Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research

This paper aims to investigate tourists' perceptions of crowding and factors influencing those perceptions. The effects of visitor socio-demographic characteristics, economic factors, and destination situational characteristics are investigated. Questionnaire data were collected from a sample of 362 tourists at Pantai Cenang Beach, Langkawi Island. The results confirmed the significant effect of visitor socio-demographic characteristics on perceived crowding. Among the economic factors, although the findings did not confirm an effect for level of income, the results showed a positive effect for spending money per day on perceived crowding. Furthermore, the hypothesized effect of situational characteristics on perceived crowding could not be verified. In light of the absence of studies investigating the factors influencing perceived crowding using partial least squares–structural equation modeling, this study contributes theoretically and methodologically to the perceived crowding literature. Moreover, the results can assist the local authorities to understand the perceptions of tourists for future development.

S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh

Mastura Jaafar

Azizan Marzuki

Diana Mohamad

How Visitor and Environmental Characteristics Influence Perceived Crowding

Drawing on theories of stimulus overload and social interference, this study proposes a multidimensional way to measure tourists' perceptions of crowding. Three dimensions of crowding are discussed: neutral, personal, and social. A second-order structural equation model is used to analyze the relationships among crowding perceptions, destination attractiveness, and satisfaction by surveying tourists at Mount Sanqingshan National Park (n = 424). The results of a covariance-based SEM show that tourists' perception of crowding (TPC) has negative effects on reported attractiveness of the destination. However, TPC dose not directly affects their satisfaction. Results of this study refine the multidimensional connotation of TPC and provide another dimension to evaluate the quality of tourists' experiences apart from the universal construct of satisfaction. The paper then goes on to discuss the importance of managing TPC.

Li Li

Jie Zhang

Sifeng Nian

Honglei Zhang

Tourists’ perceptions of crowding, attractiveness, and satisfaction: a second-order structural model

Yanqin Li

Liangquan Zhang

Tong Wang

Chris Ryan

Does negativity bias exist? Exploring the mechanism of rural tourists’ interaction-based value co-creation: perceived benefits and costs as mediators

负面偏差是否存在？探索乡村旅游者基于互动的价值共创机制：感知利益与成本的中介作用

Yang Yang

Xinnan Ye

Sirong Chen

Yan Zhao

Rob Law

Lu Yang

Cold tones for sincerity and warm tones for excitement: interactive effects of color tone and brand personality on brand evaluation

冷色调代表真诚，暖色调代表兴奋：色彩色调与品牌个性对品牌评价的交互影响

The tourism carrying capacity (TCC) is an important indicator to balance the tourists' utility level and the quality of tourism environment. However, research on TCC focuses more on measuring the spatial carrying capacity of tourism resources using engineering measurement methods and completely ignores the experience of tourists. It violates the original intention of tourism destinations to provide leisure and entertainment for tourists. This paper attempts to evaluate tourism environmental psychological carrying capacity (TEPCC) in different environmental situations from the perspective of the visitor experience. First, we construct the utility theoretical framework of TEPCC based on consumer utility theory. Second, the choice experiment method is used to design questionnaires. The research team used the visual research method to visit 725 tourists of Shenyang National Forest Park in China. Finally, the conditional Logit model is used to calculate the threshold of TEPCC in different environmental situations in the park.

Yaru Wang

Jinhe Zhang

Chang Wang

Yahe Yu

Quanxu Hu

Xiaofang Duan

Assessing tourism environmental psychological carrying capacity under different environmental situations

评估不同环境情境下的旅游环境心理承载力

Using a country-month-level data set that links passenger flows with reports on terrorist attacks, this paper provides the first quantitative assessment of the impact of terrorist attacks on global inbound international business-class travel. Behavioural theories suggest that international people flows are sensitive to predicted risks. The findings reveal that terrorist incidents significantly reduce business-class arrivals, with effects persisting up to six months post-attack, consistent with our theoretical expectations about sustained risk perception and avoidance behaviour. Importantly, we find that institutional quality substantially moderates terrorism-induced travel disruptions, supporting our theoretical prediction about the institutional moderation of risk perception. Our findings advance both theoretical understanding of how terrorism affects high-value international mobility and practical insights for institutional development in maintaining travel flows during security crises.

Zhuo Zhou

Zheng Wang

Godwin Okafor

Terror and wealth: how does terrorism affect global business-class travel?

恐怖与财富：恐怖主义如何影响全球商务舱旅行？

Roshis Krishna Shrestha

J.N. Patrick L’Espoir Decosta

Raj Gaire

Conflict of interests? Negotiating superstructures for value co-creation at indigenous heritage sites – the case of Patan, Nepal

利益冲突？为在原住民遗产地实现价值共创而协商超级结构——以尼泊尔帕坦为例

This study comprehensively explored the roles of corporate social responsibility (CSR), normative, and emotional factors in the formation of the intention to select a responsible airline, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Norm Activation Model (NAM), and complexity theory using the structural equation modeling (SEM), fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), and necessary condition analysis (NCA). The SEM results indicated that economic and environmental responsibility, social and personal norms, and anticipated feelings of pride positively affect intentions to use a responsible airline. The fsQCA and NCA results identified complex causal recipes for the formation of intention to select a responsible airline and predicted that there is no single necessary condition. Research findings contribute significant theoretical and practical insights into tourists' decision-making mechanisms regarding the selection of responsible airlines, which could further promote the sustainable development and competitiveness of the airline industry.

Heesup Han

Antony King Fung Wong

Seongseop (Sam) Kim

Xin Cheng

Xiaoting Chi

Assessing asymmetric selection of responsible airlines based on CSR, normative, and emotional factors: a complexity approach with SEM, fsQCA, and NCA

基于CSR、规范性和情感因素评估负责任航空公司的非对称选择：一种结合SEM、fsQCA和NCA的复杂性方法

Service failure is a common issue in the operations of online travel agencies (OTAs) because of the wide range of heterogeneous services being provided. Many OTAs have now started using chatbots for complaint management. This research investigates the most effective language style (abstract or concrete) for OTAs chatbots to apologize to the customer to gain forgiveness for service failure. Results of three experimental studies with 348, 452, and 470 sample sizes showed that the overall concrete language style of the OTAs chatbot apology was more effective in achieving customer forgiveness. Further, in case of minor (severe) service failure, an abstract (concrete) language style is more effective. Moreover, results showed that the customer's preferred chatbot apology language style was unaffected by the OTAs service type (hedonic vs utilitarian). Finally, results show that perceived firm sincerity and empathy mediate the relationship between OTAs chatbot apology language styles and customer forgiveness.

Rishab Chauhan

Payal Mehra

Abstract or concrete language style? How chatbots of online travel agencies should apologise to customers

抽象还是具体语言风格？在线旅行社的聊天机器人应如何向客户道歉

Abbreviation	Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res.
Journal Impact	4.32
Quartiles(Global)	HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM(Q1)

ISSN	1094-1665, 1741-6507
h-index	62

Publication Information	Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2003，Proportion of original research papers: 93.24%，Self Citation Rate:11.60%， Gold OA Rate: 5.53%

Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research

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How Visitor and Environmental Characteristics Influence Perceived Crowding

Tourists’ perceptions of crowding, attractiveness, and satisfaction: a second-order structural model

Does negativity bias exist? Exploring the mechanism of rural tourists’ interaction-based value co-creation: perceived benefits and costs as mediators

Cold tones for sincerity and warm tones for excitement: interactive effects of color tone and brand personality on brand evaluation

Assessing tourism environmental psychological carrying capacity under different environmental situations

Terror and wealth: how does terrorism affect global business-class travel?

Conflict of interests? Negotiating superstructures for value co-creation at indigenous heritage sites – the case of Patan, Nepal

Assessing asymmetric selection of responsible airlines based on CSR, normative, and emotional factors: a complexity approach with SEM, fsQCA, and NCA

Does negativity bias exist? Exploring the mechanism of rural tourists’ interaction-based value co-creation: perceived benefits and costs as mediators

Abstract or concrete language style? How chatbots of online travel agencies should apologise to customers