American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Sterculia tragacantha leaves for years have been used by traditional healers in eastern Nigeria in the treatment of arthritis, edema, gout, whitlow and cold. The aim of this study was to evaluate the folkloric claims of Sterculia tragacantha leaf extract in relieving arthritic conditions. The effects of Sterculia Tragacantha methanol leaf Extract (STEX) on formaldehyde and adjuvant-induced arthritis were studied in rats. Paw thickness, White Blood Cell Count (WBC) count, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin Concentration (HB), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), lipid peroxidation, Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase activity were studied post induction of arthritis. In both formaldehyde and adjuvant-induced arthritis studies, mean paw thickness in animals given 300 mg kg-1 STEX was significantly (p<0.05) lower on days 7 and 14 compared to that of normal saline group. Mean WBC of 100 and 300 mg kg-1v STEX groups were significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of normal saline group. Mean ESR of normal saline and 100 mg kg-1 STEX groups were significantly (p<0.05) faster than ESR of 300 mg kg-1 group. Mean MDA level of 300 mg kg-1 STEX group was similar to that of non-arthritic group while mean SOD levels of 300 and 100 mg kg-1 STEX groups were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of normal saline group. Mean catalase level of 100 and 300 mg kg-1 STEX groups were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to that of normal saline group. These results show that STEX exhibited potent anti-arthritic activity.

Udegbunam Rita Ijeoma

Nwaehujor Chinaka Onyebuchi

Udegbunam Sunday Ositadimma

EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-ARTHRITIC EFFECT OF &lt;I&gt;STERCULIA TRAGACANTHA&lt;/I&gt; (LINDL.) LEAF EXTRACT IN RATS

评估<I>苹婆</I>（林德尔）叶提取物在大鼠中的抗关节炎作用

This study was designed to investigate the antibacterial activities of alcohol extracts of Phoenix dactylifera (date palm 'type Ajwa'), Nigella sativa (black cumin), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom), Tinospora crispa (Akar patawali) and Panax ginseng (ginseng). The plant extracts were prepared with methanol and assayed for antibacterial activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and S. aureus. Extracts of N. sativa, E. cardamomum and P. ginseng produced maximum inhibition activities in the MRSA strain ATCC 33591, while T. crispa had the greatest activity in the strain ATCC 25923. The P. dactylifera extract had no effect on the tested bacteria. The growth inhibition was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations. An in vivo experiment using the T. crispa ethanol extract in adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats (4 g kg-1 dose) showed low toxicity based on the LD50 value.

Awatif Al-Judaibi

Ashwag Al-Zahrani

Khadijah A. Altammar

Salmah Binti Ismail

Nadia T. Darweesh

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT EX-TRACTS FROM SEVERAL REGIONS OF ASIA

亚洲多个地区植物提取物抗菌活性的比较研究

The gastrointestinal and antibacterial properties of dichloromethane: Methanol extract (DVE) and fractions (DVHF, DVDF and DVMF) from Desmodium velutinum Willd. DC. (Fabaceae) leaves were investigated. The extract and fractions significantly (p<0.05) reduced normal defecation in rats (33-100%) and significantly (p<0.05-0.001) protected rats against castor oil- induced diarrhea (40-100%). They significantly (p<0.05) prolonged the intestinal transit time of charcoal meal in mice and inhibited the spontaneous contractions of the isolated rabbit jejunum and acetylcholine- and histamine-induced contractions of the guinea pig ileum. They potently protected against ethanol and mildly against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers. Only DVE inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi with MICs of 37.15, 39.81, 100 and 100 mg mL-1 respectively. Acute toxicity test on DVE established an oral LD50>5g kg-1 in mice. Results demonstrated that D. velutinum leaf possesses gastrointestinal antimotility and antispasmodic effects and mild antibacterial and gastroprotective activities.

A. C. Ezike

P. A. Akah

C. O. Okoli

I. K. Ufere

E. Ezeudu

C. F. Okoye

C. Ashara

I. N. Igbokwe

STUDIES ON GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS OF &lt;i&gt;DESMODIUM VELUTINUM&lt;/i&gt;: A TRADITIONAL REMEDY FOR DIARRHEA

关于<i>Desmodium velutinum</i>对胃肠作用的研究：一种治疗腹泻的传统药物

Scientists, health care professionals and the general public have all raised concerns about the potential health impact natural and manmade sources bioaerosols. In response in september 2012 the Natural Environmental Research Council and public health England jointly funded a workshop to review the &apos;sources, quantification and health implications of bioaerosols&apos;. The organising committee for the workshop identified five priority areas-(1) bioaerosol identification and quantification methodology, (2) bioaerosol sources, (3) health effects of bioaerosols, (4) extreme events, risk assessment and mediation and (5) bioaerosol dispersion and modelling. The primary purpose was to bring together experts to report on recent research and identify research gaps where increased knowledge would improve risk understanding and public health. This report summarises the presentations, the main discussion points and key conclusions that emerged during the workshop.

Karen Exley

Sarah Robertson

Francis D. Pope

Roy M. Harrison

Timothy W. Gant

WORKSHOP ON THE SOURCES, QUANTIFICATION AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF BIOAEROSOLS WORKSHOP REPORT

生物气溶胶的来源、定量及健康影响研讨会报告

The discovery of antibiotics, being the wonderful amiable pillars of chemotherapy, was a revolutionized turning point in human history. With the discovery of antibiotic drug Penicillin in 1928, Sir Alexander Flemming explored the role of microbial products in counteracting the pathogenic effects of microorganisms. Before 1940, antibiotics were magical drugs used as growth promoters, during the processing, storage and transportation of food products to check secondary contaminations and for the treatment of various bacterial ailments (Byarugaba, 2004). However, very frequent, inappropriate and irrational use of antibiotics against various microorganisms had a continuous survival pressure as a warning to their life and this pressure forced them to express various resistance genes in equilibrium with environment to support the rise of antibiotic resistance to counteract antimicrobial approaches and to develop antibiotic resistance, indeed (Soulsby, 2005; Zhang et al., 2006).

Ruchi Tiwari

Kuldeep Dhama

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A FRIGHTENING HEALTH DILEMMA

抗生素耐药性：一个令人恐惧的健康困境

Endocrine disruptor pollution and its effects on the human reproductive system have garnered significant interest. Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) is a reproductive toxin and environmental endocrine disruptor. Due to their widespread use in consumer goods and flexible plastics, phthalate diesters are now common environmental pollutants. One of the many industrial and consumer products that contain environmental endocrine disruptors is DEHP. Examples of these products include toys, medical supplies, cleaning products, cosmetics, interior design, and décor materials. Since DEHP reaches the human body in large concentrations and can have an enhanced effect through biological concentration, it has gained widespread attention. In addition to changing the molecular, endocrinological, cytological, and biochemical elements of female reproduction, it also affects the structural and functional features, leading to irregularities in the ovarian cycle and infertility. The literature search was done through Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline. Up until now, studies on the reproductive toxicity of DEHP exposure in adult females have been conducted. It can result in illnesses including uterine hemorrhage, sexual precocity, and infertility, which worries academics and the general public. Moreover, research on animals indicates that exposure to phthalates may alter the levels of circulating hormones, which could have a negative impact on reproductive physiology and the growth of target tissues that are susceptible to estrogen. As a result, we carried out a thorough analysis of the experimental animal and epidemiological literature to determine the connection between phthalate exposure and unfavorable results for the reproductive health of women. The epidemiological literature does not provide evidence for a conclusion that exposure to phthalates has a negative impact because it is lacking for the majority of outcomes examined, has small sample sizes, and has methodological flaws. We have come to the conclusion that there is enough data to imply that phthalates are reproductive toxicants, notwithstanding the dearth of experimental animal investigations for numerous phthalates. We do point out that the quantities required to cause harmful health consequences are higher than those seen in recent human biomonitoring studies. We suggest that additional research is necessary because of the patchwork of existing studies, the possibility of additive effects, and the indication of negative consequences of phthalate exposure in later generations at lower concentrations than in the parent generation.

Venkataramanaiah Poli

Srinivasulu Reddy Motireddy

The Impact of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) in Focus on the Reproductive System and Toxicity in Rat or Mammalian Model

二（2-乙基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（DEHP）对大鼠或哺乳动物模型生殖系统和毒性的影响研究

Deleterious effects on mitochondria are known to be frequently caused by prescription drugs, however, there is no standard and specific testing by pharmaceutical companies on these effects on mitochondria during drug development. The objective of this study is to determine if cases of optic neuropathy are related to drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity in a way that could be used to predict patient harm. To determine this, all cases of optic neuropathy within a fifty-eight-month timeframe were reviewed in the food and drug administration adverse effect reporting system. The drugs listed as the suspected causes of optic neuropathy in each case were analyzed for frequency of occurrence and frequently occurring drugs were evaluated for documented mechanisms of mitochondrial toxicity. The odds of occurrence of drugs with and without mitochondrial toxicity implemented in these cases were compared with all other adverse drug events excluding optic neuropathy. Our findings indicate that mitochondrial toxicity plays a major role in drug-induced optic neuropathy. We found that the drugs with known mitochondrial toxicity had a 1.47 (95% CI 1.30-1.67, p&lt;0.0001) times higher risk of causing optic neuropathy compared to drugs associated with non-mitochondrial mechanisms of toxicity. Therefore, optic neuropathy is a significantly correlated adverse event of drugs with mitochondrially toxic properties. Although most of these properties are known, there were still 691 cases of optic neuropathy reported in less than a five-year period, which could have potentially been avoided using effective postmarket research and warnings. Implementing standard mitochondrial toxicity analyses during drug development will help identify drugs with the potential to cause optic neuropathy or other potential harm. Furthermore, several drugs were identified without known mitochondrially toxic mechanisms but possessed significant rates of optic neuropathy suggesting that a mechanism may exist and some of them have been proven mitochondrially toxic in other species.

Connor Dyer

Katlyn Droke

Ugne Zekonyte

Mariana Rosca

Optic Neuropathy: Characteristic Pathology for Identifying Drugs with Potential to Cause Mitochondrial Toxicity

视神经病变：识别具有潜在线粒体毒性药物的特征病理

COVID-19 infection has a similar clinical spectrum of disease presentation such as SARS and MERS in the past. These led to the assumption of the possibility to treat COVID-19 infection with antivirals which had been used to treat SARS and MERS. A retrospective analysis was done in symptomatic adult patients of COVID-19 infection to explore whether ribavirin antiviral combinations reduce the need for both Noninvasive and Invasive Ventilation (NIV/IV) in the treatment of COVID-19 infections. Cohort A consisted of 40 patients who received the standard therapy and Cohort B of 61 patients who received the ribavirin plus therapy (Ribavirin with Hydroxychloroquine or Lopinavir/Ritonavir). Cohort A required NIV and IV each in 12.5% of patients while Cohort B required the same in 18.03 and 16.39% of patients respectively (p = 0.456). There was a similar trend of reduction of organ dysfunctions with time in cohort A compared to B. The study concluded there was no statistically significant reduction in the need for ventilation (non-invasive/invasive) and the development of multi-organ dysfunction in COVID-19 patients treated with ribavirin plus therapy, rather clinically standard therapy was better in all aspects.

Budha Oinam Singh

Gaurav Chikara

Prasan Kumar Panda

Yogesh Arvind Bahurupi

Sarama Saha

Venkatesh Srinivasa Pai

Ribavirin Plus Therapy in Covid-19-A Single-Center Experience

利巴韦林联合治疗在新冠肺炎中的应用——一项单中心经验

Thesimultaneous prescription of multiple drugs used in therapeutic schemes canresult in drug interactions, with desirable or undesirable effects. Thus, theobjective of this study was to describe the mechanisms involved in clinicallyrelevant drug interactions. This is a narrative review in which studiespublished in PUBMED and the VHL were searched in the following databases:MedLine, Lilacs, and Scielo. The search was performed in May 2021, afterreading the articles and their references. Theresults showed that drug interactions occur through the co-administrationof different compounds. In this context, drugs can suffer pharmaceuticalinteractions due to different physical-chemical processes, as well as afteradministration, interfering in the mechanisms of absorption, distribution,metabolism, and elimination of pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, withchanges in the pharmacological effect. Such mechanisms can cause undesirableoutcomes, such as increased toxicity or impairment of therapeutic effect, or beused as a strategy for beneficial interactions to increase the pharmacologicaleffect or reduce toxicity. Given the clinical impacts that may occur due todrug interactions, knowledge about the different mechanisms involved in druginteractions is essential.

Lívia Maria Barbosa Neves

Louryanne de Castro Silva

Mônica Thalia Brito de Melo

Yasmin Vitória Silva Nobre

Emanuel Tenório Paulino

Êurica Adélia Nogueira Ribeiro

Célio Fernando de Sousa Rodrigues

Amanda Karine Barros Ferreira Rodrigues

Drug Interactions Pharmacology: A Narrative Review

药物相互作用药理学：叙述性综述

Coronavirus disease is a highly contagious infection that is majorly associated with upper respiratory tract illnesses. The World Health Organization (WHO) label the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 after an epidemic of the disease in Wuhan, Hubei province (China). Over 90 clinical trials, including drug repositioning, have been initiated to get COVID-19 treatment/management. Antibiotic resistance, drug tolerance, mutation, and adverse drug effects possess a lot of setbacks during therapy, especially with emerging infectious diseases. This necessitates the need for research into getting newer drugs or repositioning the available ones to meet up with the treatment of both infectious and non-infectious diseases affecting humanity. Drug repositioning is a stepwise process that aids in discovering new indications and therapeutic targets of drugs and it usually takes 3-12 years on average to be completed whereas, in drug discovery, an average of 10-17 years is needed for the whole process. This is because, in repositioning, the research process goes straight to preclinical and clinical trials since both the toxicological and pharmacological profiles of the drug to be repositioned are known, thus reducing time, risk, and costs. Based on 2009 statistics, 30% of all drugs sold in that year are products of repositioning while only one out of one million potential drug candidates have the possibility of entry into clinical studies with a tendency of significant failures. Hence the need to discover additional uses for already established drugs, especially with the emergence of COVID-19. Drug repositioning is therefore considered an alternative way to new drug development as it entails the discovery of newer therapeutic uses of established drugs.

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EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-ARTHRITIC EFFECT OF <I>STERCULIA TRAGACANTHA</I> (LINDL.) LEAF EXTRACT IN RATS