Acta Botanica Gallica

Ecological restoration can accelerate the resilience of degraded dry grasslands. Among the ecological restoration techniques used, soil transfer has already given promising results for restoring species-rich plant communities by providing the ability to recreate rapidly a habitat that corresponds to the reference ecosystem (the non disturbed dry grasslands). However, soil transfer is a destructive method, since it involves the use of non-renewable resources such as grassland soils of the donor sites that are the produce of centuries of interactions between climate, plants and animals. In south-eastern France, the plain of La Crau is an example of Mediterranean dry grasslands where the resilience of the steppe vegetation is extremely slow after land use changes which have impacted soil and vegetation. On 7th August 2009, a major oil leak occurred in the steppe center, destroying more than 13 acres of steppe vegetation. As a consequence, in 2010, the polluted soil was excavated and evacuated in a specialised dump. This operation was, then, combined with various in situ experiments of soil transfer, with exclusion of traditional sheep grazing management, to test (i) the importance of respecting the vertical organization of the main soil horizons and (ii) some opportunities to save this non-renewable resource. In May 2011, just after the soil transfer (72,000 tons) was achieved in April 2011 from a nearby quarry which extension had been authorised prior to the oil leak, different quadrats were materialized in the reference steppe vegetation around and in the restored site, with at the soil surface: the organic layer (top-soil, treatment ABC) with or without compaction (treatment ABCnc), the mineral layer (sub-soil, treatment BC) or the altered bedrock only (treatment C). After three years of vegetation monitoring, all the different treatments of soil transfer resulted in a rapid resilience of steppe vegetation in terms of floristic composition and plant species richness. Indeed, in 2013, the treatment with the transfer of mineral layer only at the soil surface, showed no significant difference in terms of plant species richness with the reference steppe plant community. Furthermore, there was a significant higher species richness for the treatments with the transfer of organic layer, compacted or not, in comparison with the reference steppe plant community. In addition, between 2011 and 2013, the natural colonisation by some ruderal opportunistic species was very low. Nevertheless, the reference steppe plant community organization was not restored for none of the different soil transfer treatments, as revealed by the calculation of the Bray-Curtis index. In addition, species abundances in the uncompacted organic layer, mean vegetation height and plant cover were significantly higher, than in the reference steppe plant community. Our results show that after only 3 years, the results of the different soil transfer treatments seem very promising. It appears from this three year monitoring that soil transfer of a mixture of the organic (top soil) and mineral (sub soil) layers, without final compaction, could be sufficient to boost the natural resilience of the typical plants of the reference steppe plant community. It might also be possible to increase the surface where the soil will be spread according to ratios of 1 to 2 or 1 to 3, instead of 1 to 1. This method will allow the protection of the steppe soil that is still a non-renewable resource. Because none of the different soil transfer treatments has allowed for the restoration of the integral steppe plant community, it seems now necessary to reinstall the traditional sheep grazing system with the aim to increase the restoration of the reference steppe plant community spatial organization.

Adeline Bulot

Erick Provost

Thierry Dutoit

Transférer le sol pour restaurer des communautés végétales: quelles leçons pour mesurer la résilience des pelouses sèches ? (Plaine de La Crau, Sud-Est de la France).

转移土壤以恢复植物群落：如何评估干草原的恢复力？（法国东南部拉克罗平原）

Francis Isselin

Actes du 9èmeColloque d’Ecologie des Communautés Végétales, ECOVEG9 Tours 3-5 avril 2013 (Proceedings of the 9th Plant Community Ecology conference, Tours April 3–5, 2013, France): résumés

第九届植物群落生态学会议（ECOVEG9，2013年4月3日至5日，法国图尔）论文集摘要

Within the framework of the prodrome of French vegetation, under the sponsorship of the French Society of Phytosociology, the author presents Parietarietea judaicae: a list of syntaxa synthesized as tables and presented as 24 records by known association at the French level. In one known order, Parietarietalia judaicae, four alliances are separated: Centrantho–Parietarion jucaicae, Asplenio–Cymbalarion muralis (new alliance), Brassicion oleraceae, and Cymbalario–Asplenion rutae-murariae. A last alliance, Parietario–Hyoscyamion aurei, is not integrated into an order.

Bruno de Foucault

Contribution au prodrome des végétations de France: lesParietarietea judaicaeRivas-Mart.inRivas Goday 1964

法国植被前兆的贡献：Rivas-Mart.在Rivas Goday 1964中的Parietarietea judaicae

The comparative anatomy of three morphologically close taxa of Viola sect. Sclerosium W. Becker distributed in southern Iran is presented in this study: Viola behboudiana, Viola cinerea and Viola stocksii. Cross-sections of roots, stems, peduncles, petioles, leaves and the surface sections of leaves showed that the following properties were taxonomically informative: number of collenchymatous cell layers in the stem, presence or absence of cortical bundles in the stem, number of vascular bundles in the peduncle, presence or absence of calcium oxalate crystals in the peduncle cortex, presence or absence of trichomes on the epidermis of the peduncle, shape of collenchyma cells in the petiole, and midrib outline of the leaf. Numerical analysis (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages, principal components analysis) of 55 qualitative and quantitative characters confirmed the delimitation of three taxa.

Maryam Mohammadi Shahrestani

Shahryar Saeidi Mehrvarz

Thomas Marcussen

Narjes Yousefi

Taxonomy and comparative anatomical studies ofViolasect.Sclerosium(Violaceae) in Iran

伊朗Viola属Sclerosium组（堇菜科）的分类学与比较解剖学研究

We try here to model the vegetal dynamics, so progressive as regressive one, by using concepts stemming from the classic physics and we try to compare some results obtained in the empirical observations, specially the fact that the speed of the evolution in a series decreases when one get closer to the climax. At the same time, we discuss the concepts of bryoclimax, homothety, specialized vegetations, philosophy of trop, sylvigenetic maturation, complexity. We also illustrate the progressive dynamics by means of some spectral series (biological, systematic, architectural, or seeds scattering and adaptative strategy).

Un modèle énergétique pour la dynamique de la végétation

植被动力学的能量模型

The paper presents new records for 20 vascular plant species from 13 Eurasian countries. Four taxa (Calamagrostis sichuanensis, Klasea dissecta, Ptilagrostis milleri and Stipa klimesii) are reported from China, four (Aconogonon valerii, Carex siderosticta, Poa tanfiljewii and Potamogeton × subobtusus) from Russia, three (Amorpha fruticosa, Carduus acanthoides and Plantago minuta) from Tajikistan, two (Achillea sergievskiana and Delphinium barlykense) from Kazakhstan, one (Calamagrostis effusiflora) from Bhutan and India, one (Campanula wolgensis) from Mongolia, one (Orobanche coerulescens) from Georgia, two (Dysphania geoffreyi and Ptilagrostis milleri) from Nepal, one (Stipa × alaica) from Afghanistan, one (Stipa × manrakica) from Kyrgyzstan, one (Ranunculus × gluckii) from Poland and one (Sporobolus cryptandrus) from Italy. Four of the taxa presented (Amorpha fruticosa, Carduus acanthoides, Carex siderosticta and Sporolobus cryptandrus) are regarded as alien to the studied areas, whereas the remaining 16 are native elements to the flora of the countries. For each species synonyms, general distribution, habitat preferences, taxonomy with remarks on recognition and differentiation of the species from the most similar taxa occurring in a given country, as well as a list of recorded localities (often far from the previously known areas) are presented. Based on the spikelet morphology, we have proposed in Ptilagrostis a new section Barkworthia M. Nobis, A. Nobis & A. Nowak, which comprises two species Ptilagrostis yadongensis and Ptilagrostris milleri, with distinctly unequal glumes, lemmas and paleas.

Marcin Nobis

Aleksandr L. Ebel

Arkadiusz Nowak

Beata Paszko

Alexander A. Bobrov

Yury A. Kotukhov

Andrey N. Kupriyanov

Agnieszka Nobis

Joanna Zalewska-Gałosz

Marina V. Olonova

Filip Verloove

Wen-Li Chen

Maria Kushunina

Dagmara Kwolek

Nikolay N. Lashchinskiy

Renata Piwowarczyk

Alexander P. Sukhorukov

Sylwia Nowak

Vítězslav Plášek

Artur Pliszko

Contribution to the flora of Asian and European countries: new national and regional vascular plant records, 4

亚洲和欧洲国家植物区系贡献：新的国家和区域维管植物记录，4

The number of seeds is an indicator of plant fitness. We compared four quality measures – seed number, abortion, viability and germination. To test as wide a span of seed variability as possible, we cross-pollinated and self-pollinated one nectarless and one nectar-rewarding orchid species, assuming that nectariferous species should be more adapted to geitonogamous selfing than the cheating one and that seed quality should reflect that. Seed number for both species was lowest in selfed fruits. Viability and germination did not show any difference in deceptive Orchis militaris treatments, but the trend was different in rewarding Platanthera bifolia. Seed number and seed abortion correlated well as did viability and germination in vitro. This shows that these two stages are controlled by different mechanisms. Therefore, seed number or seed abortion rate alone cannot be proxies for reproductive output.

Mirjam Metsare

Aigi Ilves

Marina Haldna

Tiiu Kull

Kadri Tali

Four seed-quality measures in orchids with different pollination systems

不同授粉系统兰花中的四种种子质量指标

The present study revealed that adaxial and abaxial petal epidermises of the blue-flowered Lysimachia arvensis consist of elongated, multi-micro-papillate cells, which may aid the rapid petal expansion. The epidermal cells are covered by a wrinkled relief, which is further ornamented by submicron features that increase in size the surface area of lobes; this may be a well-adapted mechanism of the small-sized flowers of L. arvensis with the short life span. The sculpturally increased surface area of adaxial epidermal cells of petals is expected to contribute to optical and adhesive properties, and wettability of the floral tissues. The adaxial and the abaxial petal surfaces of L. arvensis possess submicron cuticular folds, smaller than the sub-wavelength visible spectrum, which reflect radiation of shorter rather than longer wavelengths, whereas intense absorption was detected in the red spectral region. Also, three-celled capitate trichomes with a pigmented spherical head, which are densely distributed at the corolla margins of L. arvensis, may be involved in adhesive, defensive and functional properties of the floral tissues.

Sophia Rhizopoulou

Emmanuel Spanakis

Apostolos Argiropoulos

Study of petal topography ofLysimachia arvensisgrown under natural conditions

自然条件下生长的Lysimachia arvensis花瓣形态学研究

Elatine triandra Schkuhr is the most variable and widespread species within the genus Elatine L.; it has been recorded in all continents, except Antarctica, but it is mainly located in Europe. The study is based on an extensive data set of European literature, herbaria and web data that covers the period 1828–2012. The range of the species in Europe is disjunctive, covering the southern and western parts of the Central European Plain and the southern part of the Fennoscandian Shield. At a smaller scale, the species can also be found along some river valleys. In Central Europe many localities, particularly isolated ones in the northern part of the range, are now only historical. From the data set we determined that E. triandra may be best observed between May and October. We found that species records show a near-significant shift since 1828. Depending on the environmental conditions, individuals of the taxon develop as one of two morphs: terrestrial or aquatic. The aquatic morph is characterized by stems, internodes, lamina and petiole that are twice as long as those of the terrestrial form. Elatine triandra seeds show consistent characteristics, both in terms of morphs and populations. Our studies show that the best diagnostic features, in addition to the construction of flowers, are the size, shape and surface structure of seeds. In Central Europe, E. triandra occurs exclusively in communities classified as Isoëto-Nano-Juncetea.

Agnieszka Popiela

Andrzej Łysko

Attila Molnár V.

Zygmunt Kącki

Balázs András Lukács

Distribution, morphology and habitats ofElatine triandra(Elatinaceae) in Europe, with particular reference to the central part of the continent

欧洲Elatine triandra(沟繁缕科)的分布、形态和生境，特别参考中欧地区

Publication Information	Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1993，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

Acta Botanica Gallica

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