African Journal of Biotechnology

Biopesticides are very effective in the agricultural pest control without causing serious harm to ecological chain or worsening environmental pollution. The research and development of practical applications in the field of biopesticides greatly mitigate environmental pollution caused by chemical pesticide residues and promotes sustainable development of agriculture. Since the advent of biopesticides, a large number of products have been released, several of which have already played dominant roles in the market. The development of biopesticides stimulates modernization of agriculture and will, without doubt, gradually replace chemical pesticides. Many biopesticides are ideal substitutes for their traditional chemical counterparts in pollution-free agricultural production, but some of them display certain toxicity; this should be taken into consideration by the researchers in the field. In this paper, we discuss the current development and application of biopesticides from various categories, the problems occurring in the process of their development and proposing the introduction of various constraints. We review various studies and analyze the development trends in biopesticides in agriculture, demand, market and other fields. Key words: Biopesticides, application status, constraint, development trends.

Pengfei Leng

AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Applications and development trends in biopesticides

生物农药的应用与发展趋势

The study investigated the degradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a) fluoranthene, benzo(a) pyrene, chrysene and phenanthrene in a soil that was sterilized and inoculated with the nonligninolytic fungi, Fusarium flocciferum and Trichoderma spp. and the ligninolytic fungi,Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus in the presence of cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) during a ten week incubation period. The soil pH was initially 5.3 and after amendment increased to 7.0. The fungi degraded the tested PAHs between 21 and 93% by the end of the tenth week. The fungi degraded the less-soluble PAHs containing five or six aromatic rings more slowly than those containing fewer aromatic rings. Although the presence of cadmium and nickel in the soil affected the activity of the enzymes produced by the fungi, no significant decrease in PAH degradation was found in the contaminated soil containing 50 or 100 mg kg-1 of Cd and Ni. However, at 300 and 500 mg kg-1, degradation of the PAHs by the fungi was impaired and the severity of the impairments increased with the increase in the concentrations of Cd and Ni. This was probably due to the lack of the activities of some enzymes such as Mn-dependent peroxidase, which could have resulted from the poor colonization of the fungi at these concentrations. Key words: Bioremediation, fungi, heavy metals, PAHs, soil.

Ifeanyichukwu Atagana Harrison

Biodegradation of PAHs by fungi in contaminated-soil containing cadmium and nickel ions

含镉和镍离子的污染土壤中真菌对多环芳烃的生物降解

Biofortification is a process in which plant species are improved in order to raise the nutritional content of the product consumed. The following are some of the main techniques that can be introduced in plant breeding programs in order to improve the nutritional quality of the food to be produced. The rice breeding for higher Fe and Zn content in grain, rice breeding for higher β-carotene content in the grain, rice breeding for higher folate content in the grain, techniques used for plant transformation, transformation via protoplasts, transformation via bioballistics (or biolistic), transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, identification and in vitro selection of transformed tissues, concepts of gene expression and regulation, protein expression, proteomics, mutant study, patch-clamp, were studied. It is necessary to verify the occurrence of variability among the rice genotypes for the Fe, Zn and B complex vitamins; therefore, it will be possible to select these materials within breeding programs. The simple selection of these superior genotypes in relation to nutritional quality, even though by means of conventional breeding techniques, can bring benefits to rice consumption by the human population. Key words: Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa), agriculture, plant breeding, genetics, transformation, selection, gene expression, micronutrient. &nbsp

Luiz Checchio Mingotte Fabio

Tadeu Mazza Revolti Lucas

Helena Uneda Trevisoli Sandra

Borges Lemos Leandro

Fornasieri Filho Domingos

Rice (Oryza sativa) breeding strategies for grain biofortification

水稻（Oryza sativa）籽粒生物强化育种策略

Collagen is the main structural component of connective tissues in vertebral and invertebral animal tissues and organs.The collagen isolated from the body wall of sea cucumber (Holothuria lecospilota) can be used in the pharmaceutical field.The research aimed at isolating collagen from the sea cucumber body wall and testing the anti-tyrosinase and anti-elastase activity.This was done by isolation of collagen by soaking the body wall of sea cucumber using Tris-HCl-EDTA 0.1 M and dialyzing using 0.5 M acetic acid.The step was followed by characterization of collagen using FT-IR spectrophotometer and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).The resulting collagen was tested for anti-tyrosinase and anti-elastase in vitro.The research showed that the resulting collagen was of the amide group with molecular weight of 166.43 and 138.35 kDa, showing α1 and α2 chains.Anti-tyrosinase activity test showed an IC 50 value of 1.20 mg/mL, while anti-elastase activity test showed an IC 50 value of 125 µg/mL.The collagen isolated from the sea cucumber has weak anti-tyrosinase and moderate anti-elastase activity.

Abdillah Syamsudin

Wijiyanti Gita

Setiawan Metta

Umroh Noor Siti

Nurilmala Mala

In vitro anti-tyrosinase and anti-elastase activity of collagen from sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota)

海参（Holothuria leucospilota）胶原蛋白的体外抗酪氨酸酶和抗弹性蛋白酶活性

Present investigation was made to isolate and characterize plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Rkh1 - Rkh4) from rhizosphere of four weeds: Chrysopogon aucheri,Lactuca dissecta, Solanum surratense and Sonchus arvensis thriving under high salinity (EC: 2.3 dS/m) of Khewra salt range and the results were compared with strain Rak isolated from rhizosphere (EC: 0.2 dS/m) of Solanum surratense grown in arid area of district Attock. The tolerance of all the strains was checked against the salt present in culture media in the form of rhizospheric soil filtrate of weeds collected from Khewra salt range. The nutrient contents of rhizospheric soil of weeds were measured. All the strains were capable to produce phytohormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), trans-zeatin riboside (t-zr) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the culture media. Inoculation of strains on soybean seedlings treated with or without 20 dS/m NaCl resulted in better growth and higher proline contents than control plants. The strains isolated from weeds of Khewra salt range particularly Rkh3 appears more promising for potential biofertilizers in saline fields. Key words: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, nutrient contents, salt tolerance, phytohormones production, proline contents.

Naz Irum

Bano Asghari

None Tamoor Ul Hassan

Isolation of phytohormones producing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from weeds growing in Khewra salt range, Pakistan and their implication in providing salt tolerance to Glycine max L.

从巴基斯坦Khewra盐矿生长的杂草中分离出产植物激素的促生根际细菌及其在提高大豆耐盐性中的作用

Collocasia esculenta (L) Schott. (Taro) genotypes cultivated in Kenya rarely produce flowers, thus improvement via pollination is hindered. Somatic hybridization is an attractive alternative to circumvent flower pollination constrain and hence explored in this study. The aim of this study was to optimize isolation and binary fusion of protoplast obtained from C. esculenta (Dasheen) and C. antiquorum Eddoe) genotypes. Protoplast was isolated from embryogenic calli and leaf tissues using cellulase R-10 (1.0% w/v) combined with pectinase R-10 (0.15% w/v). Fusion of leaf- and calli-derived protoplast was conducted using PEG 6000 (0-30% w/v), CaCl2 (0-0.15 M) and NaNO3 (0-4% w/v). Overall, 2 to 4 h enzyme incubation and PEG (10 or 20%) treatments for 10 to 20 min, were optimal for isolation of viable protoplast and fusion, respectively. The capacity of binary fusions to form cell colonies was higher when fusion was undertaken using PEG at either 10 or 20% after 10 and 20 min incubation. The study demonstrates that optimized protoplast fusion is a viable alternative for taro improvement that by passes flowering constrain. Key words: Taro, protoplast, binary fusion, somatic hybridization, PEG 6000, heterokarya. &nbsp

Chungwa Mohamed

Gesimba Robert

S. Indieka Abwao

Isolation and binary fusion of taro (Colocasia esculeneta (L) Schott.) protoplast: Towards developing somatic hybridization protocol as an alternative to sexual hybridization

芋头（Colocasia esculeneta (L) Schott.）原生质体的分离与二元融合：开发体细胞杂交协议作为有性杂交的替代方案

Mosaic virus disease is transmitted by several types of viruses such as OMD, OYVMV, OLCV, CLCuGV, and CYCrV. Among these viruses, some of them are significant threats to okra production worldwide. To develop an integrated pest management strategy against this disease, this seroprevalence study was conducted at the Rural Polytechnic Institute (RPI) of Katibougou, Koulikoro region, Mali. Symptomatic leaves of okra plants were collected in Koulikoro. The symptoms were mosaic associated or not with other symptoms. For this purpose, 52 symptomatic samples and 3 asymptomatic samples collected in the villages of Niarébougou, RPI Katibougou, and Diakitébougou were analyzed. The DAS ELIZA Okra Mosaic Virus (OkMV) kit was used. Among the symptomatic samples, the analyses showed the presence of 13 positive samples. This indicates a prevalence of 25% in the study area. Okra is infected by the okra virus disease called Okra Mosaic Virus (OkMV), which is the first time in Mali to be detected by the ELIZA test. This study shows the prevalence of the okra mosaic virus in Mali and more precisely in Koulikoro. This study shows the importance of keeping OKMV in consideration among the threats to okra cultivation in this area. Key words: Seroprevalence, okra mosaic virus, Mali.

K. KEITA Gaoussou

KANSAYE Laya

DOUMBIA Lassina

MACALOU Boubacar

KEITA Ibrahim

SANGARE Mariam

Noussourou MAIGA Moussa

Paul SANOGO Nadou

KOITA Ousmane

Evaluation of the seroprevalence of okra mosaic virus in Koulikoro, Mali

马里库利科罗地区秋葵花叶病毒血清阳性率的评估

Osei-Obeng Portia

Muriithi Kiirika Leonard

Bernard Nyende Aggrey

In vitro antifungal potential of citral and nanoencapsulated citral against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici

柠檬醛及纳米包封柠檬醛对番茄尖镰孢菌的体外抗真菌潜力

The growing prevalence of Imipenemase (IMP) metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) producing strains of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) pathogens is a real concern for clinicians in the light of therapeutic impasses driven. However, resistance genes encoding these enzymes are hardly documented in Burkina Faso. This study aims to show carbapenem-resistance mediated by the production of IMP-type carbapenemase in GNB clinical strains collected in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Strains resistance profile to imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, doripenem and aztreonam was determined by the disk diffusion method. Classical polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out to detect β-lactamase (bla) gene of IMP in resistant strains. Out of 158 GNB collected, 91 (57.6%) were resistant to at least one of the carbapenems and/or to aztreonam. The highest prevalence of resistant strains was observed in Escherichia coli (45.1%; n=41) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.5% n=24). Among 32 resistant strains blaIMP gene positive (35.2%), Escherichia coli was the predominant species carrying resistance gene (18.7%, n=17/91). The findings strengthen the scarce existing scientific data on antimicrobial resistance mediated by metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) in Burkina Faso. Key words: Carbapenem resistance, carbapenemase, blaIMP, Gram-negative bacilli, Burkina Faso.

Yves Patrik Bouniounou Damis

Metuor Dabire Amana

Yasmine Tiemtore Rahimatou

Sougue Serge

Rose Bonkoungou Pegdwende

Simpore Jacques

Multi-resistance to carbapenems by the production of Imipenemase (IMP)-types carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacilli in Burkina Faso

布基纳法索革兰氏阴性杆菌中产生碳青霉烯酶（IMP型）导致对碳青霉烯类药物的多重耐药性

Clarification of wine is aimed at improving the quality of the product by removing haze. In this study, the effect of two clarification methods namely membrane filtration technique and the use of Keiselguhr diatomaceous earth powder on the physico-chemical and sensory attributes of wine produced using sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) and watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L) juice blended in the ratio 1:1 (v/v) and fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine was determined. Sugarcane-watermelon wine not clarified was the control. Physicochemical analysis of the wine at 0 h indicates the following: sugar (10.73 °Brix), specific gravity (1.043 kg/m3), pH (3.9), alcohol content (5.9%), titratable acidity (0.720 g/l), turbidity (94.32 NTU) and colour intensity (0.892 nm). During maturation of wine, the sugar content, specific gravity, pH, alcohol content, titratable acidity, turbidity and colour intensity of the samples clarified by membrane filtration/diatomaceous earth powder at 72 and 336 h were 6.5/9.9 and 7.2/10.8 °Brix, 1.026/1.040 and 1.029/1.043 kg/m3, 3.7/3.8 and 3.0/3.13, 3.57/5.48 and 3.7/5.7%, 0.375/0.405 and 0.517/0.628 g/l, 29/32.6 and 15/20 NTU, and 0.649/0.873 and 0.642/0.628 nm, respectively. The cumulative sensory scores of wine clarified using Keiselguhr diatomaceous earth powder were slightly higher than the wine clarified by membrane filtration. Taking other parameters into consideration, the clarification of sugarcane-watermelon wine using membrane filtration is relatively better than Keiselguhr diatomaceous earth powder. Key words: Alcoholic beverages, fruits and vegetables, fruit wine, fermentation.

Osebhajimhende Uguomore Edmond

Maduka Ndukwe

Ahaotu Ihuoma

The effect of clarification methods on quality attributes of sugarcane-watermelon wine fermented by palm wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

澄清方法对棕榈酒酵母（酿酒酵母）发酵甘蔗西瓜酒品质特性的影响

Publication Information	Publisher: Academic Journals，Publishing cycle: Monthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2002，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：平均4.8个月
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：约58.05%

African Journal of Biotechnology

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