​《ECT 杂志》涵盖了当代电休克疗法的各个方面，报道了全球主要的临床和研究进展。领先的临床医生和研究人员检查诱发癫痫发作对行为和器官系统的影响；回顾关于癫痫发作的诱发、发生和传播方式的重要研究成果；并探讨有关使用 ECT 的困难的社会学、伦理和法律问题。

The Journal of ECT covers all aspects of contemporary electroconvulsive therapy, reporting on major clinical and research advancements worldwide. Leading clinicians and researchers examine the effects of induced seizures on behavior and organ systems, review significant research findings regarding the induction, occurrence, and propagation of seizures, and explore the sociological, ethical, and legal challenges associated with the use of ECT.

《Journal of ECT》涵盖了当代电休克疗法的各个方面，报道了全球主要的临床和研究进展。领先的临床医生和研究人员研究诱发癫痫发作对行为和器官系统的影响，回顾关于癫痫发作的诱发、发生和传播方式的重要研究成果，并探讨使用 ECT 过程中面临的社会学、伦理和法律问题。

Journal of ECT

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) uses a medical device that applies magnetic pulses noninvasively to the cortex of the brain to depolarize neurons. We tested its safety and efficacy in young persons with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to the right prefrontal cortex at 10 Hz, at 100% of the observed motor threshold, for 2000 pulses per session, in a 10-session course over 2 weeks in a sham-controlled crossover design (n=9). There was 1 week of no TMS between the active and sham phases. Safety of TMS was assessed by means of serial audiometry, neuropsychological testing, and electroencephalogram (EEG) at baseline, midpoint, and end point of the study. Efficacy was assessed as a primary outcome by changes in the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale and secondarily by change in the ADHD-IV scale.Transcranial magnetic stimulation was found to be safe, with no serious adverse events and no discontinuations due to adverse effects. All randomized subjects completed the full course of sessions. There were no significant changes in auditory thresholds or in electroencephalographic assessments. Neuropsychological testing showed no significant differences between active and sham groups. There was an overall significant improvement in the clinical global impression of improvement and the ADHD-IV scales across the study phases (active and sham TMS combined; P<0.01), but the change between active and sham TMS phases did not differ.Transcranial magnetic stimulation was found to be safe, with no serious adverse events observed in this pilot study. Improvement in symptoms was observed across the combined phases of the study, although there was no difference between the active and sham forms of TMS. Effects of clinical importance should be further assessed in larger controlled studies.

Laurel Weaver

Anthony L. Rostain

William Mace

Umair Akhtar

Edward Moss

John P. O’Reardon

Journal of Ect

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults

青少年和年轻成人注意缺陷多动障碍的经颅磁刺激治疗

Abstract Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) effectively treats severe psychiatric disorders such as depression, mania, catatonia, and schizophrenia. Although its exact mechanism remains unclear, ECT is thought to induce neurochemical and neuroendocrine changes. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have provided vital insights into ECT's neurobiological effects. This scoping review investigates the role of molecular imaging in understanding these effects. A systematic search across PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus databases yielded 857 unique records, from which 45 peer-reviewed articles in English with longitudinal PET or SPECT measures in ECT patients were included. The review identifies 2 main research directions: ECT's impact on brain activity and neurotransmitters. Initial research assessed regional cerebral blood flow and regional glucose metabolism during ictal (during ECT), postictal (within 24 hours), short-term (within a week), and long-term (beyond a week) follow-up as markers of brain activity. Initial findings showed an anterior-posterior regional cerebral blood flow gradient during the ictal phase, with subsequent normalization of hypoperfusion in frontal and parietal regions, and persistent long-term effects. Later, research shifted to the monoamine hypothesis of depression, examining ECT's impact on serotonin and dopamine systems via PET imaging. Results on receptor availability post-ECT were mixed, showing both reductions and no significant changes, indicating variable effects. This scoping review further highlights the need to explore new targets, tailor methodologies for patient populations, and foster multicenter studies. Although SPECT has been valuable, advances in PET imaging now make it preferable, offering unparalleled insights into ECT's molecular and neurobiological mechanisms.

Maarten Laroy

Koen Van Laere

Mathieu Vandenbulcke

Louise Emsell

Filip Bouckaert

Molecular Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging for Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms of Electroconvulsive Therapy

分子正电子发射断层扫描和单光子发射计算机断层扫描成像用于理解电休克治疗的神经生物学机制

Abstract Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective for treating depression, schizophrenia, and mania, cognitive adverse effects may limit use. One possible mechanism for these effects includes cholinergic transmission alterations, supporting potential use of cholinesterase inhibitors for prevention and treatment of these cognitive deficits. The objective of this review is to determine efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors clinically used for dementia in reducing ECT cognitive adverse effects. PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL were searched in August 2024 for randomized controlled trials using terms and keywords related to cholinesterase inhibitors ( acetylcholinesterase inhibitor , cholinesterase inhibitor , donepezil, galantamine , or rivastigmine ) and ECT ( electroconvulsive therapy , electroconvulsive , electroshock therapy , or ECT ). A total of 8 randomized controlled trials were reviewed with mean patient ages ranging from 28.6 to 59.33 years and most common diagnoses including depressive disorders, schizophrenia/psychosis, and bipolar disorder. Six of the 8 trials showed benefits of using cholinesterase inhibitors in patients undergoing ECT. Significant improvements were found in immediate memory after ECT and recovery of personal memory, repetition, alertness, orientation, and impersonal memory compared with placebo. Trials varied in cognitive assessment scales, length of therapy, dosing strategy, ECT schedule, and ECT type/parameters. Cholinesterase inhibitors may be effective for reducing cognitive adverse effects of ECT and appear safe and well tolerated. The most commonly studied medication was donepezil 5 mg daily started shortly before and continued throughout ECT. Additional studies are needed to clarify optimal dosing, titration, duration of therapy, and the role of treatment for older adults, preexisting cognitive impairment, and neurologic comorbidities.

Angela Dylewski

Amanda C. Holder

Jamie N. Brown

Use of Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Treatment and Prevention of Cognitive Adverse Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy

使用胆碱酯酶抑制剂治疗和预防电休克疗法的认知不良反应

Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical procedure for treating severe depression and other mental health disorders, with anesthesia management being crucial for patient safety. Despite extensive research on factors influencing seizure quality during ECT, the impact of pre-ECT anxiety remains insufficiently explored. Methods This prospective observational study aimed to investigate the influence of pre-ECT anxiety, as measured by the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale, on electroencephalogram ictal characteristics during ECT and to explore anesthesia-related factors that may enhance seizure quality. Results A total of 38 patients participated in 168 documented ECT sessions over a 2-month period. Data analysis revealed a significant association between higher levels of pre-ECT anxiety, lidocaine doses exceeding 0.36 mg/kg, and decreased seizure quality during ECT sessions. Conclusion These findings suggest an association between pre-ECT anxiety, lidocaine dosage, and decreased seizure quality during ECT. Further research, including interventional studies, is required to better understand the causal factors.

Kaissar Sassi

Etienne Bechet

Louise Martin

Manuel Pichon

Antoine Yrondi

Vincent Minville

Investigating Anxiety's Impact on Seizure Quality in Electroconvulsive Therapy

研究焦虑对电休克治疗中发作质量的影响

Introduction The practice of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) exhibits variability across various domains, both between regions, and between centers within the same region. The ECT Working Group of the Catalan Society of Psychiatry conducted a comprehensive survey in Catalonia, Spain, to assess the current status of those variables essential in the clinical practice of ECT. Materials and Methods The survey comprised 50 items, including various question types such as multiple-choice, numerical response, and open-ended questions. It was administered to the 20 public hospitals that currently provide ECT in Catalonia during the year 2022. Information was gathered on 4 main areas: Organization of the ECT Unit, Specific Technique of ECT Application, Strategies and Organization of the Therapeutic Plan, and Epidemiological Data, Training, and Healthcare Resource Management. Results Some notable findings include an application rate of 1.1 per 10,000 inhabitants, major depression diagnosis as the primary indication for ECT in 80% of the centers, and the ability to perform maintenance ECT in 100% of centers. Conclusions Following the survey and analysis, 3 main findings emerged: minimal variation in ECT application rates compared to the previous decade, increased complexity in current ECT practices with a focus on quality and patient safety, and identified areas for improvement in resource management and the necessity for a well-trained and stable multidisciplinary team.

Joaquín Gil-Badenes

Carlo Alemany

Maria Iglesias

Aida de Arriba

Quintí Foguet-Boreu

Rosa Hernández-Ribas

Maria Isabel Carrión

Oscar Alcoverro

Salvatore Aguilar Ortiz

Aurora Torrent

Adriana Bassa

Laura Ros

Dani Bergé

Anna Giménez-Palomo

Mikel Urretavizcaya

Erika Martinez-Amoros

Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Catalonia in 2022

2022年加泰罗尼亚电休克治疗的实践

Background Computational modeling is used to optimize transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) approaches, and the precision of these models is dependent on their anatomical accuracy. We are unaware of any computational modeling of tES that has included cranial sutures. Objectives The aims of the study were to review the literature on the timing of closure of the coronal and squamous sutures, which are situated under electrode placements used in tES; to review the literature regarding differences in skull and suture conductivity and to determine a more accurate conductivity for sutures; and to identify magnetic resonance image (MRI) techniques that could be used to detect cranial sutures. Methods A scoping review of medical literature was conducted. We conducted computational modeling of a cranial bone plug using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element software, utilizing methodology and results from a previous study. We assessed use of the “3D Slicer” software to identify sutures in routine T1-weighted MRI scans. Results Reports from forensic examinations and computed tomography (CT) scans showed suture closure does not correlate with age. Our computational modeling determined a cranial suture conductivity of 0.32 S/m, which is much higher than for skull (compact skull 0.004 S/m, standard trilayer 0.013 S/m). 3D slicer enabled rapid and precise identification of the anatomy and location of cranial sutures. Conclusions Cranial sutures persist throughout the lifespan and have a far higher conductivity than skull bone. Cranial sutures can be localized quickly and precisely using a combination of MRI and readily available modeling software. Sutures should be included in tES computational modeling and electroencephalography source imaging to improve the accuracy of results.

Alistair Carroll

Caroline D. Rae

Donel Martin

Socrates Dokos

Colleen Loo

The Effect of Cranial Sutures Should Be Considered in Transcranial Electrical Stimulation

颅缝效应在经颅电刺激中应予以考虑

Introduction Assessment of autobiographical memory following electroconvulsive therapy is lacking multilingual options. We therefore developed the Dutch translation of the Columbia University Autobiographical Memory Interview—Short Form (CUAMI-SF). We aimed to assess its practical use and identify segments for potential revision to improve the interview’s applicability. Methods The CUAMI-SF comprises 30 questions asking details about 6 segments (eg, last trip, last birthday) and 7 question categories (eg, dates, list of persons present). The interview was translated to Dutch using blind back-translation principles. We evaluated practicality and potential redundancy, through surveying a focus group and quantitative analyses of 60 participants, including depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy (n = 14) or deep brain stimulation (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 21). For the quantitative analyses, we compared the average percentage of nonanswered questions at baseline between groups. The average consistency scores after a follow-up of approximately 6 weeks were also calculated and compared for each segment between the groups. Results The focus group mostly found the CUAMI-SF easy to use and to score, but argued redundancy in specific questions asking for dates, numbers, and addresses. The largest differences in consistency scores between the groups were present for the segments “travel,” “birthdays,” “New Year’s Eve,” and “doctor’s visits,” indicating higher sensitivity compared with “family member” and “job.” Discussion The CUAMI-SF was found easy to use by administrators. The segments “family member” and “job” emerged as less sensitive. Therefore, removal might maintain sensitivity while reducing administration time, which could prove beneficial in clinical and research settings.

Chioma Nwatarali

Esmée Verwijk

Dominique Blokland

Isidoor O. Bergfeld

Translation and Critical Evaluation of the Columbia University Autobiographical Memory Interview—Short Form for use in the Dutch Language

哥伦比亚大学自传记忆访谈—短表的翻译与批判性评估：适用于荷兰语

Abbreviation	J ECT
Journal Impact	1.82
Quartiles(Global)	PSYCHIATRY(Q3)

ISSN	1095-0680, 1533-4112
h-index	68

Publication Information	Publisher: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Ltd.，Publishing cycle: Quarterly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1998，Proportion of original research papers: 85.37%，Self Citation Rate:16.70%， Gold OA Rate: 5.93%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：较慢,6-12周
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：较易

Journal of ECT

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults

Molecular Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging for Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms of Electroconvulsive Therapy

Use of Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Treatment and Prevention of Cognitive Adverse Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy

Investigating Anxiety's Impact on Seizure Quality in Electroconvulsive Therapy

Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Catalonia in 2022

Molecular Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging for Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms of Electroconvulsive Therapy

Use of Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Treatment and Prevention of Cognitive Adverse Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy

Investigating Anxiety's Impact on Seizure Quality in Electroconvulsive Therapy

The Effect of Cranial Sutures Should Be Considered in Transcranial Electrical Stimulation

Translation and Critical Evaluation of the Columbia University Autobiographical Memory Interview—Short Form for use in the Dutch Language