BAG - Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics

Zephyranthes citrina is an ornamental American bulbous plant used as an ornamental garden crop for the aesthetic qualities of its yellow perigonium. The objective of this work was to characterize the species by classical chromosome staining and fluorochrome banding. A sporophytic chromosome number of 2n=8x=48 chromosomes was observed, being the karyotypic formula 20 m + 26 sm + 2 st. Satellites were detected in the short arm of metacentric chromosomes 8, 9, 11 and 12, which colocalized with constitutive heterochromatin CMA+/DAPI-/0 bands. The karyotype comprised chromosome pairs with terminal constitutive heterochromatin bands that included satellites and heteromorphic clusters indicating that it is an allooctoploid. These results will be used as a tool for monitoring genetic improvement, in interspecific crosses and its progenies and in biotechnological procedures by in vitro culture. Key words: constitutive heterochromatin, chromosome banding, bulbous, plant genetic resources, karyotype

J.R. Daviña

A.C. Gianini Aquino

O.A. Rodríguez Mata

E. Tapia-Campos

R. Barba-Gonzalez

A.I. Honfi

Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics

CHROMOSOMIC STUDIES IN ZEPHYRANTHES CITRINA BAKER (AMARYLLIDACEAE), A POLYPLOID ORNAMENTAL

风信子属植物Zephyranthes citrina Baker（石蒜科）的多倍体观赏植物染色体研究

Turnera sidoides (x=7) is one of the few well-studied South American autopolyploid complexes. Since polyploidy has played a prominent role within this complex, ongoing studies in T. sidoides focus on understanding the mechanisms involved in the origin and the establishment of polyploids using integrative approaches. This paper synthesises the results of more than 20 years of research on this topic. Cytogenetics analysis provided evidences for the production of unreduced male and female gametes, supporting the hypothesis of bilateral sexual polyploidization as the mechanism of origin of polyploids in T. sidoides. The finding of viable triploids suggested that unilateral sexual polyploidization could also be an important mechanism for the origin of tetraploids in T. sidoides. The occurrence of plants continuously forming many unreduced gametes would play a key role in the establishment of neopolyploids in natural populations. Also, the higher number of propagules that tetraploids contribute to subsequent generations, the ability to multiply asexually by rhizomes, and the occurrence of occasional cases of self-compatibility and successful illegitimate crosses in polyploids increase the likelihood that a low frequency of neopolyploids can be maintained in natural populations of T. sidoides. In addition, integration of cytogeographic and genetic divergence data together with past niche modelling provided further insights supporting the hypothesis that historical climatic and geomorphological events provided favourable conditions for the establishment of autopolyploids, with the wider distribution of tetraploids of T. sidoides being the result of their range expansion. Key words: cytogeography, establishment, origin, polyploidy, unreduced gametes

I.E. Kovalsky

G. Elías

S.A. Fernández

E.M.S. Moreno

G.C. Silva

J.M. Roggero Luque

N.E.A. Almirón

C. Solís

A. Dabrio

G.M. Via Do Pico

J.G. Seijo

V.G. Solís Neffa

EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF AUTOPOLYPLOIDS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS: THE CASE OF TURNERA SIDOIDES COMPLEX

自然群体中同源多倍体的进化动力学：以Turnera sidoides复合体为例

Important changes in vegetation types occur along elevational gradients. The genus Gymnocalycium is endemic to southern South America, and its species are distributed along elevational gradients. In particular, Gymnocalycium quehlianum is a globular cactus endemic to the Sierras de Córdoba. Studying cytogenetic aspects and DNA content in populations throughout their distribution is key to understanding the species. DNA content and cytogenetic characteristics were analyzed in four populations of G. quehlianum (615, 744, 948 and 1257 masl). The genome size in the four populations varied between 3.55 and 4.30 pg. The populations were diploid (2n = 22). All populations showed the karyotype formula of 10 metacentrics (m) + 1 submetacentric (sm). The species presented symmetrical karyotypes and constitutive heterochromatin CMA+/DAPI- associated with nucleolar organizing regions, always found in the first pair of m chromosomes. The 18-5.8-26S rDNA locus is found in the terminal regions of the first pair of chromosomes m, and the 5S locus is adjacent to the 18-5.8-26S locus. A tendency for DNA content to decrease with increasing altitude was observed. Key words: Gymnocalycium quehlianum, chromosome number, cytogenetic, DNA content, altitudinal gradient

P. Martino

E.D. Gurvich

M.L. Las Peñas

DNA CONTENT AND CYTOGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF Gymnocalycium quehlianum (CACTACEAE) ALONG AN ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT

沿海拔梯度的Gymnocalycium quehlianum（仙人掌科）的DNA含量与细胞遗传学特征

Chile is located in the south-western region of South America along the Pacific Ocean and contributes to the worldwide flora with ca. 6,120 species of Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Pinophyta, Gnetophyta, and Magnoliophyta (1.9% of worldwide total species), exhibiting high endemism across all plant divisions. Little is known about the genetic diversity of Chilean land plants worldwide, including their cytogenetic and molecular characteristics. In 2012 we published the first state-of-the-art review in Cytogenetics of Chilean Angiosperms. The article gathered 78 publications from 1924 to 2010 accounting for approximately 139 species (2.8% of total Chilean species). The aim of this paper was to review the advances in cytogenetic studies of Chilean land plants, reporting additional cytogenetic data for species of four botanical divisions until 2020. Cytogenetic data were searched in the CPCD (Chilean Plants Cytogenetic Database). In total, we found 180 publications from both Chilean and foreign researchers. To date, cytogenetic data have been reported for 499 Chilean land plant species (8.2% of total) belonging to 244 genera and 117 families. In this context, the 2001-2020 period has been among the most productive regarding publications, with 74 available reports that include 163 additional species. Based on chromosome numbers, angiosperms and bryophytes registered the greatest diversity with 55 and 29 different 2n, respectively; both divisions having the greatest number of studied species. Given the importance of increasing information on Chilean land plants, it is expected that more publications will contribute to the knowledge of their cytogenetic diversity in the near future. Key words: chromosome banding, chromosome number, DNA C-value, karyotype morphology, polyploidy.

P. Jara Seguel

J. Urrutia Estrada

CYTOGENETICS OF CHILEAN LAND PLANTS (EMBRYOPHYTA): STATE-OF-THE-ART AND PROSPECTS

智利陆生植物（胚胎植物）的细胞遗传学：现状与展望

Cytogenetics studies in Neotropical Primates (Primates: Platyrrhini) have shown that these mammals comprise a heterogeneous group at the chromosomal level. The remarkable variety of karyotypes described provides significant evidence on the possible role of chromosomal rearrangements in their evolution. In the Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), the line of research on the evolutionary divergence process in Platyrrhini considering different aspects of the organization of the genome has been established and developed uninterruptedly for more than 30 years. Among the advances made in recent years is the quantification of the genome size in six species of caí monkeys (Cebus sp.) and two species of howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.) and the description of the composition of base pairs in the constitutive heterochromatin regions in the genera Cebus and Ateles. The first descriptions were made of the karyotype and meiotic behavior in early prophase I of two species of howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya and A. guariba clamitans. In this last species, the first pentavalent-type sexual system X1X2X3Y1Y2 was identified in a primate species. The organization of euchromatin was characterized in terms of the content and distribution of AT and GC nucleotide bases in three species of howlers and in two species of caí monkeys. These, among other investigations, allowed contributing in an original way to the knowledge about speciation at different levels, as well as about the architecture and dynamics of the genome of these primates. Key words: Neotropical Primates, cytogenetics and taxonomy, chromosome evolution, sex chromosomes

E.R. Steinberg

M.J. Bressa

M.D. Mudry

WHAT DO NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES TELL US UNDER THE LOOK OF CYTOGENETICS?

新热带灵长类动物在细胞遗传学视角下告诉我们什么？

Corn is used to massively produce food for humans and domestic animals with grains of various taxonomic entities or races. For domestic ruminants, the whole plant is also used as forage. In Argentina, both corn grain and whole-plant silage are used for beef and dairy cattle production. This paper aimed to develop the history and perspectives of corn grown for grain and silage, focusing on plant breeding. The importance of corn fodder in its two variants (grain and whole-plant silage) has varied over time. We emphasize herein the importance of the specific genetic breeding of corn used for whole-plant silage to achieve higher yield potential and nutritional value than grain hybrids. The four population genetic structures used over time as cultivars, which determined the evolution of the technological process of selection and breeding, were analyzed. Based on the research carried out, seed companies have incorporated our protocols into their development and breeding programs. The contribution of selection and breeding in Argentina was effective in transforming the corn plant into ruminant feed, and this will increase with the development of specific silage hybrids. Key words: cultivars, corn fodder, plant breeding

P. Rimieri

HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF FODDER CORN BREEDING IN ARGENTINA

阿根廷饲用玉米育种的历史与展望

The prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl) is the annual/biennial native forage grass of temperate climates of most importance and diffusion in Argentina. Several authors have studied the phenotypic variability in morphophysiological characters in cultivars and native populations of prairie grass. The first commercial cultivars were heterogeneous populations that were considered the best adapted in the temperate region of Argentina. Genetic, agronomic and molecular characterization of the selection base populations and of the germplasm conserved in the active bank of INTA Pergamino, contributed to knowing and conserving the available genetic diversity and, at the same time, provided usable genetic variability in breeding. The most representative cultivars considered in this work were Pergamino Martín Fierro MAG; Fierro Plus INTA, Bar INTA 200, Rosalía INTA and INTA Calvu, in which technological packages associated with the utilization in animal production were developed. Key words: prairie grass, cultivars, germplasm, plant breeding

E.S. Martínez

THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF PRAIRIE GRASS (Bromus catharticus Vahl) IN ARGENTINA: SYNTHESIS OF ACHIEVEMENTS AND ADVANCES

阿根廷草原草（Bromus catharticus Vahl）的遗传改良：成就与进展的综述

The antitumor drug Etoposide (ETO) induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and is associated with the development of secondary neoplasms in treated patients. DSB are repaired by two main mechanisms, homologous recombination (HR) and classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ). When HR and c-NHEJ are defective, DSB are repaired by the PARP-1-dependent alternative end-joining (alt-EJ) pathway. The involvement of alt-EJ in the progression of DSB induced by ETO in the G2 phase of human cells was analyzed. HeLa cells deficient in HR (cohesin RAD21 inhibition, HeLa RAD21kd) and their non-silencing control (HeLa NS) were established. Cells were treated with ETO in the presence of a chemical inhibitor of DNA-PKcs (DNA-PKi, c-NHEJ). In both cell lines, ETO-induced DSB (γH2AX+) in G2 phase were increased compared to their controls. The incorrect repair of DSB in DNA-PKcs- and RAD21-deficient cells caused a synergistic augment in chromatid exchanges and dicentric chromosomes in the first and second metaphase, respectively. In contrast, the frequency of dicentric chromosomes was reduced in PARP-1-deficient cells (HeLa PARP-1kd) following ETO treatment. In HeLa RAD21kd binucleated cells, DNA-PKi/ETO increased the percentage of cells with ≥20 γH2AX foci in the G1-postmitotic phase and of micronuclei at 96 h. A greater accumulation in G2/M was observed in HeLa NS treated with DNA-PKi/ETO compared with HeLa RAD21kd at 8 h. The cell cycle restarted in HeLa NS at 16 h; however, the G2/M accumulation was maintained in HeLa RAD21kd. Chromosomal rearrangements obtained when DNA-PKcs and RAD21 were absent and their decrease in HeLa PARP-1kd cells suggest that alt-EJ contributes to their formation. Key words: chromosomal aberrations, cell cycle, cohesin, double-strand breaks, DNA repair pathways

J. Kramar

M. Palmitelli

M. De Campos-Nebel

M. González-Cid

ALT-EJ GENERA REARREGLOS CROMOSÓMICOS EN RESPUESTA A ETOPÓSIDO EN CÉLULAS HUMANAS CON LOS PRINCIPALES SISTEMAS DE REPARACIÓN DE RUPTURAS DE DOBLE CADENA COMPROMETIDOS

ALT-EJ 基因在应对依托泊苷时人类细胞中主要双链断裂修复系统受损的染色体重排

In order to increase the efficiency of maize hybrid seed production it is necessary to achieve a high grain yield to reduce production costs. This goal requires an expansion of the basic knowledge of the inheritance of characters in order to develop new breeding techniques to improve experimental materials with hard endosperm (flint). The balanced lethal system allows to study the relative contribution of different chromosome segments to hybrid vigour due to the heterozygosity of certain chromosome segments while the rest of the genome becomes homocygotic through continuous selfing. In this way, these segments can be transferred to inbred lines in order to increase grain yield or tassel size (to increase pollen production). The goal of this study was to transfer a heterotic segment by using a balanced lethal system regulated line (BLS14), through crosses and backcrosses, to S5 flint lines derived from two commercial hybrids, ACA 2000 and Cóndor with closed pedigree, with the objective of increase grain yield or tassel size for pollen production. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal components analysis (PCA) showed a significant improvement in grain yield and tassel size in the S5 flint lines of both commercial hybrids, carrying the heterotic segment of the BLS14 line. Key words: maize, heterotic segments, grain yield, inbred lines

J.C. Salerno

M.V. Kandús

A. Prada

D. Almorza

EXPANSION OF THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE ON THE INHERITANCE OF CHARACTERS THAT ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MAIZE BREEDING TECHNIQUES

新玉米育种技术发展所需性状遗传基础知识的扩展

One of the greatest challenges facing humanity is the development of sustainable strategies to ensure food availability in response to population growth and climate change. One approach that can contribute to increase food security is to close yield gaps and enhancing genetic gain; to such end, what is known as “molecular breeding” plays a fundamental role. Since a crop breeding program is mainly based on the quality of the germplasm, its detailed genetic characterization is mandatory to ensure the efficient use of genetic resources and accelerating development of superior varieties. Deep genotyping is an essential tool for a comprehensive characterization of the germplasm of interest and, fortunately, the technology is now accessible at a reasonable cost. What must be ensured is the correct interpretation of the genotypic information and on that basis develop efficient practical molecular crop breeding strategies that respond to the real needs of the breeding program. Key words: breeding population, genetic resources, marker assisted selection, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

A. Zambelli

THE IMPORTANCE OF DEEP GENOTYPING IN CROP BREEDING

作物育种中深度基因分型的重要性

Publication Information	Publisher: Sociedad Argentina de Genetica，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2006，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

BAG - Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics

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