Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality

There is currently little research investigating men’s lack of engagement in cunnilingus. This study explored reasons why some men do not engage in cunnilingus, as well as characteristics that distinguish those who engage from those who do not. A convenience sample of 935 straight and bisexual/pansexual male participants were asked to indicate whether they have ( n = 833, M age = 37.14, SD age = 14.12) or have not ( n = 102, M age = 21.63, SD age = 6.11) engaged in cunnilingus. Additionally, we interrogated participants’ sexual history, precarious manhood belief, sexist beliefs, sexual narcissism, homophobia, and attitudes toward women’s genitals. Our results indicated that engagement in cunnilingus is very common among men who have sex with women, with 89.09% of our sample having performed oral sex at least once and the overwhelming majority of engagers (94.47%) indicating enjoyment. However, we also identified that men who do not engage in cunnilingus demonstrated greater levels of homophobia, had more negative attitudes toward women’s genitals, and were less likely to be sexually narcissistic than men who did engage in cunnilingus. Endorsement of precarious manhood belief, benevolent sexism, and hostile sexism did not influence engagement in cunnilingus. Results also indicated that the primary reason men do not engage in or enjoy cunnilingus—aside from lack of opportunity—was the perception that cunnilingus is “gross.” Further, men who engaged in oral sex but did not enjoy it demonstrated greater endorsement of both precarious manhood belief and hostile sexism, as well as higher levels of homophobia and more negative attitudes toward women’s genitals.

David Hattie

Kari A. Walton

Cydney Cocking

Devinder Khera

Cory L. Pedersen

The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality

Men’s engagement in and enjoyment of cunnilingus: The role of gendered attitudes, sexual scripts, and masculinity

男性参与和享受舔阴：性别态度、性脚本和男性气质的作用

Men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV have been studied extensively for stigmatization and inequitable factors affecting well-being. Although intersecting factors are acknowledged in some studies, they are rarely discussed in the context of health implications among multiple minority identities. This leaves psychosocial research outputs to focus their efforts among less stigmatized MSM groups, white men, while disregarding specific issues among historically marginalized MSM-related identities (e.g., racialized, Indigenous, and aging populations). As per the 95-95-95 goals set by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, this systematic review covers psychosocial protective and risk factors experienced by HIV-positive MSM while also considering other intersecting identities. Following a standardized search inquiry, 2,139 records were identified and narrowed down to 24 peer-reviewed articles which were systematically reviewed. Psychological and social protective factors are contextually described. Some risk factors such as co-occurring stigmas, psychological distress, exposure to violence, and trauma among diverse MSM can potentiate greater risk-taking behaviours associated with HIV transmission among HIV-positive men. These findings highlight factors that contribute to resilient pathways among racialized minorities and other intersections among MSM while also examining specific psychological stressors. Tailored interventions and care for minorities with intersecting identities, with a focus on co-occurring stigmas, are crucial to ensure the well-being of diverse HIV-positive MSM and reduce HIV transmission. We propose an adaptation to the minority stress model to refine available tools and provide future studies with more accurate depictions of the lived experiences among diverse MSM.

Anthony Theodore Amato

Gilbert Émond

A systematic review of psychosocial challenges for MSM living with HIV among diverse and intersecting minorities

不同和交叉少数群体中与HIV共存的男男性行为者心理社会挑战的系统综述

Christianity has been an important social institution in governing sexual behaviour. However, like many post-industrial nations, Canada’s attachment to Christianity has been in decline since the 1960s. The proportion of the population affiliated with Christian churches has diminished, and the relationship between church and state has loosened. In addition, more variation has emerged within Christian religious organizations relating to sexual morality, creating greater possibilities for the acceptance of more expansive sexualities in some denominations. While scholars have long found that religious affiliation and religiosity are important determinants of sexual morality, sociological approaches to sexuality would suggest that the shifting social contexts of the past 60 years in Canada might loosen constraints on sexual behaviour, perhaps even among those who retain ties to Christian churches. To assess the relationship between Christian religious affiliation and self-reports of sexual activity, we analyze data from an original survey of sexual behaviour ( N = 2,126). The authors focus on two sexual activities that have been deemed immoral in some Christian teachings: masturbation and performing oral sex on a partner. They use ordinal logistic regression to compare the recency of participation in these sexual behaviours among those with several types of Christian affiliation, comparing each group with those who have no affiliation. They find that Catholics and mainline Protestants—the largest religious communities in Canada—do not significantly differ from those with no religious affiliation in how recently they engaged in these behaviours. However, the authors find that those with affiliations to Evangelical Christian religions are significantly less likely to report that they engaged in these behaviours recently. They argue that, in the current cultural context of dechristianization, some Christian communities engage in sexual activity in measurably different ways than others.

Tina Fetner

Nicole Andrejek

Meghan Bird

Megan Werger

Christian religious identity and sexual behaviour in Canada today

加拿大当代基督宗教身份与性行为

Despite increasing uptake of bystander intervention programs to prevent sexual aggression, rates of sexual violence have remained persistently high. Those who witness sexual aggression among their peers can provide another vantage point regarding the strategies that perpetrators use and valuable information about ways in which perpetrators divert bystanders’ intervention—all information that can inform prevention programs. Participants ( N = 247) completed structured and open-ended items about occasions they had witnessed that involved efforts to force sex on a non-consenting individual. Reports were content coded for strategies leading to sexual aggression for 99 participants who had witnessed a recent alleged act of sexual aggression. Most (93%) reported perpetrators’ use of early physical pressure (e.g., unwanted grinding, following, isolating, violating personal space, pulling, blocking others) that typically escalated into more overt physical pressure and force. Verbal coercion (e.g., arguing, insisting, begging) was witnessed by 40% of participants, and 14% of participants reported witnessing the target being pressured to consume excessive levels of alcohol. Coded themes captured perpetrators’ defensive interactions with concerned bystanders, such as making excuses, minimizing their intentions, feigning innocence, and using humour to divert attention from sexually aggressive efforts. Results have implications for prevention efforts incorporating bystanders as well as education about the risk of assault.

Kate B. Metcalfe

Lucia F. O’Sullivan

Scott T. Ronis

Examining how bystanders intervene and perpetrators respond to intervention during experiences of sexual aggression

考察旁观者在经历性侵犯时如何介入及施害者对介入的反应

Research on sexual minorities has demonstrated that they face greater risks of experiencing poorer mental health due to minority stress factors, but there has been limited investigation into how these factors affect the well-being of asexual individuals. This study addressed this gap by examining whether shame played a mediating role in the relationship between discrimination and the mental health outcomes (i.e., social anxiety and psychological distress) of asexual individuals, as well as whether social support moderated the association between discrimination and shame. Data for this cross-sectional study were collected through an online questionnaire as part of the VisaJe project, which examined the stigmatization of sexually inexperienced emerging adults. Validated scales were used to measure the study variables among a sample of 177 asexual individuals aged between 18 and 42. Structural equation modelling revealed that social support did not have a moderating effect on the relationship between discrimination and shame. However, after controlling for variables such as social support, gender, developmental period and ethnic minority status, the results indicated that shame partially mediated the relationship between discrimination and psychological distress, and fully mediated the relationship between discrimination and social anxiety. These findings indicate that asexual individuals face similar pathways linking discrimination to mental health, mirroring those observed in other sexual minority groups, as they derogate from the norms of compulsory sexuality. However, general support may not serve as a protective factor for asexual individuals facing discrimination. The implications of these findings for future studies and professional practice are discussed.

Louise Tavares Barreto

Marie-Aude Boislard

The influence of shame in the psychological well-being of asexual people who experienced discrimination: A mediation model

无性恋者心理健康中羞耻感的影响：歧视经历的中介模型

Friendships between heterosexual men and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) appear to be less common than other friendship dyads. While some heterosexual men’s fear of being perceived as gay may act as a barrier in forming these friendships, research conducted within the past decade suggests that attitudes toward gbMSM are improving in Western cultures. Little is known regarding how heterosexual men react to their peers who are gbMSM after disclosing their sexual orientations to them during this cultural shift in North America. Using inclusive masculinity theory as a framework, the purpose was to examine how friendships between heterosexual men and gbMSM are impacted following their coming out experiences. Data were collected from heterosexual men and gbMSM aged 18–36 ( M = 28.52) residing in the United States and Canada ( N = 443) through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Heterosexual and gbMSM were asked to answer open-ended questions regarding the gbMSM’s coming out experiences and describe changes in their friendships afterward. Thematic analysis guidelines were followed to analyze the responses. Results indicated three pathways for friendships: a positive coming-out experience with an improved friendship, a neutral coming-out experience with no change in the friendship, and a negative experience followed by a damaged or terminated friendship. Findings suggest that positive attitudes toward cross-orientation friendships may be more prevalent and accepted at present than historically. These findings start an important dialogue with the potential implication of further normalizing positive friendships between heterosexual men and gbMSM.

Jeremy Oueis

Raymond M. McKie

Erika Copeland

Samantha F. Johnston

Elke D. Reissing

Coming out: Impact on friendships between heterosexual men and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men

出柜：对异性恋男性与男同性恋、双性恋及其他与男性发生性关系的男性之间友谊的影响

Sexual consent is essential for preventing sexual assault. Research on sexual consent in Spain is hampered by the lack of an appropriate measure. The aim of this study was to translate and assess the psychometric properties of the Sexual Consent Scale–Revised using a sample of 557 Spanish individuals between 18 and 60 years old. An exploratory factor analysis followed by a confirmatory factor analysis supported the Spanish SCS-R factorial structure. Reliability analyses and invariance testing demonstrated its good psychometric properties and invariance with respect to age and gender. The Spanish SCS-R is a useful tool to evaluate sexual consent among young men and women as well as men and women older than 30 years of age.

Marta García-Barba

Marcel Elipe-Miravet

E. Sandra Byers

Rafael Ballester-Arnal

Audrey Brassard

Adaptation and reliability of the sexual consent scale-revised in Spanish

西班牙语版性同意量表修订版的适应性与可靠性

The SPARX team responded to the scarcity of training available to school staff concerning dating violence prevention by developing an innovative asynchronous online training program as one facet of their broader initiative. This mixed-methods study aimed to fill the existing gap in the literature regarding the factors influencing the transfer of learning, with two primary objectives. First, it sought to investigate how transfer culture and perceived social support from colleagues and school principals influenced school staff’s intention to transfer learning post-online training. Second, it aimed to uncover the barriers and facilitators associated with learning transfer six months post-training. Engaging 101 school staff members, the research utilized an online questionnaire to evaluate their intentions to transfer learning from the SPARX program’s School Staff component. Regression analysis was used to identify variables predicting intention to transfer, complemented by a qualitative multiple-case study approach focusing on the experiences of a teacher, school counsellor, and school administrator. Findings highlighted that perceived support from colleagues and opportunities to implement new skills significantly predicted a greater intention to transfer learning. In contrast, mutual support for collective learning predicted a lower intention to transfer. Key barriers included perceptions of sole responsibility for implementation and resource constraints, whereas facilitators encompassed access to human, financial, and material resources. Results underscore the pivotal role of environmental factors in promoting learning transfer within school settings, emphasizing the importance of perceived support from colleagues and advocating for a transfer culture characterized by delegated responsibilities, turnkey activities, and dedicated time for learning transfer.

Geneviève Brodeur

Martine Hébert

Mylène Fernet

Roxanne Guyon

Promoting the transfer of learning among school staff following an online asynchronous training on dating violence prevention: A mixed-methods study

促进学校教职工在在线异步培训后学习约会暴力预防知识的转移：一项混合方法研究

The forums of involuntary celibates (incels) are easily accessible and increasingly receiving attention from media, scholars, and non-incels, mostly for their troubling content against women. This study aimed to (a) qualitatively describe the different impressions of visitors and (b) quantitively examine the sociodemographic characteristics associated with the prevalence of each category of impressions. The sample comprised 390 adults (43% women; 2.56% self-identified incels; M age = 26.86) who have visited incel forums at least once. They completed an online questionnaire on sexual inexperience in adulthood and described their impressions of incel forums in an open-ended question. An inductive content analysis revealed that impressions of incel forums were positioned on a continuum ranging from threat (39.53%) to shelter (11.90%) with four intermediate categories: incel forums as testimonies of dysfunctional thoughts (20.04%), incel forums perceived as odd (11.02%), ambivalent impressions (3.45%), and incel forums as gatherings of individuals with difficulties (14.14%). Chi-square analyses revealed that, among participants who perceive incel forums as a threat, women, other genders individuals, and non-incels were overrepresented compared to men and incels, who were more likely to perceive incel forums as a shelter. t-test analyses revealed that participants who perceived incel forums as a shelter were older at first sexual intercourse. These results suggest that incel forums are not perceived as dangerous by all outsiders and that those who have more positive impressions (i.e., men, late sexual starters) are those most likely to relate to them. The implications for future research and professional practice are discussed.

Sabrina Laplante

Andrée-Ann Labranche

Marie Aude Boislard

“I found these places to be toxic”: A mixed methods content analysis of visitors’ impressions of incel forums

“我发现这些地方有毒”：对访客印象的混合方法内容分析

Although many challenges inherent to the birth of a first child are likely to interfere with new parent couples’ sexuality, sexual well-being has often been neglected during the transition to parenthood. Considering the numerous uncertainties arising in this period, it is relevant to study whether first-time parents’ intolerance of uncertainty could contribute to their lower sexual well-being and explore whether their perception of intimacy could explain this association. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of intolerance of uncertainty and intimacy in first-time parents’ sexual well-being (i.e., sexual desire and sexual satisfaction). A total of 211 couples expecting their first child were recruited in a province of Canada to participate in a broader longitudinal study. Bearing mothers and their partners answered validated questionnaires measuring sexual desire, sexual satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty, depression symptoms, and perceived intimacy at 4, 8, and 12 months postpartum. Dyadic path analyses revealed that, controlling for postpartum depression symptoms at 12 months postpartum, mothers’ intolerance of uncertainty at 4 months postpartum was associated with both partners’ lower sexual satisfaction at 12 months postpartum through their own lower perception of intimacy at 8 months postpartum. Mothers’ intolerance of uncertainty at 4 months postpartum was also associated with partners’ lower sexual desire at 12 months postpartum through their own lower perception of intimacy at 8 months postpartum. Better understanding these individual and interpersonal factors associated with first-time parents’ sexual well-being could help in educating expecting couples and preventing sexual challenges they may encounter.

Gabrielle Lafontaine

Sandrine Dubé

Jasmine Bédard

Alex Lehoux

Marie-France Lafontaine

Katherine Péloquin

Anne Brault-Labbé

Patrick Gosselin

Intolerance of uncertainty, intimacy, and sexual well-being among first-time parents

不确定性的不容忍、亲密关系与初为父母者的性福祉

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Journal Impact	1.23
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ISSN	1188-4517, 2291-7063
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Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality

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Men’s engagement in and enjoyment of cunnilingus: The role of gendered attitudes, sexual scripts, and masculinity

A systematic review of psychosocial challenges for MSM living with HIV among diverse and intersecting minorities

Christian religious identity and sexual behaviour in Canada today

Examining how bystanders intervene and perpetrators respond to intervention during experiences of sexual aggression

The influence of shame in the psychological well-being of asexual people who experienced discrimination: A mediation model

Coming out: Impact on friendships between heterosexual men and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men

Adaptation and reliability of the sexual consent scale-revised in Spanish

Promoting the transfer of learning among school staff following an online asynchronous training on dating violence prevention: A mixed-methods study

“I found these places to be toxic”: A mixed methods content analysis of visitors’ impressions of incel forums

Intolerance of uncertainty, intimacy, and sexual well-being among first-time parents