Advances in Virology

Introduction. Chicken anaemia virus, CAV, was until recently the only member of the Gyrovirus genus. 6 novel gyroviruses, AGV2, HGyV1, and GyV3-6, have since been discovered in human and chicken samples. Methods. PCR amplification of the VP2 gene was used to detect AGV2/HGyV1, GyV3, and CAV in a range of clinical samples including stool, respiratory, CSF, and HIV-positive plasma. Screening of fresh local chicken meat was also performed. Results. AGV2/HGyV1 or GyV3 was detected in stools from healthy children (17/49, 34.7%) and patients with diarrhoea (22/149, 14.8%). 1.2% (3/246) nasopharyngeal respiratory samples were positive. No AGV2/HGyV1 or GyV3 was detected in nasal swabs from wheezing patients, in CSF from patients with meningitis, and in HIVpositive plasma. CAV was found in 51% (25/49) of stools from healthy children and 16% (24/149) in diarrhoea samples. Screening of 28 chicken samples showed a higher prevalence of gyrovirus (20/28, 71%) compared to CAV (1/28, 3.6%). Phylogenetic analysis of the CAV VP1 gene showed South African sequences clustering with Brazilian isolates from genotypes D2 and A2. Conclusion. Novel gyroviruses, including CAV, are present in the South African population with diarrhoea and respiratory illness as well as in healthy children. Their presence suggests an origin from chicken meat consumption.

Heidi E. M. Smuts

Novel Gyroviruses, including Chicken Anaemia Virus, in Clinical and Chicken Samples from South Africa

南非临床和鸡样本中的新型 Gyroviruses，包括鸡贫血病毒

Picornaviruses that infect humans form one of the largest virus groups with almost three hundred virus types. They include significant enteroviral pathogens such as rhino-, polio-, echo-, and coxsackieviruses and human parechoviruses that cause wide range of disease symptoms. Despite the economic importance of picornaviruses, there are no antivirals. More than ten cellular receptors are known to participate in picornavirus infection, but experimental evidence of their role in cellular infection has been shown for only about twenty picornavirus types. Three enterovirus types and one parechovirus have experimentally been shown to bind and use integrin receptors in cellular infection. These include coxsackievirus A9 (CV-A9), echovirus 9, and human parechovirus 1 that are among the most common and epidemic human picornaviruses and bind to α V-integrins via RGD motif that resides on virus capsid. In contrast, echovirus 1 (E-1) has no RGD and uses integrin α 2 β 1 as cellular receptor. Endocytosis of CV-A9 has recently been shown to occur via a novel Arf6- and dynamin-dependent pathways, while, contrary to collagen binding, E-1 binds inactive β 1 integrin and enters via macropinocytosis. In this paper, we review what is known about receptors and endocytosis of integrin-binding human picornaviruses.

Pirjo Merilahti

Satu Koskinen

Outi Heikkilä

Eveliina Karelehto

Petri Susi

Endocytosis of Integrin-Binding Human Picornaviruses

整合素结合型人微小RNA病毒的内吞作用

Enterovirus can cause central nervous system (CNS) infections ranging from meningitis to severe encephalitis. The aims of our study were to describe and develop the current epidemiological, biological, and clinical aspects of these infections as well as to enrich Moroccan data. This is a retrospective study conducted from January 2021 to March 2023, which included all patients admitted to the hospitals of Ibn Sina University Hospital Center in Rabat (Morocco) with clinical suspicion of CNS infection and positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for enterovirus detected by BioFire® FilmArray® panel meningitis/encephalitis. 1479 CSF were analyzed by multiplex PCR. Enterovirus was detected in 19 patients (1.28%) with a median age of 5 years, predominantly affecting male patients (73.7%) and children (94.7%), especially those aged 2 years and older (68.4%). Fever was the most common symptom (77.8%), followed by headache (66.7%). The seasonal peak of enterovirus detection was also observed. For most patients, the CSF was predominantly lymphocytic (88.2%) with normal glycorrhachia (84.2%) and proteinorachia (73.7%). A notable proportion (10.5%) had a normal CSF cytology. Hyperproteinorachia was found in 26.3% of cases and hypoglycorrhachia in 5.3%. Blood analysis revealed a normal WBC count in 55.6% of cases, hyperleukocytosis in 33.3%, and leukopenia in 11.1%. CRP was elevated in 72.2% of cases. CNS enterovirus infections were particularly present among the pediatric population in this study. The lack of specificity in clinical and biological manifestations may sometimes suggest bacterial etiology. The widespread use of multiplex PCR can therefore provide a reliable and rapid method of detection and diagnosis.

Chemsdine Echiguer

Ghizlane El Amin

Amal Zouaki

Jalila Zirar

Myriam Seffar

Chafiq Mahraoui

Hakima Kabbaj

Epidemiological, Biological, and Clinical Characteristics of Central Nervous System Enterovirus Infections Among Hospitalized Patients at Ibn Sina University Hospital Center in Rabat: Case Study Report (A Series of 19 Cases)

摩洛哥拉巴特伊本西纳大学医院中心住院患者中枢神经系统肠道病毒感染的流行病学、生物学和临床特征：病例系列报告（19例）

Background: Human rhinovirus (HRV), traditionally recognized as the primary etiological agent of the common cold, has become the second most important viral agent in bronchopulmonary conditions, such as pneumonia and asthma exacerbations. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, several viruses exhibited changes in their epidemiological behavior. This study aims to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with HRV pneumonia before and during the pandemic in Mexico. Methods: A comparative ambispective longitudinal epidemiological study of two cohorts (prepandemic and pandemic periods) was carried out. Two databases were compared: one from 2010 to 2013 and the other from 2021 to 2023. Children under 5 years of age diagnosed with HRV pneumonia were included. Student’s t ‐test, χ 2 tests, and logistic regression were used to assess risk factors associated with severe pneumonia. Incidence density was calculated as HRV cases per 10 new cases of pneumonia per month for each year. Results: During the pandemic, the age of presentation shifted from 5 months to 16 months. There was a higher incidence of HRV pneumonia in children during the pandemic, particularly in the second half of 2021, with a peak in July and August. In addition, there was an increase in severity (53% vs. 63%, p = 0.006) and coinfections (51.3% vs. 76% p &lt; 0.001). A higher prevalence of all risk factors was observed in the second cohort. Conclusions: During the pandemic, a shift toward older age, a higher percentage of coinfections, and increased severity associated to HRV pneumonia were observed. These findings highlight the need for the development and implementation of targeted prevention and treatment measures for HRV.

Fanny Yasmin Ortega-Vargas

Aldo Agustin Herrera-González

Ilen Adriana Díaz-Torres

Isamu Daniel Cabrera-Takane

Patricia Bautista-Carbajal

Miguel Leonardo García-León

Daniel E. Noyola

María Susana Juárez-Tobías

Verónica Tabla-Orozco

Pedro Antonio Martínez-Arce

María del Carmen Espinosa-Sotero

Gerardo Martínez-Aguilar

Fabian Rojas-Larios

Luis Alfonso Salazar-Soto

Rosa María Wong-Chew

Increased Incidence of Rhinovirus Pneumonia in Children During the COVID‐19 Pandemic in Mexico

墨西哥COVID‐19疫情期间儿童鼻病毒肺炎发病率增加

In Africa, measles epidemics are frequently reported, despite numerous preventive measures, such as vaccination, which targets children under 5 years of age. Unfortunately, the Republic of the Congo is not an exception to this major health concern. Indeed, many cases are reported annually. Here, we provide an overview of the epidemiological characteristics of laboratory‐confirmed measles cases from January 2019 to October 2022 as well as the risk factors associated with the occurrence of measles outbreak. Samples from suspected measles cases were collected across the country and sent to the National Laboratory of Public Health for confirmation. Specific IgM was tested using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics ( p &lt; 0.05 was statistically significant). A total of 1330 samples were collected and analyzed. Over those 4 years, 537 samples were confirmed to be positive (40.3%) but with important disparities between years. A relatively low frequency of cases was reported in 2020. Overall, a progressive and significant evolution of positive cases was observed between 2019 and 2022, increasing from 16.8% in 2019 to 65.9% in 2022 ( p &lt; 0.0001). We report a low vaccination rate among children (44.8%) and a significantly high positivity rate in this group (46.6%) ( p &lt; 0.0008). No difference was reported according to the completeness of the vaccination scheme ( p = 0.094). Females were slightly more exposed to this infection than males ( p = 0.04; adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.25 [1.01–1.6]), with an increased risk of exposure in rural areas ( p = 0.0001; aOR: 0.41 [0.32–0.53]). The department of Pointe‐Noire had the highest positivity rate, while three other departments were considered high‐risk areas: Likouala ( p = 0.0001; aOR: 3.18 [1.80–5.61]), Pool ( p = 0.0001; aOR: 2.90 [1.70–4.95]), and Brazzaville ( p = 0.0005; aOR: 0.52 [0.36–0.75]). This study calls for strengthening the epidemiological surveillance system and vaccination strategy in the country. It remains important to research factors that induce a high positive rate among vaccinated children by biological verification of the immunization.

Yanne Vanessa Thiécesse Mavoungou

Fabien Roch Niama

Léa Gwladys Gangoué

Felix Koukouikila-Koussounda

Marianne Bouanga Bayonne

Cynthia Nkoua Badzi

Leblanc Albert Gandza Gampouo

Pathou Christelle Kiminou

Paule Biyama-Kimia

Princesse Mahoukou

Nadia Claricelle Bongolo Loukabou

Jean Medard Kankou

Pembe Issamou Mayengue

Gabriel Ahombo

Measles Outbreaks in the Republic of Congo: Epidemiology of Laboratory‐Confirmed Cases Between 2019 and 2022

刚果共和国麻疹暴发：2019年至2022年实验室确诊病例的流行病学分析

Noroviruses are the most frequent cause of epidemic acute viral gastroenteritis in China.

Yi Sun

Yongjuan Yuan

Haiyan Mao

Lingxuan Su

Qiong Ge

Jian Gao

Changping Xu

Liming Gong

Molecular Epidemiology of Human Norovirus Variants from Outbreaks in Zhejiang Province, China, during 2021

2021年中国浙江省人类诺如病毒变异株暴发的分子流行病学研究

WHO recommends HBV-negative babies in high-prevalence (8%) countries receive anti-HBV vaccination. Ghana initiated mass immunization in 2002, but concerns remain about vaccine effectiveness and long-term protection. We evaluated immune characteristics and factors following hepatitis B vaccination among Ghanaian adolescents who received HBV vaccines.

Samuel Asamoah Sakyi

Joseph Badu Gyapong

Ebenezer Krampah Aidoo

Alfred Effah

Simon Koffie

Oscar Simon Olympio Mensah

Isaac Arddey

Godwin Boakye

Stephen Opoku

Benjamin Amoani

Robert Amadu Ngala

Evaluation of Immune Characteristics and Factors Associated with Immune Response following Hepatitis B Vaccination among Ghanaian Adolescents

加纳青少年乙型肝炎疫苗接种后免疫特征及与免疫反应相关因素的评估

Introduction. Currently, sequencing has been the only tool for the identification of circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. However, it is known to be an expensive and laborious approach involving high technical expertise. Considering the reduced adherence to preventive measures postlockdown in Accra, this study presents an alternative method that leverages polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants in the Accra Metropolis postlockdown. Methods. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted between July and December 2022. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 268 consenting participants. Samples were subjected to nucleic acid extraction and followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. SARS-CoV-2 positive samples were subsequently subjected to variant identification using rapid PCR. Findings. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 within the Accra Metropolis was 30.2%. The majority of the SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed in females, participants aged 41–50 years, and symptomatic participants. Participants aged ≤10 years and females recorded the highest viral load while participants aged 41–50 years recorded the highest number of infections. The SARS-CoV-2 variants detected were Alpha (64.2%), Delta (22.2%), and Omicron (13.6%). Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection identified were chills, cough, headache, body weakness, sore throat, and dyspnoea in order of decreasing association with SARS-CoV-2 infection. There was a strong association between symptom status, gender, age, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion. There was a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 within the Accra Metropolis postlockdown within the sampling period. The Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 is the predominant circulating variant, and persons presenting with symptoms are most likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19. Children aged ≤10 years serve as a reservoir for infection transmission.

Frank T. Aboagye

Lawrence Annison

Henry Kwadwo Hackman

Maame E. Acquah

Yvonne Ashong

Isaac Owusu-Frimpong

Bill C. Egyam

Sharon Annison

George Osei-Adjei

Samuel Antwi-Baffour

Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 within Accra Metropolis Postlockdown

阿克拉大都会区封锁后SARS-CoV-2的分子流行病学

Hemagglutinin (HA) is the major envelope glycoprotein and antigen on the surface of influenza virions. The glycoprotein comprises a globular head and a stalk region. While immunodominant epitopes on influenza HA head are highly variable, the stalk domain is conserved. The variability of the HA head causes the antigenic drift that made the requirement of annual update of vaccine strains. Induction of antibody against the stalk domain has been proposed as an approach for a broadly protective influenza vaccine strategy. Sequential exposure to influenza strains with highly diverse HA heads but conserved stalks have been shown to induce antibody to the low immunogenic stalk domain. Here, we tested this approach by using old influenza vaccine strains that are decades apart in evolution. Inactivated whole virion vaccine of influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934, A/USSR/92/1977, and A/Thailand/102/2009 (H1N1) was sequentially immunized into BALB/c mice in comparison to immunization using single strain (A/Thailand/102/2009 (H1N1)). The sequentially immunized mice developed higher levels of binding antibody to the stalk domain. These suggested that using old vaccine strains in sequential vaccination may be a possible approach to induce antibody to the conserved stalk domain.

Alita Kongchanagul

Promsin Masrinoul

Chompunuch Boonarkart

Ornpreya Suptawiwat

Prasert Auewarakul

Antibody Response to Influenza Hemagglutinin Conserved Stalk Domain after Sequential Immunization with Old Vaccine Strains

老年疫苗株序贯免疫后对流感血凝素保守茎域的抗体反应

Background. Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. The majority of acute respiratory infections in children are caused by viruses, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most frequently encountered. Other important viral pathogens include human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses, adenovirus, and influenza. These infections can lead to complications such as bronchitis and pneumonia. So, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of influenza viruses A and B, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in children with ARTI. Methods. The molecular diagnostic of polymerase chain reaction approach was used to detect influenza (A and B), metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenovirus in respiratory samples of children with acute respiratory infection hospitalization in a teaching hospital of the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in January 2016–March 2017. Results. Of the 340 patients examined, 208 (61.20%) were male and the median age was 3.13 ± 2.38 years. Respiratory viruses were found in 179 (52.64%) patients. The male-to-female ratio was 1.63 : 1 in patients who were viral positive. Detection rates for influenza A, adenovirus, influenza B, RSV, and HMPV were 28.23%, 24.70%, 8.52%, 3.23%, and 2.64%, respectively, and coinfections were detected in 24.02%. The most common combination of two-virus coinfections was IFVA/AdV, followed by IFVB/AdV, AdV, IFVB/IFVA, RSV/IFVA, HMPV/AdV, RSV/AdV, and HMPV/IFVA. Conclusion. The high prevalence of respiratory viruses in children hospitalized with ARTI suggests that viral infection may play a role in disease pathogenesis. This should be confirmed through the conduct of case-control studies and may inform the role of vaccination to prevent respiratory viral infections.

Rana Farzi

Neda Pirbonyeh

Mohammad Rahim Kadivar

Afagh Moattari

Prevalence of Influenza Viruses A and B, Adenovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Human Metapneumonia Viruses among Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection

急性呼吸道感染儿童中流感病毒A和B、腺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和人偏肺病毒的流行率

Abbreviation	Adv. Virol.
Journal Impact	1.17
Quartiles(Global)	VIROLOGY(Q4)

ISSN	1687-8639, 1687-8647
h-index	31

Publication Information	Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2009，Proportion of original research papers: 84.62%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 100.00%
Journal Fees	$950Details
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：22 Weeks

Advances in Virology

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