American Journal of Environmental Sciences

The Eco-physiological assessments of variable parameters known to be essential for proper plant growth and health were determined in cucumber plants exposed to short term treatments in 42 days using two broad classification types; Photo Fenton solution generating OH radicals and simulated acids. Solutions containing different classification of scavengers of OH radicals and mannitol were employed as Controls. Results indicated that the acid rain and photo Fenton solution both decreased the photosynthetic rate (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs), photochemical efficiency of PSII in the dark (Fv/Fm), SPAD chlorophyll and they imparted severe foliar injuries on cucumber leaves. The acids treatments have the highest negative impact followed by the photo Fenton Solution. The mechanisms of phytotoxicity of the two solutions may be through OH radical and other Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. The addition of mannitol, catechin hydrate and tea solutions to the acids and photo Fenton solution mixtures all mitigated the negative effects of the duo on the cucumber plants. Mannitol at dosage applied in the present study can be adjudged to be the best in the amelioration of the negative effects of the fumigants. Future plant protection from deleterious impacts of atmospheric and hydrospheric pollutants can employ mannitol as scavengers of ROS.

Fawzy Eissa

Sayuri Bandai

Nour El-Hoda Zidan

Ilemobayo Oguntimehin

Hiroshi Sakugawa

Comparative Effects and Phytotoxicity of Photo Fenton Solutions and Acid Rains on Cucumber (<i>Cucumis Sativus</i>) Plants: Treats and Console

光芬顿溶液与酸雨对黄瓜（<i>Cucumis Sativus</i>）植物的比较效应及植物毒性：治疗与安慰

The actual quantity of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stored in wetlands can only be estimated within a broad range of uncertainty. An accurate assessment of the size and distribution of the SOC storages in wetland resources is very difficult to obtain, therefore, the proposed research objective is to measure SOC storage and its pool on wetland soils of Arial beel in Bangladesh. Initial results of Arial beel soil profiles indicates SOC concentrations are high in surface soils ranges from 1.67 to 1.95% but its concentrations are decreasing with depth whereas SOC stock in kg C m-2 is increased with depth due to increse soil bulk density with depth. However, carbon in deeper layers may be more stable than that in surface soils due to difference in source, composition and environmental conditions. Soil organic C stored in the three different locations of wetlands soils to 1 m depth such as 16.47, 18.27 and 17.22 kg C m-2, respectively with an average of 17.32 kg C m-2. On the other hand, SOC stored in upland soils to 1m depth such as 11.24 kg C m-2, significantly less than the wetland soils, which indicates that wetland soils serve as a major source of SOC. However, this SOC act as a conditioner to enhance fertility status while combating with climatic extremes, not only that it is a vital component of soil with important effects on the functioning of terrestial ecosystems. For SOC pool, different extraction methods are used such as, highly labile fraction of SOC extracted with hot water (about 3-8% of toal SOC), water soluble fraction of SOC extracted with water (about 1% of total SOC), labile fraction is extracted using CaCl2 (about 1% of total SOC), moderately labile fraction extracted by pyrophosphate (about 4-10% of total SOC), polyaromatic SOC is extracted using toluene + methanol (trace amount of total SOC), microbial biomass C extracted by K2SO4 (about 2-5%) and the resistant fraction remaining after extraction. However, the SOC concentration is high in surface layer but with depth concentration decreases. In addition, soil bulk density and thickness values increase with depth, as a result deeper layers stored more carbon than surface layer in Arial beel soils. There is increasing evidence from the results that wetlands have an important and under-estimated role in carbon storage and its pool the regualation of greenhouse gas emission. Some types of wetlands play a particularly key role as C stores, these include forested wetlands and vegetated inter-tidal wetlands and hence, Sundarban mangrove forest and Tengarchar SOC stocks and pools measurement are an urgent issue for the Climate Change researchers and policy makers.

Md. Faruque Hossain

ASM Maksud Kamal

Monera Akhter Eva

S Mosaddeq Ahmed

Zakia Parveen

Soil Organic Carbon Pool and its Storage in Arial Beel Wetland Soils of Bangladesh

孟加拉国Arial Beel湿地土壤有机碳库及其储量

Human exposure to ionizing radiation from natural sources is an unending and unpreventable phenomenon on earth. Radiation profile and exposure risks for some major markets in Port Harcourt metropolis have been ascertained using radiation exposure rate meter (Radalert-100). The exposure rate measured at mile 3 market and its environs ranged from 0.001±0.0001 to 0.022±0.003 mRh-1 with mean value of 0.014±0.002 mRh-1 while that measured at mile 1 ranged from 0.011±0.001 to 0.018±0.003 mRh-1 with mean value of 0.014±0.002 mRh-1. The exposure rate measured at Rumu-Okoro market ranged from 0.010±0.0001 to 0.018±0.003 mRh-1. The exposure rates measured at the three markets are relatively equal but slightly higher than the recommended safe value of 0.013 mRh-1. The mean absorbed doses estimated from the exposure rates for Mile 3, Mile 1 and Rumu-Okoro are 119.2, 113.68 and 114.8 nGyh-1 respectively, while their mean equivalent doses are 1.15, 1.19 and 1.11 mSvy-1 respectively. The annual effective dose calculated gave mean values of 0.14, 0.16 and 0.168 mSvy-1. These values are lower than the stipulated safe value of 1.0 mSvy-1. The excess lifetime cancer risk estimated exceeded the recommended values in all the sampling points. From the radiation profile of the sampled markets, no immediate radiation risk is expected though there could be a long term effects on the sellers in those markets.

Chinyere Ononugbo

Uzochukwu Anekwe

Background Gamma Radiation in Nigerian Market Environment

尼日利亚市场环境中的背景伽马辐射

A study was conducted to measure the seasonal variation of different heavy metal contents in farm soils of Sreepur Upazila of Gazipur district and to assess their pollution level. Industrial affected and non-affected soil samples were collected from 5 locations in three seasons viz. pre-monsoon (April), monsoon (August), and dry season (January), thus a total of 30 soil samples were analyzed for this study. Concentrations of different heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) in soil samples were determined by an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean total concentration of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn in industrial affected soils were trace, 12.05, 101.10, 51.32, 20.79 and 55.40 mg kg-1, respectively in the pre-monsoon, trace, 28.54, 40.96, 22.70, 2.46 and 7.72 mg kg-1, respectively in the monsoon and 0.27, 10.49, 39.45, 20.69, 1.85 and 4.11 mg kg-1, respectively in the dry season. All heavy metal concentrations in industrial affected soil samples were higher than the corresponding non-affected sites. The study results revealed that Cd contents in the dry season and Pb contents in the monsoon season for industrial affected soils were higher compared to the average earth's crust abundance value. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values for Pb of industrial affected soils ranged from 0.30-0.85 in the monsoon that means Igeo class 1, indicating unpolluted/moderately polluted soil quality. Furthermore, the calculated Igeo value for one industrial affected location revealed moderate soil pollution by Cr in the pre-monsoon season and unpolluted/moderately polluted soil quality by Ni and Cd in the pre-monsoon and the dry season, respectively. The measured pollution load index (PLI) values were also higher in all industrially polluted sites than corresponding non-polluted sites in three seasons, which indicates pollution load due to anthropogenic sources.

Md. Billal Hossain

Md. Nurul Islam

Mohammad Shamsul Alam

Md. Zakir Hossen

Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Farm Soils of Sreepur Industrial Area of Gazipur, Bangladesh: Pollution Level Assessment

孟加拉国加济布尔Sreepur工业区农田土壤重金属浓度的季节性变化：污染水平评估

The study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in landfill soils. The soils samples were collected in some selected landfill, at Ouagadougou. Determinations of heavy metal concentrations, calculation of contamination factor and pollution load index of heavy metal in landfill soil were undertaken. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb) in the soils samples. The results showed that the average concentrations of chromium, lead and zinc determined in soils exceed the limits recommended by AFNOR NF U 44-04 and the recommended values proposed by CCME. This study showed that the soils from landfill sites were polluted by heavy metal.

Bambara Telado Luc

Doumounia Ali

Kohio Ni�ssan

Ouedraogo Soumaila

Francois Zougmor�

Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Controlled and Uncontrolled Landfill Soil, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

布基纳法索瓦加杜古受控与非受控垃圾填埋场土壤重金属污染评估

Youssef Ismail Hafez

Transverse Bed-Slope, Lateral Bed-Load Rate and Bed-Load Deviation Angle in Meandering Alluvial Streams

弯曲冲积河流中的横向床面坡度、侧向推移质输沙率和推移质偏离角

Paracetamol (4′-hydroxyacetanilide or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol or Acetaminophen) is an analgesic and antipyretic over-the-counter commonly used drug. Paracetamol has been detected in, surface waters, wastewater, and drinking water globally because of its significant utilization and unregulated release into the surroundings which have been a great concern and require an urgent approach. Microbial degradation of paracetamol is considered a desirable choice because of its lenient reaction conditions, low-cost operation, and eco-friendly process. This review focuses on summarizing the current processes for the biodegradation of paracetamol. The review includes characteristics and prevalent pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater, toxicity, degrading microorganisms, enzymes, and possible intermediates. Factors affecting the microbial degradation process of paracetamol such as growth pH, microbial cell concentration, temperature, and glucose have also been reported. The wide knowledge of biotransformation sequence and enzymatic processes engaged in the usage of paracetamol will help enable the optimization and simple design of microbial degradation techniques, which are expected to be more efficient in the treatment of paracetamol-contaminated wastewater.

Yahya Seun Yisau

Naeif Hamoud Al-Makishah

Mohamed Abou El-Fetouh Barakat

Microbial Degradation of Paracetamol in Pharmaceutical Wastewater: A Review

制药废水中对乙酰氨基酚的微生物降解：综述

This study presents a novel approach for characterizing the mechanics of flow in mildly meandering open channels, specifically focusing on the development of a new vertical distribution equation for transverse velocity. Unlike existing equations in the literature that rely on complex logarithmic or integral forms or infinite series forms, which are impractical for hydraulic engineers, the proposed equation employs ordinary power functions. This new formulation offers several advantages, including the consideration of previously neglected lateral forces resulting from wind and ship movement. Comparisons with available existing equations indicate a good agreement, highlighting the accuracy, sensitivity to roughness, and applicability of the developed transverse velocity equation. Notably, the analysis reveals that wind velocities can significantly increase transverse surface and bed velocities, emphasizing the importance of considering such factors in flow characterization. Moreover, the present approach yields higher transverse surface and bed velocities compared to a well-known existing equation. The equation for transverse velocity relies on two key assumptions. Firstly, it assumes a constant turbulent viscosity throughout the flow. Secondly, it relies on the condition that the topographic steering number is less than one, allowing for the approximation of mild curvature and meandering conditions. In addition, the developed transverse velocity equation is the only equation that offers derivation for an expression for the transverse boundary shear stress. This expression accounts for the effects of the centripetal force and the transverse pressure force, providing a comprehensive understanding of the flow dynamics in meandering channels. The study further presents distinct expressions for the deviation angles of the flow velocity and the bed shear stress, enhancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms governing flow behavior in meandering channels.

Transverse Velocity, Transverse Boundary Shear Stress and Flow Deviation in Meandering Open Channels

弯曲明渠中的横向流速、横向边界剪切应力和流偏角

Biological pest control, often known as biological pest control or biocontrol, is a sustainable and ecologically friendly method of pest management in agriculture. It entails using living organisms including predators, parasitoids and diseases to control pest populations and reduce agricultural loss. In this research study, the researcher used certain natural enemies (ladybirds, lacewings and trichogramma evanescens) to test their effects on protecting tomato and cucumber crops in greenhouses from harmful pests in the Sultanate of Oman. The results revealed that Green lacewing and Ladybirds played significant roles in eliminating whiteflies in both tomato and cucumber crops by effectively controlling their populations

Samia Juma AL-Naabi

Using Natural Enemies to Control Greenhouse Pests

利用天敌控制温室害虫

Visible derivative spectroscopy was used to interpret the sediment and phytoplankton assemblages within the old woman creek natural estuarine reserve during the summers of 2016 and 2017. A Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis (VPCA) of reflectance data collected from four sampling sites in 2016 identified three Varimax-rotated Principal Components (VPCs): Diatom + Illite (2016-VPC 1), Dinoflagellate Algae + Cyanobacteria + Cryptophytes (2016-VPC 2) and Cyanobacteria + Illite + Dinoflagellate Algae (2016-VPC 3). Four leading components were identified from the VPCA of 2017 data collected from six sampling sites. These include a diatom + green algae + cyanobacteria (2017-VPC 1), suspended clay (2017-VPC 2) and two dinoflagellate algae communities, each of which was associated with sediments and cyanobacteria (2017-VPC 3 and 4). Significant correlations between chlorophyll-a versus 2017-VPC 1 and 2017-VPC 2 versus total suspended solids confirm these PCs' applicability as proxies for algal abundance and suspended material/sediments, respectively. During the wet 2017 sampling period, when the mouth bar controlling the flow from the estuary to Lake Erie was open; diatom, cyanobacteria and green algae abundance in the estuary declined immediately after rainfall and increased within two to three days as the estuary recolonized with phytoplankton transported from upstream. The inflow of storm water increased the concentration of insoluble clay minerals within the estuary but declined within two to three days. Suspended sediments were transported into the lake through the estuary when the mouth bar was open. As the mouth bar progressively narrowed towards the end of the 2017 sampling period, the amount of algae and suspended material transported into the lake declined and was more concentrated in the upstream sampling sites. Observed temporal and spatial variation of sediments demonstrates the significance of the estuary environments as natural sediment retention structures.

Lorita Nivanthi Mihindukulasooriya

Brenna Shae Mabry

Madison Slocum

Joseph Daniel Ortiz

Visible Derivative Spectroscopic Monitoring of the Old Woman Creek National Estuary During a Historically Dry Year and a Wet Year

历史干旱年和湿润年老妇河国家河口的可视导数光谱监测

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Comparative Effects and Phytotoxicity of Photo Fenton Solutions and Acid Rains on Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) Plants: Treats and Console