Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine

Although believed to be reliable in children, dental age estimations have reportedly shown variations in their accuracy levels, indicating regional differences. The present paper aims to study the error threshold of the Nolla, Demirjian and Willems methods for age estimation of North Indian children. Digital orthopantomograms of 168 children aged 3-15 years were analyzed for the three methods. Demirjian dental age was found to be closest to the mean chronological age, as indicated by the p-value of paired t-test. The error range for the Willems and Demirijian methods was ±5 years with 87.5% of cases showing error within the range of ±2 years, and it was ±6 years with 84.5% of cases showing error within ±2 years using the Nolla method. The mean absolute error for the Nolla, Demirjian and Willems methods was 1.09, 1.10 and 0.97 years, respectively. The Willems method was better suited for dental age estimation of the studied population, though none of the methods precisely estimated the age of the participants. Wide variations in age estimates of varied population groups may be due to differences in statistical methods or genetic factors. Thus, comparison of the methods for different populations by the same researcher is suggested to reduce certain biasness (statistical methodology) in the study.

Deeksha Sankhyan

Jagmahender S. Sehrawat

Manjit Talwar

Forensic Dental Age Estimation of North Indian Children Using Three Radiological Scoring Methods

使用三种放射学评分方法对北印度儿童进行法医牙龄评估

Accidental exposure to toxic chemicals is a major concern for all of us, particularly for our children. Many households in different parts of the globe store chemicals/drugs right from medicine, toiletries, corrosives, etc. in bottles of various sizes, shapes, and substances. Many a time such bottles are either newly purchased or are empty bottles of previously-stored liquids or other contents. Such used bottles or containers are frequently used for preserving corrosives or household cleaning substances in homes. Such unlabelled or used bottles can become culprits for causing accidental poisoning to anyone, especially children leading to grave harm to their health and safety. In the present case, a 3-month-old male infant was brought to our pediatric emergency unit with a history of difficulty of breathing, blackening of the tongue, with sudden onset of crying, and inconsolability after being given water from a plastic bottle by his aunt. After a detailed assessment, it was found that the infant has a blackish color corrosive injury in and around the mouth involving the anterior half of the tongue, and lips with evidence of trickling drop type corrosive injuries over the right side of the neck and right supraclavicular region. Internally, except for epiglottic edema, no other significant findings were noted. On follow-up examination, the complication was noticed as the process of healing of the corrosive injury in and around the mouth as a fish mouth appearance. Upon investigation, it was found that the infant was sick with fever for which he was given contents from an unlabelled plastic bottle containing battery acid (sulfuric acid, H2SO4) thinking it was the water of Zam Zam. Dispensing contents from unlabelled containers can be a potential threat to the lives of children as well as adults.

Lakshmi Shobhavat

Manoj B. Parchake

Shankar S. Subramanian

Harish Pathak

Nilesh Tumram

Avinash Shelke

Giving Contents From an Unlabelled Plastic Bottle Containing Toxic Substance: A Case Report

从含有有毒物质的未标记塑料瓶中取出内容物：案例报告

Estimation of the sex of unknown skeletal remains is a daunting challenge, when only fragmented bones are available. For this reason, there is a need to study population specific histomorphometric features of bones to provide useful data for the process of identification. The purpose of this study was to estimate sex from six histomorphometric parameters of cortical bones in a cohort of Nigerian patients. The samples comprised non-pathologic bones collected from 29 patients (12 females and 17 males) between the ages of 35 to 85 years during orthopaedic procedures. The modified Frost’s manual method was used to prepare the histological sections of the cortical bones. The parameters evaluated were number of primary osteons (Os-p), number of secondary osteons (Os-s), osteon fragments (Os-f), non-Haversian canal (N-Hc), area of Haversian canal (Area Hc), and Haversian canal diameter (HCD). The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Tests for sex differences were done using student t-test and stepwise discriminant function was used to formulate a predictive model for sex estimation. The mean Os-p, Os-s, Os-f, N-hc, Area HC, and HCD were 2.85 ± 0.86,3.92 ± 1.26,6.08 ± 1.37, 2.23 ± 0.66, 53.43 ± 5.55, and 7.85 ± 0.41 for males and 1.11 ± 0.56, 0.33 ± 0.17, 2.44 ± 0.67, 54.37 ± 6.04 and 7.426 ± 0.35 for females, respectively. The mean value of Os-s was significantly different in males and females (p=0.04). Stepwise discriminant function analysis showed Os-s could be used to estimate sex. 71.4% of our samples were correctly predicted based on sex. Discriminant function values of 0.418 and -0.626 were predictive values for males and females, respectively, using the DFA predictive model. Our study shows that the number of secondary osteons (Os-s) could be used to estimate sex in Nigerian patients.

Loveday Ese Oghenemavwe

Clinton D. Orupabo

Sex Estimation From Histomorphometric Analysis of Cortical Bone: A Hospital-based Study

皮质骨组织形态计量学分析的性别推断：一项基于医院的调查

The main purpose of Airbags installed in automotives is to protect drivers as well as accompanying passengers during an accident. Despite their safety benefits, a considerable number of airbag-associated injuries are reported in the literature. Airbags are designed to open in head-on collisions when vehicle deceleration exceeds a specified threshold. Defective airbags deployment with metal projectiles launching and hitting passenger’s head or neck have been reported. Deaths from defective airbags are rarely reported in the Middle East. This article presents a case in the Kingdom of Bahrain of a driver whose car was in a head-on collision with another car resulting in in severe head trauma and death at the scene. Death scene investigation revealed that a fire has originated from the airbag compartment with a cylindrical metallic object found missing a part of it. Autopsy of the deceased showed an injury to the right side of the head similar to a firearm inlet. Examination of the head revealed a cylindrical metal object that did not resemble firearm projectiles. The object appeared to have come from the interior of the car upon impact. Laboratory analysis confirmed that the two metallic objects recovered from the deceased’s body were actually the broken pieces of airbag compartment. each other. Although airbags have greatly reduced morbidity and mortality in road traffic accidents, defective airbags highlight the need to increase awareness of their hazards and the importance of their regular inspection and replacement if found defective

Mohammed N. E. Fouda

Ahlam Almaged

Airbag Fatality: A Case Report From the Kingdom of Bahrain

安全气囊致死案例：来自巴林王国的报告

Insect artifacts produced by necrophagous adult flies over a variety of depositional surfaces are problematic in crime scene investigations. Assessment of bloodstains through morphological features combined with contextual and presumptive chemical analysis, as traditional practices, are often inconclusive. Absorbance of bloodstains and substantial wicking on fabrics due to underlying texture and repeated stitch loops in the fabric makes the diagnosis even more difficult than stain morphology. Literature related to the application of modern techniques in the diagnosis of fly artifacts was critically reviewed and presented along with working efficacies and challenges. Apart from the traditional morphological comparison of bloodstains, findings on immunoassay, scanning electron microscopy and DNA-based molecular discrimination have been considered more confirmatory differential diagnosis in crime scenes. Scanning electron microscopic methods reveal distinctive features of small crystal-like deposits with fly artifacts absent in bloodstains. The immunodetection method tested positive with antiserum (anti-md3) against defecatory and regurgitate stains. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I (CO1) gene-based molecular diagnosis hold promises in discrimination. However, these modern techniques may be applied along with traditional methods to overcome confusion as per suitability of sampling, following conservative and non-conservative approaches that may offer a real help to crime scene investigators.

soumeek chowdhuri

Somasish Ghosal

Saurabh Chattopadhyay

Achintya Biswas

Abhishek Das

Subhankar K. Sarkar

Distinction of Fly Artifacts from Bloodstains in Crime Scenes: A Brief Literature Review

犯罪现场蝇类产物与血迹的鉴别：文献简述

The present work entailed the comparative examination and discrimination of white architectural paint samples of different brands/manufacturers. The analysis of this evidence can facilitate exhibiting a linkage between the victim, and the crime scene and assist in the reconstruction of the crime scene. Architectural paint traces have evidential value, especially in cases of burglary, acts of vandalism, property crimes, etc. In the present study, a total of 102 samples of 34 distinct brands (3 samples of each brand) of white commercially available architectural paints were purchased and analysed using ATR FT-IR spectroscopy and multivariate analytical tools. The use of visual analysis of FTIR spectral data resulted in 12 undifferentiated/ indistinguishable sample pairs with a discrimination power of 97.86%. Adding PCA and PLS-DA in concert with visual analysis of FTIR spectra resulted in 99.4% (3 sample pairs undifferentiated) and 100% discrimination power, respectively. In conclusion, samples of each brand were completely differentiated using ATR FT-IR spectra subjected to the PLS-DA model. To assess the impact of different substrates on the examination of paint chips, simulated samples were produced on different substrates and the obtained results from the substrates study have been summarized. The ATR-FTIR spectroscopy therefore suggests an objective and rapid approach for the discrimination of white architectural paints for forensic purposes.

Sweety Sharma

Gurpreet Kaur

Chongtham Nimi

Rajinder Singh

Forensic Discrimination of White Architectural Paints via ATR FT-IR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

通过ATR FT-IR光谱和化学计量学对白色建筑涂料进行法医鉴别

Over a period of 30 years, a number of fired GLOCK cartridge cases have been evaluated. A total of 3156 GLOCK firearms were used to generate a sample of the same size. Our research hypothesis was that no cartridge cases fired from different 9 mm semiautomatic GLOCK pistols would be mistaken as coming from the same gun (a false match). Using optical comparison microscopy, two separate experiments were carried out to test this hypothesis. A subsample of 617 test-fired cartridge cases were subjected to algorithmic comparison by the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS). The second experiment subjected the full set of 3,156 cases to manual comparisons using traditional pattern matching. None of the cartridge cases were “matched” by either of these two experiments. Using these empirical findings, an established conservative Bayesian probability model was used to estimate the chance that a 9 mm cartridge case, fired from a GLOCK, could be mistaken as coming from the same firearm when in fact it did not (i.e., the false match probability).

Eric Warren

James E. Hamby

Stephen Norris

Nicholas D.K. Petraco

Evaluation of GLOCK 9 mm Firing Pin Aperture Shear Mark Individuality Based on 3,156 Different Pistols (Manufactured Over a 30 Year Period in Two Countries) Using Additional Pattern Matching and IBIS Pattern Recognition

基于3,156支不同手枪（在两个国家30年期间制造）的GLOCK 9毫米击针孔剪切痕迹个体性评估，结合附加模式匹配和IBIS模式识别技术

Death by Café' coronary syndrome is very rarely seen and at the same time challenging to interpret at the autopsy. We highlight the importance of autopsy in such cases and solve Café coronary at autopsy. Café coronary syndrome was first reported as sudden collapse at restaurants while dining. Death was attributed to neurogenic cardiac arrest due to food in the upper airway and reflex vagal inhibition. Many of those individuals had consumed large amounts of alcohol before the incident. We present a series of three cases of sudden death by Café coronary in which food accidentally lodged in upper airways and collapsed suddenly without showing signs of asphyxia. Different risk factors were observed in all cases, including obesity as one of the associated risk factors for such incidence. This paper underlines the significance of detailed autopsy and reliable history given by the witnesses related to death occurring by Café coronary syndrome.

JITENDRA KUMAR

Nagendra Singh Sonwani

Navneet Ateriya

Choking or Café Coronary Syndrome: A Series of Three Sudden Death Cases

窒息还是咖啡冠状综合征：三例猝死病例系列

In the last few years, the trends of malpractice claims have escalated worldwide. In many judicial systems, forensic medical examiners manage malpractice lawsuits because of their experience in medical, legal, and ethical aspects of healthcare. They analyze medical records to objectively investigate consent-related issues and verify any neglect or deviations from standard medical care. Then, the extent of harm is evaluated in the surviving cases by determining the degree of resulting infirmity. Judicial penalty and compensation depend on the infirmity’s percentage. In cases involving patient death, comprehensive post-mortem examinations are performed to explore potential medical errors, death causes, and causal relations between error and the occurrence of death. It is essential to consider that evaluating technical errors necessitates the expert opinions of consultants from the same specialties as the accused physicians. The legal obligation for all forensic medicine experts is to provide objective, unbiased, evidence-based medicolegal reports. The ethical commitments include preserving the confidentiality of data of both patients and accused healthcare providers. Also, forensic medical examiners could actively participate in healthcare education to protect medical staff against future malpractice accusations.

None Khalifa Sobh

Mamdouh Kamal Zaki

Forensic Medical Examiners’ Role in Resolving Malpractice Claims:Legal and Ethical Obligations

法医在解决医疗事故索赔中的作用：法律和伦理义务

The advancement of cloud-based data storage technology allows users to conveniently access and manage files using endpoint devices without being constrained by their environment. While cloud storage services have improved the efficiency of performing our daily tasks, they have also become a medium for criminals to distribute illegal materials. Services that support end-to-end encryption (E2EE), cannot decrypt data even when it's stored on their servers, attracting users who require high security. There are some existing studies related to cloud-based services using E2EE, but they only deal with local artifacts, which makes it difficult to analyze when local devices cannot be found or when there are changes to local artifacts. This study identifies the mechanisms by which MEGA, a cloud-based file hosting service, operates to obtain user authentication, explore metadata, and collect files while applying end-to-end encryption. Furthermore, we propose a forensic investigation methodology to explore various metadata and selectively acquire cloud resources relevant to an incident through an understanding of E2EE algorithms. Also, we apply MEGA to the existing framework to suggest improving the framework that encompasses E2EE cloud-based services. The findings of this study serve as a valuable reference for dealing with cloud-based services with E2EE from the perspectives of computer security and digital forensics.

Jeongyoon Kang

Jieon Kim

Jungheum Park

Seokhee Lee

Forensic Approaches for End-to-End Encryption Cloud Storage Services: MEGA as a Case Study

用于端到端加密云存储服务的法医方法：以MEGA为例

Publication Information	Publisher: Naif University Publishing House，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2019，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：12 Weeks

Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine

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