Defect and Diffusion Forum (formerly Part A of ''Diffusion and Defect Data'') is designed for publication of up-to-date scientific research and applied aspects in the area of formation and dissemination of defects in solid materials, including the phenomena of diffusion.  In addition to the traditional topic of mass diffusion, the journal is open to papers from the area of heat transfer in solids, liquids and gases, materials and substances. All papers are peer-reviewed and edited.    Members of Editorial Boards and Associate Editors are invited to submit papers for publication in “Defect and Diffusion Forum” .  Authors retain the right to publish an extended and significantly updated version in another periodical.

Defect and Diffusion Forum is a journal dedicated to the publication of current scientific research and applied aspects concerning the formation and dissemination of defects in solid materials, including diffusion phenomena. In addition to traditional topics of mass diffusion, the journal welcomes papers related to heat transfer in solids, liquids, and gases, as well as materials and substances. All submitted papers undergo peer review and editing. Members of the Editorial Board and Associate Editors are invited to submit papers for publication in Defect and Diffusion Forum. Authors retain the right to publish an extended and significantly updated version in another periodical.

《Defect and Diffusion Forum》是一个专注于固体材料中缺陷形成与扩散现象的科学研究与应用的期刊（前身为《Diffusion and Defect Data》的A部分）。该期刊不仅涵盖传统的质量扩散主题，还欢迎涉及固体、液体和气体中的热传导、材料与物质等领域的论文。所有提交的论文均经过同行评审和编辑。期刊的编辑委员会成员和副编辑被邀请提交论文。作者保留在其他期刊上发表扩展和显著更新版本的权利。

Defect and Diffusion Forum

Metal is widely used in various industrial fields such as transportation because of its physical and mechanical strength. However, during its utilization, metal materials are often damaged by corrosion due to chemical reactions between the metal surface and the surrounding environment. Coating is one way to prevent corrosion by isolating metal surfaces from the environment. Conventional anti-corrosion coatings generally use chromate and phosphate-based materials. However, this material has been banned in some countries because it is toxic to the environment. Meanwhile, other methods with the addition of more active metals such as magnesium are considered unaffordable. Therefore, the researchers developed alternative materials that are environmentally friendly and reduce costs by using metal oxide-based materials such as Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). The advantage of SiO 2 is that it is chemically stable and harmless. SiO 2 modification produces hydrophobic properties which increase corrosion resistance. One of the methods to make SiO 2 is sol-gel method. The advantages of sol-gel method are simple, affordable, capable of forming a film for attaching chemical properties, flexible for incorporation with other compounds and the coating can be applied in several ways, such as dip coating, spray coating, electrophoretic deposition (EPD), etc. As an anti-corrosion coating, products can be tested for their resistance by analyzing the corrosion rate. This paper reviews silica-based metal coatings as anti-corrosion. The scope of the discussion in this paper is the mechanism, fabrication route, application technique, characterization, and analysis of anti-corrosion ability by studying the corrosion rate of anti-corrosion silica-based coating products for metal substrates.

Silviana Silviana

Candra Lukmilayani

Defect and diffusion forum/Diffusion and defect data, solid state data. Part A, Defect and diffusion forum

Metal Coatings Derived from Modified Silica as Anti-Corrosion

改性硅石衍生的金属涂层作为防腐材料

Several defects were analyzed through the manufacturing chain along with their impact on devices. High kill rate of micropipes were seen on both Diodes and MOSFETs as expected. The purity of micropipe detection was found to be affected by the presence of inclusions. Inclusions were successfully sub-classified and separated out from micropipes, based on their location depth from the wafer surface. The effect on devices was found to relate to how deep the inclusion was located, with the ones at the surface having the biggest impact. Various sources of Stacking Faults (SFs) were reported, with Basal Plane Dislocations (BPDs) in the crystal being a major contributor. Higher local densities of BPDs were found to have a more detrimental effect. SFs were sub-classified using the wavelength of each peak. The effect of both overall SFs and each SF sub-type on devices was determined, each sub-type having different effect on the device. Various ways of mitigating the effects of defects and dislocations are demonstrated. Reducing killer defects, SF nucleation probability, and BPDs propagation by epitaxial process optimizations are shown. Resilience up to 3500A/cm 2 against bipolar degradation is demonstrated by using an engineered buffer layer. Process and device design optimizations show high resiliency against crystal and epi defects and dislocations, with improved yield and lower leakage.

Hrishikesh Das

Joshua Justice

Swapna Sunkari

Petr Kostelník

Tomas Novak

Sara Kochoska

Daeeun An

The Role of Defects on SiC Device Performance and Ways to Mitigate them

SiC器件性能中缺陷的作用及缓解方法

3-channel analysis technique consisting of optical inspection, photoluminescence and X-ray topography methods for defect inspection of SiC epitaxial wafers has been investigated. The effectiveness of SiC wafer inspection image correction to enable automatic defect analysis is verified. Next, it is shown that the 3-channel analysis technique improves SiC defect inspection accuracy compared to conventional 2-channel analysis one.

Junji Senzaki

Junichi Nishino

Tsutom Osanai

Development of 3-Channel Inspection Analysis Technique for Defects of SiC Epitaxial Wafers Using Optical Inspection, Photoluminescence and X-Ray Topography

使用光学检测、光致发光和X射线拓扑技术开发用于SiC外延晶片缺陷的三通道检测分析技术

In the previous report, we proposed the EVC (Expansion-Visualization-Contraction) method (Fig. 1) that effectively screens for malignant BPDs (basal plane dislocations) in the epi layer and near substrate interface, which expand to SSFs (Shockley-type stacking faults), leading to forward voltage degradation. The method intentionally utilizes the REDG (recombination enhanced dislocation glide) mechanism by UV (ultraviolet) irradiation in wafer sorting to replace the so-called burn-in (accelerated current stress) process, which is time-consuming during mass production. In this report, to verify the effectiveness of this method, we compared the SSFs expanded by forward biasing the PiN diode (Fig.3) on a wafer with the SSFs expanded by UV irradiating at the same PiN diode area where the metal electrode was removed by etching. The accuracy of the EVC method requires that SSFs expanded by forward biasing should be detected in the same positions as those of SSFs expanded by UV irradiation. Not all BPDs expand at the same time, but the number of expanded SSFs increases over time under constant forward current conditions. In this experiment, the current density was 400 A/cm 2 for 8 minutes, and the excessive UV irradiation conditions was 143 W/cm 2 for 20 minutes to avoid missing. Missing means the inability to check the SSFs expanded by forward biasing against the SSFs expanded by UV irradiation (Fig.2). For each diode electrode window, the presence or absence of SSFs were determined, and as shown in Table 2, 2 out of 49 window areas were missing, with the EVC method accuracy rate of 96 %.

Kazumi Takano

Takuya Morita

Yohsuke Matsushita

Yasuyuki Igarashi

Accuracy of EVC Method for the PiN Diode Pattern on SiC Epi-Wafer

SiC外延片上PiN二极管图案的EVC方法准确性

For a reliable MOSFET performance it is crucial to identify and reduce device performance limiting 4H-SiC/SiO 2 interface defects. Previous studies have focused on the quantification of the interface states density, however, the atomic defect structure is still to be investigated. Here, we introduce a new approach based on opto-electrical measurements, which allow to determine the energetic position of interface defects. The measurement routine is performed at cryogenic temperatures to suppress the thermal emission of electrons, which were trapped at interface states during the cooldown processed (from 300 K to 15 K) while a positive gate voltage of 50 V was applied. At 15 K the photon-assisted emission of trapped electrons is measured in dependence on the photon’s energy (1.8 eV-3 eV). The reduction of the threshold voltage is taken as an indicator for the amount of released charges after each photon irradiation. We found an enhanced emission efficiency at certain photon energies, especially at 2.8 eV. Near-interface-traps (NITs), reported by Afanasev et al. are located close to the measuredtrap level with E NIT = E C, SiO2 −2.77(5) eV. Recently, El-Sayed et al. suggested wide-angle O-Si-Obonds as defect configuration, that act as electron traps and have a similar energy as the measure traplevel.

Magdalena Weger

Michel Bockstedte

Gregor Pobegen

Emission of Trapped Electrons from the 4H-SiC/SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-Interface via Photon-Irradiance at Cryogenic Temperatures

低温下光辐照引发的4H-SiC/SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;界面捕获电子发射

Self-activated multicolor phosphors are being used in more and more emerging fields. In order to explore the energy transfer between [NbO 6 ] 7- coordination groups and Sm 3+ ions, a series of Ba 3-y Sm y Ta 1-x Nb x Ga 3 Si 2 O 14 samples co-doped with Nb 5+ and Sm 3+ were prepared in this work, and the changes of luminous intensity under the condition of fixed Nb 5+ concentration regulating Sm 3+ concentration and fixed Sm 3+ concentration regulating Nb 5+ concentration were obtained respectively. By further fitting the emission decay curves of Sm 3+ under two conditions, the decreasing average lifetime is obtained. Thermal stability tests of the samples also hinted the presence of such energy transfer. This regular change can provide a good reference for developing new self-activated phosphors.

Xue Lian Zhou

Kai Xuan Wang

Yu Zhang

Ze Wang

Su Rilige

Qi Xu Tian

Halamuji Halamuji

Ke Fu Chao

Energy Transfer of a New Self-Activating Ba&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;TaGa&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Si&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;: ySm&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;, xNb&lt;sup&gt;5+&lt;/sup&gt; Phosphor Obtained by a Small Substitution of Nb&lt;sup&gt;5+&lt;/sup&gt; for Ta&lt;sup&gt;5+&lt;/sup&gt;

一种新型自激活Ba3TaGa3Si2O14: ySm3+, xNb5+荧光粉的能量传递：通过少量Nb5+替代Ta5+获得

The object of the research is the series average of the dangerous parameters of the gas environment during the ignition of materials. The practical importance consists of using the difference between the average dangerous parameters of the gas environment on the intervals of absence and the presence of ignition to detect the ignition of materials. The theoretical substantiation of the method of detecting fires in premises is carried out based on sample averages fixed samples of current measurements of an arbitrary, dangerous parameter of the gas environment, which correspond to the general population of reliable absence and presence of fire. At a given significance level, the method determines the unbiased, uniformly most powerful fire detection rule. This allows you to determine how significant differences in sample means with a given significance level are due to ignition or are random. Laboratory experiments were conducted to verify the method of detecting the ignition of test materials. It was established, for example, that the maximum size of the effect ignition on the carbon monoxide concentration is typical for alcohol (exceeds the threshold by 8.9 times) and textiles (exceeds the threshold by 9.3 times). The size of the effect of the smoke density upon ignition of all materials is approximately the same and is determined by exceeding the corresponding thresholds from 4.62 to 3.9 times. The size of the effect on the temperature of the gaseous environment during ignition of all test materials is approximately the same order. It is characterized by exceeding the corresponding thresholds from 5.95 to 3.58 times. It is shown that the method of detecting fires allows to establish the extent to which the detected differences in sample means for samples from the general population of hazardous parameters of the gas environment are reliable with a given level of significance and are due to the ignition of materials or the action of random factors.

Boris Pospelov

Evgeniy Rybka

Yuliia Mykhailovska

Yuliia Bezuhla

Andriy Melnychenko

Method for Detecting Fire Indoors Based on Differences in Sample Averages of an Arbitrary Gas Environment Dangerous Parameter at Adjacent Observation Intervals

基于相邻观测区间任意气体环境危险参数样本均值差异的室内火灾检测方法

Four types of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) materials doped with a single kind of rare earth ions Ln 3+ (Eu 3+ , Tb 3+ , or Sm 3+ ) and three rare earth ions (Eu 3+ , Tb 3+ , and Sm 3+ ) were synthesized by the sol-gel method. The compositions, structures, and photophysical properties of these compounds were tested. The structure of the rare earth ion-doped TiO 2 samples was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Optical absorption and fluorescence information was obtained using UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The surface morphology of rare earth ion-doped TiO 2 materials was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To further explore the photoluminescent properties of rare earth-doped TiO 2 materials for practical applications, small-scale LED light-emitting devices were fabricated.

Wen Hui Liu

Jia Rui Zhang

Gerile Naren

Aorigele Bohnuud

Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Materials Single and Triple Doped with Rare Earth Ions (Sm&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; , Tb &lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; and Eu&lt;sup&gt; 3+&lt;/sup&gt;)

TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;材料单掺杂和三掺杂稀土离子（Sm&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;、Tb&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;和Eu&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;）的合成与发光性能

The paper considers possible scenarios of cracking during heating and their impact on fire resistance using the example of a bending reinforced concrete structure (beam). It is shown that if the calculated critical temperature of reinforcement is less than the critical temperature of concrete (this indicates a significant load on the structure), then cracks in the tensile zone of concrete are formed after reaching the second stage of the stress-strain state. The concrete of the protective layer does not have time to degrade, the depth of the crack remains constant, and the fire resistance limit is calculated taking into account that the thickness of the protective layer of concrete is reduced by the depth of the crack opening. If the calculated critical temperature of the reinforcement is greater than the critical temperature of the concrete (this indicates a slight load on the structure), then cracks are formed as a result of the degradation of the surface layer of concrete. Their depth should constantly increase with the progression of the concrete layer heating to the critical temperature. In this case, the calculation of the fire resistance limit can be performed without taking into account the formation of cracks. Based on the considered assumptions, a methodology for assessing the impact of cracks on the fire resistance limit of bending reinforced concrete structures is proposed, which consists in analyzing the possibility of open cracks (which is facilitated by heating) and estimating their depth. At the next stage, the heating time of the concrete layer to the crack opening depth τ Δ1 and the temperature in the crack after this time are estimated. Next, the time until the critical temperature of the reinforcement τ Δ2 is estimated when the concrete layer is heated from the bottom of the crack to the reinforcement. The fire resistance limit is defined as the sum of τ Δ1 and τ Δ2 . The results of the calculations according to the proposed methodology showed that the presence of open cracks in bending reinforced concrete structures can almost halve the fire resistance limit.

Alexey Vasilchenko

Olexandr Danilin

Eleonora Darmofal

Tatiana Lutsenko

Assessment of the Influence of Features of Crack Formation in Reinforced Concrete Products on their Fire Resistance

评估钢筋混凝土制品裂缝形成特征对其耐火性能的影响

The aim of the article is to determine the dependencies of the combustion product temperatures of four-component mixtures, the content of high-temperature condensate, and unoxidized metal on the excess oxidizer coefficient, the number of additives, and external pressure using thermodynamic calculations. Modern methods of physicochemical analysis (such as cinephotography and microcinephotography methods, X-ray analysis methods, non-contact and contact temperature measurement methods), nonlinear thermal conductivity and thermal stability methods, as well as mathematical and experimental-statistical modeling, were employed to investigate the influence of elevated heating temperatures (up to 800 K) and external pressures (up to 10 7 Pa) on the ignition and combustion processes of pyrotechnic products. Standard pyrotechnic equipment was used to test pyrotechnic product samples under specified conditions. Calculations based on models were conducted in real-time and dialog mode on computer devices that meet modern requirements for the use of specialized software. The results of thermodynamic calculations are presented for the dependencies of combustion product temperatures of multicomponent pyrotechnic mixtures based on powders of metal fuels (magnesium, aluminium), nitrate oxidizer (sodium nitrate), additives of organic and inorganic substances (paraffin, sodium fluoride), and the content of high-temperature condensate and unoxidized metal depending on the excess oxidizer coefficient α = 0.1…4.0, the amount of paraffin additive ε p = 0…0.2, sodium fluoride additive ε f = 0…0.06, and external pressure P = 10 5 …10 7 Pa. Based on the obtained results of thermodynamic calculations, statistical models in the form of regression dependencies of the specified combustion characteristics on their technological parameters and external conditions have been developed. These models enable the determination of fire hazardous properties of mixtures in real-time dialog and PC-based scenarios, considering premature initiation of products based on them under external thermal actions.

Nazarii Koziar

Oksana Kyrychenko

Andrii Khyzhniak

Oleksandr Diadiushenko

Thermodynamic Calculations of the Main Characteristics of the Combustion Process of Pyrotechnic Nitrate-Metallized Mixtures with Additives of Organic and Inorganic Substances under External Thermal Influences

外部热影响下含添加剂有机和无机物质烟火硝酸盐金属化混合物燃烧过程主要特性的热力学计算

ISSN	1012-0386, 1662-9507, 1662-9515
h-index	36

Publication Information	Publisher: Trans Tech Publications Ltd，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1996，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

Defect and Diffusion Forum

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