Evidence-Based Nursing surveys a wide range of international medical journals applying strict criteria for the quality and validity of research. Practising clinicians assess the clinical relevance of the best studies. The key details of these essential studies are presented in a succinct, informative abstract with an expert commentary on its clinical application.     Published quarterly, Evidence-Based Nursing is designed to alert practising nurses to important and clinically relevant advances in treatment, diagnosis, aetiology, and prognosis. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group and the Royal College of Nursing Publishing Company, Evidence-Based Nursing selects and examines every aspect of the very best international nursing research for your practice.

Evidence-Based Nursing surveys a wide range of international medical journals using strict criteria to evaluate the quality and validity of research. Practicing clinicians assess the clinical relevance of the best studies. Key details of these essential studies are presented in a succinct and informative abstract, accompanied by expert commentary on their clinical application. Published quarterly, Evidence-Based Nursing aims to alert practicing nurses to significant and clinically relevant advances in treatment, diagnosis, etiology, and prognosis. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group and the Royal College of Nursing Publishing Company, Evidence-Based Nursing selects and examines every aspect of the very best international nursing research to support your practice.

《Evidence-based nursing》期刊对国际医学期刊进行了广泛的调查，采用严格的标准来评估研究的质量和有效性。临床医生会评估最佳研究的临床相关性。每项重要研究的关键细节都以简明、信息丰富的摘要形式呈现，并附有专家对其临床应用的评论。该期刊每季度出版，旨在提醒执业护士关注治疗、诊断、病因和预后方面的重要且临床相关的进展。由BMJ出版集团和皇家护理学院出版的《Evidence-based nursing》精选并审查国际护理研究的各个方面，以支持您的实践。

Evidence-based nursing

Evidence-based practice includes, in part, implementation of the findings of well-conducted quality research studies. So being able to critique quantitative research is an important skill for nurses. Consideration must be given not only to the results of the study but also the rigour of the research. Rigour refers to the extent to which the researchers worked to enhance the quality of the studies. In quantitative research, this is achieved through measurement of the validity and reliability.1

Validity is defined as the extent to which a concept is accurately measured in a quantitative study. For example, a survey designed to explore depression but which actually measures anxiety would not be considered valid. The second measure of quality in a quantitative study is reliability , or the accuracy of an instrument. In other words, the extent to which a research instrument consistently has the same results if it is used in the same situation on repeated occasions. A simple example of validity and reliability is an alarm clock that rings at 7:00 each morning, but is set for 6:30. It is very reliable (it consistently rings the same time each day), but is not valid (it is not ringing at the desired time). It's important to consider validity and reliability of the data collection tools (instruments) when either conducting or critiquing research. There are three major types of validity. These are described in table 1.

View this table:

Table 1 
Types of validity



The first category is content validity . This category looks at whether the instrument adequately covers …

Roberta Heale

Alison Twycross

Evidence-Based Nursing

Evid Based Nurs

Validity and reliability in quantitative studies

定量研究中的效度与信度

Evaluating the quality of research is essential if findings are to be utilised in practice and incorporated into care delivery. In a previous article we explored ‘bias’ across research designs and outlined strategies to minimise bias.1 The aim of this article is to further outline rigour, or the integrity in which a study is conducted, and ensure the credibility of findings in relation to qualitative research. Concepts such as reliability, validity and generalisability typically associated with quantitative research and alternative terminology will be compared in relation to their application to qualitative research. In addition, some of the strategies adopted by qualitative researchers to enhance the credibility of their research are outlined.

Assessing the reliability of study findings requires researchers and health professionals to make judgements about the ‘soundness’ of the research in relation to …

Helen Noble

Joanna Smith

Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research

定性研究中的效度与信度问题

Good qualitative research uses a systematic and rigorous approach that aims to answer questions concerned with what something is like (such as a patient experience), what people think or feel about something that has happened, and it may address why something has happened as it has.Qualitative data often takes the form of words or text and can include images.Qualitative research covers a very broad range of philosophical underpinnings and methodological approaches.Each has its own particular way of approaching all stages of the research process, including analysis, and has its own terms and techniques, but there are some common threads that run across most of these approaches.This Research Made Simple piece will focus on some of these common threads in the analysis of qualitative research.So you have collected all your qualitative data -you may have a pile of interview transcripts, fi eld-notes, documents and notes from observation.The process of analysis is described by Richards and Morse 1 as one of transformation and interpretation.It is easy to be overwhelmed by the volume of datanovice qualitative researchers are sometimes told not to worry and the themes will emerge from the data.This suggests some sort of epiphany, (which is how it happens sometimes!) but generally it comes from detailed work and refl ection on the data and what it is telling you.There is sometimes a fi ne line between being immersed in the data and drowning in it!A fi rst step is to sort and organise the data, by coding it in some way.For example, you could read through a transcript, and identify that in one paragraph a patient is talking about two things; fi rst is fear of surgery and second is fear of unrelieved pain.The codes for this paragraph could be 'fear of surgery' and 'fear of pain' .In other areas of the transcript fear may arise again, and perhaps these codes will be merged into a category titled 'fear' .Other concerns may emerge in this and other transcripts and perhaps best be represented by the theme 'lack of control' .Themes are thus more abstract concepts, refl ecting your interpretation of patterns across your data.So from codes, categories can be formed, and from categories, more encompassing themes are developed to describe the data in a form which summarises it, yet retains the richness, depth and context of the original data.Using quotations to illustrate categories and themes helps keep the analysis fi rmly grounded in the data.You need to constantly ask yourself 'what is happening here?' as you code and move from codes, to categories and themes, making sure you have data to support your decisions.

Kate Seers

Qualitative data analysis

定性数据分析

Gillian Colville

10-year audit of a national PICU retrieval service

全国儿童重症监护病房转运服务10年审计

Elham Khoori

Fatemeh Vakili

Zeinab Hamzehgardeshi

Mothers who undergo emergency caesarean section really experience grief

经历紧急剖宫产的母亲真的会感到悲痛

Tanmoy Newaz

Tanvir C Turin

Desire for donor identity versus ensuring donor anonymity: the impact of sperm donor anonymity on donor-conceived adults

渴望了解供体身份与确保供体匿名之间的冲突：精子供体匿名对供体所生成年人的影响

Kathleen Ahern Gould

Helene M Bowen Brady

Perceptions of patients with heart failure guide an understanding of initial enrolment and long-term adherence to a home-based, non-aerobic, gentle exercise programme

心力衰竭患者对居家非有氧轻度运动计划的初始参与及长期依从性的认知引导

Marilyn Frenn

Childhood obesity interventions need to address groups experiencing inequities

儿童肥胖干预措施需解决不平等群体问题

ISSN	1367-6539, 1468-9618
h-index	34

Publication Information	Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1998，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

Evidence-based nursing

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Validity and reliability in quantitative studies

Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research

Qualitative data analysis

10-year audit of a national PICU retrieval service

Mothers who undergo emergency caesarean section really experience grief

10-year audit of a national PICU retrieval service

Mothers who undergo emergency caesarean section really experience grief

Desire for donor identity versus ensuring donor anonymity: the impact of sperm donor anonymity on donor-conceived adults

Perceptions of patients with heart failure guide an understanding of initial enrolment and long-term adherence to a home-based, non-aerobic, gentle exercise programme

Childhood obesity interventions need to address groups experiencing inequities