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Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the biology of Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.) (Col., Scolytidae) living in Abies bornmülleriana (Mattf.) in fir forests in the Western Black Sea region in Turkey. The dates of swarming, tree attack, egg‐laying, and different stages of development are given. The species had two generations per year.

Azize Toper

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Studies on the biology of Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in the Bartin and Karabük regions of Turkey

土耳其巴尔滕和卡拉比克地区Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.) (鞘翅目, 小蠹科)生物学研究

Abstract Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid ( Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicum Starý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.

B. Adisu

P. Starý

B. Freier

C. Büttner

Aphidius colemani Vier. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) detected in cereal fields in Germany

德国谷物田中检测到Aphidius colemani Vier.（膜翅目，茧蜂科，蚜茧蜂亚科）

Abstract 130 kg of acorns of Common Oak ( Quercus robur L.) were distributed on an area of 1.44 ha in an oak forest near Zagreb (Croatia), where acorns were lacking. The influence of this surplus of food on the development of mice and voles was observed from September 1999 till February 2000 on the experimental plot and on an untreated control area before and after offering the acorns. The Redbacked Vole Clethrionomys glareolus was the most abundant and dominant species in both observed areas. After distribution of the acorns, all species of mice, e. g. the Yellownecked Fieldmouse Apodemus flavicollis, the Longtailed Fieldmouse A. sylvaticus, and the Striped Field Mouse A. agrarius, increased up to 4 times in number on the area treated with a surplus of acorns. On the same area, however, all species of voles, e. g. the Redbacked Vole C. glareolus, the Field Vole Microtus agrestis, and the Common Vole M. arvalis, decreased. The numbers of captured and recaptured rodents before and after offering acorns on the treated and the untreated control area were compared by statistical analysis (Chi 2 ‐test). The results show how food can influence the competitive relations between mice and voles.

J. Margaletic

M. Glavaš

W. Bäumler

The development of mice and voles in an oak forest with a surplus of acorns

橡树林中橡果过剩对鼠类和田鼠发展的影响

Abstract A large flour mill near Magdeburg was built in 1912 and has since been infested with house rats ( Rattus rattus L.). Observations made over the past decades by personnel interested were acquired, and recorded together with own findings, in the course of which well‐known facts of the habits of house rats were confirmed and thought‐provoking shades added. Reference is made in this paper to varied issues including degree of infestation, skin colours, food, reproduction, as well as behavioural patterns and the problem area of control and extermination.

U. Mielke

Zur Lebensweise der Hausratte (Rattus rattus L.). Langjährige Beobachtungen in einer Getreidemühle bei Magdeburg

家鼠（Rattus rattus L.）的生活方式。在马格德堡一家谷物磨坊的长期观察

Abstract Analysis of nestling food in four species of Parus and one species of Ficedula using the ‘Halsringmethode’ showed a high quota of adults and caterpillars of the important forest pests: Tortrix viridana, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Diprion pini, and Lymantria dispar . These four major pest species amounted in the nestling food of Parus major to 50 %, P. coeruleus to 52.6 %, P. ater to 40.9 %, and Ficedula hypoleuca to 30.2 %.

Ilhami Kiziroğlu

Levend Turan

Ali Erdoğan

Özdemir Adizel

Nahit Pamukoğlu

Zur Schädlingsvertilgung einiger Singvogelarten in einem Schwarzkiefern/Eichen‐Mischbestand im Beynamer Wald bei Ankara*

安卡拉贝亚纳姆森林中黑松/橡树混交林中一些鸣禽类害虫防治研究*

For the first time soil solarization was investigated in Croatia both in the field and in the greenhouse in 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1994. For two months (July and August), the soil was mulched with transparent polyethylene (PE) sheets of 0.015 or 0.050 mm thickness. Soil temperatures at depths of 5, 10 and 20 cm were recorded daily. In order to assess nematode population densities, soil samples were analysed before mulching and at the end of the mulching treatment. The results of these experiments showed that soil solarization drastically reduced the population of plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Tylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus spp.) by about 97–100 % at a depth of 10 cm and 92–97 % at a depth of 20 cm in the field, while in the greenhouse, the population of plant-parasitic nematodes was reduced by about 89–100 % at a depth of 10 cm and 98–100 % at a depth of 20 cm.In the same experiments, the population of saprophytic nematodes in the field was reduced by about 86–90 % at a depth of 10 cm and 72–89 % at a depth of 20 cm. In the greenhouse, the population of saprophytic nematodes was reduced by about 87–97 % at a depth of 10 cm and 87–93 % at a depth of 20 cm. This data shows that soil solarization was less effective in the control of saprophytic nematodes, which is considered to be an advantage.

Lj. Oštrec

D. Grubišič

Effects of soil solarization on nematodes in Croatia

克罗地亚土壤太阳能消毒对线虫的影响

Conspecific and heterospecific associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) were used to determine the interactions between crops forming the main arable crop ecosystem (wheat, alfalfa, isogenic and [Bt Bacillus thuringiensis] transgenic maize) in an irrigated area in Catalonia, Spain. Species composition and instars of parasitized aphids (mummies) were used to detect the parasitoid population movements between the crops and proved interactions (alternation) between the crops, including transgenic maize. Parasitoid interactions were species-dependent, appearing in the movements between alfalfa-wheat-maize in the individual species. Aphidius ervi Hal., A. rhopalosiphi DeSt.-Perez, A. uzbekistanicus Luzh., Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) and Praon volucre (Hal.) were classified as key-stone species in the target agroecosystems in the area. No differences were found in aphid-parasitoid associations on Bt transgenic maize and isogenic maize for aphid species composition and associated parasitoid guild.

X. Pons

P. Star�

Spring aphid-parasitoid (Hom., Aphididae, Hym., Braconidae) associations and interactions in a Mediterranean arable crop ecosystem, including Bt maize

地中海农田生态系统中春季蚜虫-寄生蜂（同翅目，蚜科，膜翅目，茧蜂科）的关联与相互作用，包括Bt玉米

The effect of host age and sex on the susceptibility of 3 tephritid fruit fly species, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), C. cosyra (Walker) and C. fasciventris (Bezzi) to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin was studied in the laboratory. Three adult host ages, 0 (<1 day-old), 7-day-old and 14-day-old, were used. All 3 species were susceptible to fungal infection, although there were differences in the levels of susceptibility among the hosts. Age accounted for the largest variability in mortality followed by species, while sex had the lowest variability. Of the 3 host ages tested, the 0- and 7-day-old flies were more susceptible to fungal infection than the 14-day-old flies. Male and female C. fasciventris flies generally succumbed earlier to fungal infection than the other two species. Female flies of C. cosyra and C. fasciventris were also generally more susceptible to fungal infection than the males, although differences were apparent at 3 and 4 days after treatment but not 5 days after treatment. Age accounted for the largest variability in lethal time mortality values (LTs). Mean LT-values generally indicated that the speed of kill was faster among younger flies than the older flies. LT95 ranged between 3.9–4.9 days in the 0-day-old flies, 4.3–6.1 days in the 7-day-old flies and 4.6–6.1 days in 14-day-old flies in the different species and sexes. The implication of this study for the management of fruit flies is discussed.

S. Dimbi

N. K. Maniania

S. A. Lux

J. M. Mueke

Host species, age and sex as factors affecting the susceptibility of the African Tephritid fruit fly species, Ceratitis capitata, C. cosyra and C. fasciventris to infection by Metarhizium anisopliae

宿主物种、年龄和性别作为影响非洲实蝇物种（Ceratitis capitata、C. cosyra 和 C. fasciventris）对白僵菌感染敏感性的因素

The present work aimed to study the effects of high constant and alternating temperatures on the development and prey consumption by Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner (Het., Miridae) with Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) as prey.Results showed that the predator was able to successfully develop and reach the adult stage, on average, after 20.1 (♀♀) and 20.6 (♂♂) days at a temperature of 30 ± 1 °C with A. gossypii as prey. On the other hand, it was not able to develop at 35 ± 1 °C, here all N1 instars used at the beginning of the experiments had died even before moulting to N2 instar. At alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, the predator reached the adult stage 23.7 (♀♀) and 23.5 (♂♂) days after egg hatching, whereas when the temperatures were increased to 35/22 ± 1 °C, it took a significantly shorter period: 20.6 (♀♀) and 20.9 (♂♂) days. In general, the highest mortality occurred during the first two nymphal instars. The total percentage mortality during development from N1 to adult stage was 30 % and 100 % at the constant temperatures 30 ± 1 °C and 35 ± 1 °C, respectively. At the alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, it was lowest with 16.5 %, while at 35/22 ± 1 °C, it was 20 %.The results of the experiments on prey consumption showed that an individual D. tamaninii consumed during its development to adult stage at 30 ± 1 °C an average of 442.2 (♀♀), 433.6 (♂♂) aphids. At the constant temperature of 35 ± 1 °C, the average daily prey consumption started with 4 aphids and decreased continuously till it approached nil on the 9th day, where all predatory nymphs died. At the alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, the total prey consumption during development was, on average, 359.3 (♀♀) and 297.0 (♂♂) aphids, while at 35/22 ± 1 °C it was 348.5 (♀♀) and 334.0 (♂♂) aphids. The effect of the four temperatures on the prey consumption by D. tamaninii during the first 10 days after emergence was also studied. At a constant temperature of 30 ± 1 °C, a total of 446.4 (♀♀) and 372.0 (♂♂) aphids were consumed, compared to 40.6 (♀♀) and 39.0 (♂♂) at 35 ± 1 °C. At alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, the predatory adult consumed, on average, a total of 267.0 (♀♀) and 207.0 (♂♂) aphids. Increasing the temperature to 35/22 ± 1 °C resulted in a higher prey consumption by the adult predator, reaching 351.5 (♀♀) and 267.7 (♂♂) aphids over the same period.In conclusion, results indicated that D. tamaninii is a promising predator of the melon aphid at a temperature spectrum ranging from 15 ± 1 °C up to 35 ± 1 °C.

A. Saleh

C. Sengonca

Effects of different high constant and alternating temperatures on the development and prey consumption of Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner (Heteroptera, Miridae) with Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera, Aphididae) as prey

不同恒定和交替高温对Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner（异翅目，盲蝽科）发育及以Aphis gossypii Glover（同翅目，蚜科）为食的捕食行为的影响

In this study, the susceptibility of larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to gamma radiation was investigated in the laboratory in Turkey. Gamma radiation was applied at 6 dose levels between 20 and 200 Gy to 13–15 day-old adults and at 5 dose levels between 20 and 180 Gy to 18–20 day-old larvae of T. castaneum. All experiments were performed in growth chambers maintained at 27 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5 % r.h. The larvae proved to be the more susceptible stage, survival to the adult stage being prevented by exposure of the eggs to 100 Gy; the adult stage was less susceptible. LD50 and LD99 values were determined as 19,75 and 42,97 Gy for larvae and 33,21 and 64,50 Gy for adult stage, respectively. It was concluded that 100 Gy is the effective dose for both larval and adult stages.

A. S. Tun�bilek

A. Ayvaz

F. �zt�rk

B. Kaplan

Gamma radiation sensitivity of larvae and adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst

红面粉甲虫（Tribolium castaneum Herbst）幼虫和成虫的伽马辐射敏感性

Publication Information	Publisher: Springer Verlag，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1996，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

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