Palawan Scientist

This study investigated the physical and chemical properties of the waters of Süphan and Hıdırmenteş Lakes in Van province, Eastern Turkey. Water samples were collected between November 2022 and August 2023 covering three seasons: autumn, spring, and summer. A total of 38 parameters from each lake were analyzed. The average parameter values were evaluated according to water quality classes. For Hıdırmenteş Lake, the average water temperature was 12.74°C, salinity was 0.40 mg L-1, electrical conductivity (EC) was 785.12 μS/cm, suspended solids (SS) was 181.01 mg L-1, turbidity was 152.33 NTU, pH was 8.17, dissolved oxygen (DO) was 8.14 mg L-1, nitrite (NO2–) was 0.01 mg L-1, nitrate (NO3–) was 6.23 mg L-1, ammonia (NH3) was 0.57 mg L-1, ammonium (NH4) was 0.60 mg L-1, phosphate (PO4-3) was 1.22 mg L-1, phosphorus (P) was 0.41 mg L-1, and iron (Fe+2) was 2.877 mg L-1. For Süphan Lake, the average water temperature was 14.57°C, salinity was 0.23 mg L-1, EC was 453.13 μS/cm, SS was 156.00 mg L-1, turbidity was 125.33 NTU, pH was 8.35, DO was 8.19 mg L-1, NO2- was 0.12 mg L-1, NO3– was 8.03 mg L-1, NH3 was 0.96 mg L-1, NH4 was 1.01 mg L-1, PO4-3 was 0.03 mg L-1, P was 0.01 mg L-1, and Fe+2 was 0.377 mg L-1. The water parameters, except for suspended solids, were suitable for agricultural use. According to the Regulation on the Protection and Improvement of waters where trout and carp fish species live, the phosphate, ammonia, and SS in Hıdırmenteş Lake, and the ammonia, SS, and nitrite in Süphan Lake, were not suitable for trout and carp production. To prevent water waste, modern irrigation systems should be used instead of traditional flood irrigation methods. Additionally, farmers should be educated about this issue and encouraged to adopt modern irrigation techniques.

Muhammet Demir

The Palawan scientist

Determination of water quality characteristics of Süphan and Hıdırmenteş Lakes (Van-Eastern Türkiye)

苏潘湖和希迪尔门特什湖水质特征的测定（凡城-土耳其东部）

Cooperatives were created to foster productivity, food security, and safety. However, the literature revealed a significant number of non-operating cooperatives. It can also be noted that cooperatives have weaknesses in terms of sustainability and are unable to account for the role of intangible resources in the organization. Thus, this study investigated the effect of social capital, human capital, structural capital, and spiritual capital on cooperative performance as the basis for the strategic priorities of the cooperatives. Survey questionnaires were distributed among 201 randomly selected officers and members of six farmers’ and producers’ cooperatives in District I, Davao Oriental. Multiple regression analysis was utilized to determine the most influencing factors that affect performance, while path analysis was employed to generate the best fit model. Based on the findings, this study proposed a best fit model for cooperative performance which is based on intangible assets. In the best fit model, structural capital (0.37), social capital (0.29), and spiritual capital (0.11) showed a direct effect on cooperative performance. The model also showed that structural capital and social capital have an indirect effect on cooperative performance through spiritual capital. The findings of this paper would guide the cooperative sector to improve its performance by taking into account the role of intangible assets like structural capital, social capital, human capital, and spiritual capital, which are found to have direct and indirect effects in improving cooperative performance, thus helping the government in realizing its national economic goals.

JR Mantog

Annie Deriada

Social capital, structural capital, human capital, spiritual capital, and cooperative performance: A path model

社会资本、结构资本、人力资本、精神资本与合作绩效：一个路径模型

This study aimed to investigate the larval ontogeny of rosy barb Pethia conchonius (Hamilton 1822). Embryonic and larval development stages were studied using the microscopy technique. Trials were carried out on 60 broodstock of rosy barb. Round and transparent fertilized eggs with a diameter of 867.6 ± 21.7 μm have started to hatch approximately 27 h after spawning at 26.3°C. The newly hatched larvae (n:30) have a mean total length of 4227 ± 265 μm and started exogenous feeding 4 days after hatching (DAH) and started taking particulate and powder feed at the end of 18 DAH. The early development growth formula of rosy barb has an exponential relationship model of y = 3.8346e0.0313x (R2 = 0.9112, n = 140). Digestive tract differentiation, hepatopancreas, digestive tubes, and gill arches formations were examined by taking histological sections in the early life stages of the rosy barb. Rosy barb is a species whose production protocol is not difficult due to its short egg hatching period and early larval stage zooplankton feeding period.

Ahmet Sepil

Burcu Ergoz Azizoglu

Zehra Alkan Çekiç

Ahmet Regaib Oguz

Embryogenesis and early larval development in rosy barb (Pethia conchonius, Hamilton 1822)

玫瑰鲃（Pethia conchonius，Hamilton 1822）的胚胎发生与早期幼体发育

Frank Paolo Jay Albarico

Predatory journals, high-quality science, research ethics, artificial intelligence: how confusing could digital academic publishing be?

掠夺性期刊、高质量科学、研究伦理、人工智能：数字学术出版能有多混乱？

A review of the state of the marine ecosystem and fisheries of Malampaya Sound, Palawan was undertaken. A total of 30 papers relevant to the topic were selected and reviewed. The results showed that the rich and diverse coastal waters of Malampaya Sound harbor 8 species of seagrasses, 9 species of mangroves, 262 species of fish, and various species of corals and macroinvertebrates including the rare giant clams Tridacna spp. The Sound plays a vital role in the local economy because the local community uses it for subsistence fishing and as a source of livelihood. It is so productive that it was termed the “fishbowl of the country” because it provides a substantial contribution to the country’s fishery sector and economy. However, degradation continuously threatens it, most of which are interrelated anthropogenic issues. The declining environmental condition of the area prompted the government to close it for commercial fishing in the 1970s. Several conservation measures have been undertaken since then to preserve its remaining resources, including its declaration as a protected landscape and seascape in 2000. Despite this, if not for a slight improvement, the condition has worsened. So far, only the mangrove ecosystem has dramatically improved. Seagrass and coral reefs are still in poor to fair condition. A collective effort by the community and government agencies, with the support of the academe and non-government organizations, coupled with strict enforcement of existing laws, income diversification for the locals, monitoring of environmental parameters, and implementation of sustainable fishing practices, is necessary to achieve sustainable use of the area.

Jesusito Vicente

The ecological status and fisheries of Malampaya Sound, northwestern Palawan, Philippines

菲律宾巴拉望西北部马拉帕亚湾的生态状况与渔业

Sandfish (Holothuria scabra Jaeger, 1833) is one of the most valuable sea cucumbers in local and international markets. Although listed as an endangered species, it is among the regularly harvested marine resources in Palawan, Philippines. To continue the trade of sandfish without harvesting from the wild, this study initially ventured into producing seed stocks. However, broodstocks were scarce, only sub-adults were available, and they needed to grow into broodstocks. This study evaluated the survival and growth performance of sub-adult sandfish when fed with soya bean powder (Treatment 1/T1), rice bran (Treatment 2/T2), and powdered seagrass leaves (Treatment 3/T3). Each treatment and control (no supplemental feeding) had three replicates with three sandfish having 59.55 ± 10.24 g mean weight and 9.74 ± 0.98 cm mean length. The samples were cultured in aerated plastic tanks (63.5 cm × 45.72 cm × 35.56 cm) with a 10 cm layer of sandy-muddy sediment filled with 40 L seawater, which was changed twice a day. Results showed 100% survival in T3 and control, 66% in T1, and 0% in T2. The mean weight and length were stable in the first two weeks of culture in all treatments and control, but the latter declined during the 3rd and 4th weeks of culture (P &lt; 0.05). Such was attributed to the drop in salinity during the 3rd week. Nevertheless, seagrass powder and soya beans appeared to help maintain the growth and tolerance to stress of sub-adult sandfish while unprocessed rice bran was detrimental to the health of sub-adult sandfish and caused mortality before the end of the culture period.

Alexis Sumbe

Jean Beth Jontila

Precious Sevida

Lorelie Bongabong

Ronalyn Ramirez

Lota Creencia

Survival and growth performance of sub-adult sandfish Holothuria scabra (Jaeger, 1833) in tanks with different supplemental feeds

不同补充饲料下幼年糙海参（Holothuria scabra）在池塘中的存活与生长性能

The study aimed to find the best-fit structural model to describe the mathematics performance of freshmen secondary education students majoring in mathematics concerning psychological, physiological, and psychosocial factors. Psychological factors were measured in terms of self-efficacy and attitudes toward mathematics, while physiological factors were assessed about nutritional status, and wellness and well-being. Psychosocial factors were measured in terms of math anxiety and math interest. A questionnaire was administered to 312 randomly selected mathematics teacher education students who have experienced struggles in their board examination performance. These students came from various higher education institutions in the Davao and the SOCCSKSARGEN (South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani and General Santos City) regions. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were established through factor analysis and an internal reliability test, respectively. The findings indicate that students exhibit strong performance in mathematics, possess moderate levels of psychological and psychosocial competencies, and maintain relatively healthy physiological statuses. Additionally, the results reveal a structural model depicting students’ mathematics performance with psychological, physiological, and psychosocial factors, which can explain 78% of the data considered in the study. Higher educational institutions may enhance support for students’ psychological and psychosocial skills and integrate health and wellness programs to boost their physiological status, given its impact on academic performance. Further research is encouraged to explore additional factors affecting academic success, aiming to develop a more comprehensive understanding of influences on students’ performance.

Bryan Susada

A structural model of college students’ mathematics performance: the role of psychological, physiological, and psychosocial factors

大学生数学成绩的结构模型：心理、生理和心理社会因素的作用

The Philippines, which is located in the western Pacific region experiences frequent and destructive disasters. Evacuation is one of the measures to reduce the impacts of disasters. Understanding evacuation behavior and incorporating this into a comprehensive evacuation plan is still needed. This study aimed to understand the evacuation behavior of households from the area at high risk of the impacts of a volcanic eruption. The type of evacuation decision, mode, and accommodation type choice behavior were assessed, and models were developed for each of these evacuation-related behaviors. Discrete choice models were used to identify significant factors to evacuation behavior using actual evacuation data collected from households in Barangay Leynes, Talisay, Batangas, Philippines. Results showed that the calculated pseudo-R2 for the three evacuation-related models were in the range of 0.10-0.33, indicating an acceptable level of data fit in respective models. Additionally, the calculated area under the curve (AUC) for the three models range from 0.72 to 0.85 which means that the models’ level of discrimination was acceptable. Also, results of the internal validation calculated likelihood ratio (LR) were 0.83, 0.85 and 0.75, for the type of evacuation decision, mode, and accommodation type choice, respectively. These LR values are less than the critical values, indicating that model validity was established. In terms of significant factors, results showed that evacuation behavior was affected either positively or negatively by some sociodemographic and other variables such as number of household members, source of evacuation warning and vehicle ownership. The significant factors found in this study can be used in developing strategies for future evacuation operations.

Ma. Bernadeth Lim

Joy Mae Anabo

Evacuation behavior of 2020 Taal volcano eruption-affected households in Barangay Leynes, Talisay, Batangas, Philippines

2020年塔尔火山喷发受影响家庭在菲律宾八打雁省塔利赛市莱恩斯村的疏散行为

The Area Specific Action Plan (ASAP) for community-based MPAs serves as an outline of the framework for the purpose, design, and implementation of MPAs. The funding from the US Department of the Interior (USDOI) through Tanggol Kalikasan (TK) was used for the planning, training, and implementation of the Area-Specific Action Plan (ASAP) through Tanggol Kalikasan (TK). Two barangays from the Municipality of Cagayancillo were chosen as beneficiaries of the funding. This study aimed to assess the level of implementation of the ASAP on coastal resource management (CRM) and law enforcement in the community-managed MPAs in Cagayancillo Island, Palawan, through a comparison of the results of the perception survey interviews of the respondents from the control sites and funded sites. Four marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Cagayancillo region were selected as study areas: the MPAs in Barangays (Bgy.) Sta. Cruz (C1) and Nusa (C2) which did not receive additional funding from TK served as control sites; while Bgy. Mampio (F1) and Bgy. Talaga (F2) which received funding from TK, served as the funded site. The results showed that all CRM indicators were fully implemented (4.0) in C1, C2, and F2. The F1, on the other hand, had moderate implementation (2.0) of conducting seminar-workshops on MPA and poor implementation (1.0) of posting tarpaulin, signage, and other infographics. In terms of law enforcement, I1 had significantly moderate implementation (2.0) compared to other barangays. The implementation of ASAP in F1 was badly affected by Typhoon Odette in December 2021. Taking all factors into consideration, personal interview results revealed that the key to the effective implementation of MPAs’ CRM and law enforcement activities significantly depends on the leaders of a barangay. Well-established leadership can efficiently and responsibly implement projects within their areas.

Cecilia Malolos

Michael Angelo Maga-ao

Abraham Cea

Sagrado Magallanes

Jennifier Diamante

Reagan Venturillo

Maria Mojena Gonzales-Plasus

Benjamin Gonzales

Implementation of Area-Specific Action Plans (ASAP) for community-based MPAs in Cagayancillo, Palawan, Philippines: funded versus not funded

菲律宾巴拉望省卡加延西洛地区基于社区的海洋保护区特定区域行动计划（ASAP）的实施：资助与未资助的对比

Timur Jack-Kadıoğlu

Editorial (The Palawan Scientist, 16(2), December 2024)

社论（《巴拉望科学家》，第16卷第2期，2024年12月）

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	0.14
Quartiles(Global)	BIOLOGY(Q4)

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