评估——以金沙县为例

The high-density resistivity method is effective in searching for water in karst areas.As karst conduits in mountainous areas are at different depths,it is necessary to study the characteristics and rules of this method in such an environment.This work is based on the principle of the high-density electrical method.Using a high-density micro-electrical measurement system and the copper cylinder model,it simulates the response characteristics of the high-density resistivity method for different depths of karst conduits in a homogeneous medium.The results indicate that when the depth of karst conduits exceeds 15 times of the electrode spacing,the AMN and the MNB device cannot detect these conduits.When the depth of karst conduits is less than 10to11 times of the electrode spacing,the combination of the AMN device and MNB device can precisely locate the horizontal position of the karst conduits.The transverse width of karst conduit inversion anomalies are always greater than the transverse width of the true anomalies.The buried depth of inversion anomalies are less than or equal to the true ones.And the shallower of the karst conduits,the closer of the inversion of anomaly body shape,size,and depth to the true anomalies.With the increasing of the depth of karst conduits,the forms of AMN device and MNB device inversion anomalies change from ellipse to semi-ellipse,then to bow till they disappear.

Zheng Zhi-ji

Inversion characteristics of high-density resistivity method on karst conduits at varied depths

高密度电阻率法在不同深度岩溶管道中的反演特征

In the regions of Southwest China,natural karstic wells are the main sources for local water supplies in a distributed manner.In this paper,a study on the technical principle of water treatment for some representative karst wells in the karst areas was conducted,based on the analysis of the well water pollution characteristics.The objective of this study is to provide treatment measures for preventing the water from pollutions by any means.In combination of the technical principle with a pilot test,this paper presents in detail the idea for the design and associated design parameters,the technics of water treatment and the matters need attentions during the construction of rapid infiltration tank.Moreover,results of the test showed that,after the treatment of the contaminated well water,its turbidity was less than 5degrees;the removal rate of trace organic matters reached more than 35%;the ammonia,nitrite and nitrate levels were reduced by more than60%;and the maximum rate of bacteria removal reached 95%as well.The rapid infiltration technology applied in the water treatment does not require additional chemical agent,thus avoiding any possible adverse effect and hygienic problem arose from the use of coagulant and sterilant.The water quality of the treated natural karstic wells was hence improved,which generally meets the requirements of the national drinking water standards.

Zou Sheng-zhan

In-situ treatment of micro-polluted water supply in natural wells of karst areas

岩溶地区天然井微污染水源的原位处理

The Lijiang River,an internationally famous karst scenic area,is the main source for massive water supply to Guilin City.It is reported that ammonia is one of three major nitrogenous contaminants,according to the monitoring data derived from 962 water stream sections in ten first catchments across China.To determine the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of ammonia-nitrite-nitrate and associated influential factors,7sections on the Lijiang River and its tributaries are selected.The samples of surface water were collected during the wet and dry seasons,respectively.The analytical results of field chemical/physical parameters and laboratory experiments show that the highest concentrations of NH3-N and NO-3-N are 0.248 3mg/L and 2.251 7 mg/L,respectively,which fall in the range of gradeⅡwater recommended by the national environmental surface water quality standards.The concentration of NO-3-N is also below the limit requirement of surface water sources for collective drinking water supply.However,the results also show that the ammonia-nitrite-nitrate concentrations in the Lijiang River have increased by various degrees and the water has a tendency of deterioration after the river flows through the Guilin City.The temporal distribution characteristics of ammonia-nitrite-nitrate is that the concentrations of NH3-N and NO-3-N are higher during dry seasons and the concentration of NO-2-N becomes higher during wet seasons,The ratio of C(NH3-N)/C(TIN)is 4.83%in wet seasons;and the figure rises to 6.69%in dry seasons because of temperature change.The increasing of ammonia nitrite and nitrate nitrogen is attributed to the additional pollutants contributed from the tributaries of the river such as Xiaodongjiang river and Taohuajiang river,which are flowing through the rural domestic and agricultural area where is lack of sanitation facilities.In addition,the concentration of NH3-N has a raising trend and the concentration of NO-2-N and NO-3-N is almost steady when it rains or during flood seasons because of agricultural non-point sources.Therefore,it is necessary to control and manage the contaminant inflow from the tributaries of the Lijiang River in a comprehensive manner and develop a real-time network to monitor the water sources area,especially monitor the NH3-N concentration fluctuation in rainy season.

Shen Hao-yon

Distribution characteristics and influence factors of the ammonia,nitrite and nitrate in the Lijiang River,Guilin City

漓江桂林段氨、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的分布特征及影响因素

In the karst areas of eight provinces in southwestern of China,the number of underground river and their total discharge are two important parameters that draw mauch attention.The statistics in the 1980 s yielded 2 836 underground rivers and total discharge 1 482m3/s.Whereas in the 1990 s,the statistics for all the 8provinces,corrected by the database in recent years,shows that there are 2 523 underground rivers with total discharge about 1 321.7 m3/s.Of them,there are 120 underground rivers with single discharge more than 2 000L/s,and their discharge sums 699.7m3/s accounting for 52.94% of the total.The underground rivers with discharge between 50~500L/s is the most,occupying 51.55% of the total;next is those less than 50L/s which is 723 in number and accounts for 22.43% of the total.This paper points out that the statistics above are problematic with over-estimation in karst underground river discharge and large-discharge karst springs.Taking two examples of the Daxiaojing and Zhaidi underground river systems,this paper presents the specific amount of double counting.Based on the old 1∶200 000 hydrogeological survey data,the total re-statistics account for 57.1%and 7.1%separately for the total outlet discharge of the Daxiaojing and Zhaidi river systems,respectively.While these values can be increased separately to 134.3% and 86.1% using the latest survey data.It can concluded further that with increasing coverage of 1∶50 000 hydrogeological surveys,more outlets will be counted,the amount of the bouble counting by the traditional methods will be greater.The primary reason for such an overestimation problem lies in mess of the underground river system and sub-system.Finally,this paper discusses the spatial attributes of karst underground river systems and proposes countermeasures to metigatye the problem of double counting.It would help establish realistic statistics of discharge of underground rivers and major springs of karst areas in southwestern China.

YI Lian-xin

Dealing with overestimates of underground river discharge in karst areas of southwestern China

应对中国西南喀斯特地区地下河流量高估问题

In order to provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of water resources in the Nandong area,this study analyzes the nonlinear features of monthly runoff series of the subterranean river from 1990 to 2013.It is based on the phase space reconstruction theory and chaos theory.The optimal embedding dimension and time delay for the real monthly runoff series are determined using the improved false nearest neighbor method and mutual information method,respectively.And the saturation correlation dimension and the largest Lyapunov exponent for the series are calculated to distinguish its chaotic characteristics by using the Grassberger-Procaccia method and small data sets.According to Volterra series theory,aprediction model is established to describe the changes of monthly runoff series of the Nandong subterranean River in the future.The results show that the time delay and optimal embedding dimensionτ=5and m=8,respectively.The saturation correlation dimension of attractor of phase space is 4.63 and the maximum Lyapunov index is 0.748 9.The results also indicate that the monthly runoff series in the Nandong subterranean river has a weak chaotic characteristic in both quality and quantity.The model using the third-order Volterra adaptive filter is effective to predict hydrologic chaotic time series in the study area.It is accurate enough for monthly precipitation forecasting,especially for short-term precipitation forecasting within 18 months.

Publication Information	Publisher: Institute of Karst Geology of Chinese Academy of Geology Sciences，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2019，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:
Journal Fees	$700Details
Average review cycle	45 weeks

Carsologica Sinica

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