APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, NUTRITION, AND METABOLISM 发表原创研究文章、评论和评论，重点关注生理学、营养学和新陈代谢在人类健康、身体活动和健身研究中的应用。已发表的研究、评论和研讨会将引起运动生理学家、身体健康和运动康复专家、公共卫生和保健专业人员以及基础和应用生理学家、营养学家和生物化学家的兴趣。

Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism publishes original research articles, reviews, and commentaries focusing on the application of physiology, nutrition, and metabolism in human health, physical activity, and fitness research. The published studies, reviews, and discussions are of interest to exercise physiologists, health and exercise rehabilitation specialists, public health and healthcare professionals, as well as basic and applied physiologists, nutritionists, and biochemists.

《Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism》发表原创研究文章、评论和综述，重点关注生理学、营养学和新陈代谢在人类健康、身体活动和健身研究中的应用。已发表的研究、评论和研讨会将吸引运动生理学家、身体健康和运动康复专家、公共卫生和保健专业人员，以及基础和应用生理学家、营养学家和生物化学家的关注。

Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism

Active recovery reduces blood lactate concentration faster than passive recovery and, when the proper intensity is applied, a positive effect on performance is expected. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different intensities of active recovery on performance during repeated sprint swimming. Nine male well-trained swimmers performed 8 repetitions of 25 m sprints (8 x 25 m) interspersed with 45 s intervals, followed by a 50 m sprint test 6 min later. During the 45 s and 6 min interval periods, swimmers either rested passively (PAS) or swam at an intensity corresponding to 50% (ACT50) and 60% (ACT60) of their individual 100 m velocity. Blood lactate was higher during PAS compared with ACT50 and ACT60 trials (p < 0.05), whereas plasma ammonia and glycerol concentration were not different between trials (p > 0.05). Mean performance time for the 8 x 25 m sprints was better in the PAS compared with the ACT50 and ACT60 trials (PAS: 13.10 +/- 0.07 vs. ACT50: 13.43 +/- 0.10 and ACT60: 13.47 +/- 0.10s, p < 0.05). The first 25 m sprint was not different across trials (p > 0.05), but performance decreased after sprint 2 during active recovery trials (ACT50 and ACT60) compared with the passive recovery (PAS) trial (p < 0.05). Performance time for the 50 m sprint performed 6 min after the 8 x 25 m sprints was no different between trials (p > 0.05). These results indicate that active recovery at intensities corresponding to 50% and 60% of the 100 m velocity during repeated swimming sprints decreases performance. Active recovery reduces blood lactate concentration, but does not affect performance on a 50 m sprint when 6 min recovery is provided. Passive recovery is advised during short-interval repeated sprint training in well-trained swimmers.

Argyris G. Toubekis

Ilias Smilios

Gregory C. Bogdanis

Georgios Mavridis

Savvas P. Tokmakidis

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

Effect of different intensities of active recovery on sprint swimming performance

不同强度主动恢复对短距离游泳表现的影响

The primary purpose of this study was to identify the impact of whole-body resistance training (RT) at different load intensities on adipokines, adhesion molecules, and extracellular heat shock proteins in postmenopausal women. As secondary purpose, we analyzed the impact of RT at different load intensities on body fat, muscular strength, and physical performance. Forty participants were randomized into lower-load intensity RT (LIRT, n = 20, 30-35 repetition maximum in the first set of each exercise) or higher-load intensity RT (HIRT, n = 20, 8-12 repetition maximum in the first set of each exercise). Adipokines (adiponectin and leptin), adhesion molecules (MCP-1 and ICAM-1), extracellular heat shock proteins (HO-1 and eHSP60), body fat, muscular strength (1RM), and physical performance [400-meter walking test (400-M) and 6-minute walking test (6MWT)] were analyzed at baseline and after 12-weeks RT. There was a significant time-by-group interaction for eHSP60 (P = 0.049) and 400-M (P = 0.003), indicating superiority of HIRT (d = 0.47 and 0.55). However, both groups similarly improved adiponectin, ICAM-1, HO-1, body fat, 1RM, and 6MWT (P < 0.05). Our study suggests that load intensity does not seem to determine the RT effect on several obesity-related pro-inflammatory and chemotactic compounds, body fat, 1RM, and 6MWT in postmenopausal women, although a greater improvement has been revealed for eHSP60 and 400-M in HIRT. Novelty: Higher-load intensity resistance training improves eHSP60 and 400-M in postmenopausal women. Resistance training improves the inflammatory profile, body fat, muscle strength, and 6MWT, regardless of load intensity.

Marcelo A.S. Carneiro

Gersiel N. de Oliveira Júnior

Jairo F.R. de Sousa

Claudio L. Orsatti

Eddie F.C. Murta

Márcia A. Michelin

Edilson S. Cyrino

Fábio L. Orsatti

Effect of whole-body resistance training at different load intensities on circulating inflammatory biomarkers, body fat, muscular strength, and physical performance in postmenopausal women

不同负荷强度全身抗阻训练对绝经后女性循环炎症标志物、体脂、肌肉力量和身体表现的影响

Ca 2+ signalling plays an important role in excitation–contraction coupling and the resultant force output of skeletal muscle. It is also known to play a crucial role in modulating both short- and long-term muscle cellular phenotypic adaptations associated with these events. Ca 2+ signalling via the Ca 2+ /calmodulin (CaM)-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (CnA) and via Ca 2+ /CaM-dependent kinases, such as CaMKI and CaMKII, is known to regulate hypertrophic growth in response to overload, to direct slow versus fast fibre gene expression, and to contribute to mitochondrial biogenesis. The CnA- and CaMK-dependent regulation of the downstream transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 are known to activate muscle-specific genes associated with a slower, more oxidative fibre phenotype. We have also recently shown the expression of utrophin A, a cytoskeletal protein that accumulates at the neuromuscular junction and plays a role in maturation of the postsynaptic apparatus, to be regulated by CnA–NFAT and Ca 2+ /CaM signalling. This regulation is fibre-type specific and potentiated by interactions with the transcriptional regulators and coactivators GA binding protein (also known as nuclear respiratory factor 2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha. Another downstream target of CnA signalling may be myostatin, a transforming growth factor-β family member that is a negative regulator of muscle growth. While the list of the downstream targets of CnA/NFAT- and Ca 2+ /CaM-dependent signalling is emerging, the precise interaction of these pathways with the Ca 2+ -independent pathways p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, phosphoinositide-3 kinase, and protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) must also be considered when deciphering fibre responses and plasticity to altered contractile load.

Robin N. Michel

Eva R. Chin

Joe V. Chakkalakal

Joe K. Eibl

Bernard J. Jasmin

Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-based signalling in the regulation of the muscle fibre phenotype and its therapeutic potential via modulation of utrophin A and myostatin expression

基于钙/钙调蛋白信号在调节肌纤维表型及其通过调节肌营养不良蛋白A和肌抑素表达的治疗潜力

Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic phytochemical known for its antidiabetic property The present study is designed to evaluate the mechanism behind its antidiabetic property in high-fat and fructose-induced type 2 diabetic adult male rats. Animals were divided into 5 groups: (i) control, (ii) diabetic control, (iii) diabetic animals treated with FA (50 mg/(kg body weight·day) –1 , orally) for 30 days, (iv) diabetic animals treated with metformin (50 mg/(kg body weight·day) –1 , orally) for 30 days, and (v) control rats treated with FA. FA treatment to diabetic animals restored blood glucose, serum insulin, glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance to normal range. Hepatic glycogen concentration, activity of glycogen synthase, and glucokinase were significantly decreased, whereas activity of glycogen phosphorylase and enzymes of gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase)) were increased in diabetic animals and FA restored these to normal levels similar to that of metformin. FA improved the insulin signalling molecules and reduced the negative regulators of insulin signalling. The messenger RNA of gluconeogenic enzyme genes (PEPCK and G6Pase) and the interaction between forkhead transcription factor-O1 and promoters of gluconeogenic enzyme genes (PEPCK and G6Pase) was reduced significantly by ferulic acid. It is concluded from the present study that FA treatment to type 2 diabetic rats improves insulin sensitivity and hepatic glycogenesis but inhibits gluconeogenesis and negative regulators of insulin signalling to maintain normal glucose homeostasis.

Akilavalli Narasimhan

Mayilvanan Chinnaiyan

Balasubramanian Karundevi

Ferulic acid exerts its antidiabetic effect by modulating insulin-signalling molecules in the liver of high-fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat

阿魏酸通过调节高脂饮食和果糖诱导的2型糖尿病成年雄性大鼠肝脏中的胰岛素信号分子发挥其抗糖尿病作用

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a high-intensity swim test among top-level swimmers on (i) the spatial and temporal parameters of both the stroke and the 3-D fingertip pattern and (ii) the mechanical, muscular, and physiological parameters. Ten male international swimmers performed a 4 × 50 m swim at maximal intensity. Isometric arm flexion force with the elbow at 90° (F90°), EMG signals of right musculus biceps brachii and triceps brachii and blood lactate concentrations were recorded before and after the swim test. Kinematic stroke (stroke length, rate, and velocity) and spatiotemporal parameters of the fingertip trajectory were measured by two underwater cameras during the first and last 50 m swims. After the swim test, F90° and mean power frequencies of the EMG decreased significantly when blood lactate concentration increased significantly, attesting the reaching of fatigue. From the first to the last 50 m, stroke rate, stroke velocity, and temporal parameters of the fingertip trajectory exhibited significant increases although stroke length and spatial fingertip trajectory remained unchanged. General and individual adaptations were observed among the top-level swimmers studied. The present findings could be useful for coaches in evaluating fatigue effects on the technical parameters of swimming.Key words: sport, fatigue, biomechanic, lactate, force.

Yannick A Aujouannet

Marco Bonifazi

Frédérique Hintzy

Nicolas Vuillerme

Annie H Rouard

Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism

Effects of a high-intensity swim test on kinematic parameters in high-level athletes

高强度游泳测试对高水平运动员运动学参数的影响

Originally developed as a specific form of exhaustive intermittent training involving 6-8 X 20-seconds of supramaximal-intensity cycling exercises with 10-seconds of recovery for athletes, Tabata training has become universally recognized around the world. The purpose of this review article is to provide a perspective on Tabata training and discuss how this popular style of intermittent training has evolved and been applied over the last ~30 years. The article will review the original motivation behind Tabata training with relevance to concepts such as maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) and discuss how Tabata training has been adapted to involve resistance exercise, cross training, and sport-specific training. Studies of Tabata training on physiological responses and adaptations in muscle, blood vessels, bone, and brain across different populations will be reviewed. Finally, research on how Tabata-style training was applied to counteract inactivity during the COVID19 pandemic will be discussed. Evolving from the study of athletes, Tabata training represents an example of how high intensity intermittent/interval training can be adapted and applied in various settings to enhance performance and health.

Izumi Tabata

Tabata training in perspective

塔巴塔训练透视

Exercise referral schemes (ERS) involving referrals from primary care providers to exercise programs and professionals may be a useful strategy for helping patients lead more active lifestyles. We performed an umbrella review to determine the impact of ERS on patient activity/fitness, clinical outcomes, and their cost-effectiveness. The review was pre-registered in Prospero (CRD42023443094) and conducted in July 2023. PRISMA reporting was followed. Our umbrella review screened 2129 citations with 12 studies meeting our inclusion criteria (n=8 meta-analyses) that included 110 unique individual studies of 62815 unique participants. The average study quality was 8.9±1.9 (out of 11). Studies examined patient physical activity or fitness (n=9/12), a clinical outcome (n=8/12), and/or cost-effectiveness (n=4/12). Earlier reviews observed that physical activity or fitness was unchanged following ERS, but more recent (post-2015), larger studies observe low-to-moderate improvements. Similarly, recent reviews reported that ERS lowered blood pressure, body mass index, and depression. ERS cost-effectiveness was conflicting. Altogether our umbrella review of high-quality reviews with a low risk of bias demonstrated that although early work indicated null effects, more up-to-date reviews of ERS observe improved patient activity/fitness, cardiometabolic, and mental health. ERS are an effective strategy to improve patient health.

Myles W. O'Brien

Madeline Shivgulam

Haoxuan Liu

Molly Courish

Yanlin Wu

Jonathon R Fowles

Taniya S Nagpal

The Effectiveness of Exercise Referral Schemes on Patient Health &amp; their Cost: An Umbrella Review

运动转诊计划对患者健康及其成本的有效性：一项伞形综述

Blood pressure (BP) follows a circadian rhythm, dipping during sleep and surging in the morning. A larger morning BP surge is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Acute exercise can produce sustained periods of post-exercise hypotension that lasts up to 24 hrs, however the timing of exercise (morning vs. evening) may influence this response. Whether the timing of exercise influences the morning BP surge remains unknown. The current study investigated the effects of a bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performed in the morning vs. evening on the magnitude of the morning BP surge in young healthy adults. Twenty-six young, otherwise healthy adults (23±4 years; 15 females) completed a randomized crossover trial where, on different days, they completed a no exercise control visit or performed either morning (0800-1000 hrs) or evening (1700-1900 hrs) HIIE. Following each visit, ambulatory BP was assessed in 30-min intervals for 24 hrs. HIIE at either time did not alter the magnitude of the morning BP surge compared to control values (control: 22±5 mmHg; morning exercise: 20±8 mmHg; evening exercise: 22±10 mmHg, P=0.40) or when grouped separately by sex (visit x sex P=0.42). A positive correlation existed between Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire score and the change in nighttime BP following both exercise times (both r=0.42 and P=0.04). These findings suggest that HIIE does not attenuate the morning BP surge in young healthy adults and that chronotype can predict nighttime BP responses following HIIE irrespective of exercise time of day. This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06702930).

Julian Bommarito

Philip J Millar

The effects of morning vs. evening high-intensity interval exercise on the magnitude of the morning blood pressure surge

晨间与晚间高强度间歇运动对晨间血压升高幅度的影响

Evidence suggests that paternal diet can influence offspring metabolic health intergenerationally but whether dietary animal and plant proteins differ in their impact on fathers and their offspring is not known. Our objective was to examine the effects of a paternal diet high in casein versus pea protein on fathers and their offspring. Five-week-old male rats were fed: 1) control, 2) high animal protein (AP, 36.1% of energy as casein), or 3) high plant protein (PP, 36.1% of energy as pea protein with added methionine) diets for 8-11 weeks before being mated. Offspring were challenged with a high fat/sucrose diet (HFD) from 10-16 weeks of age. Metabolic and microbial outcomes were assessed in both generations. In fathers fed PP diet, enhanced insulin sensitivity and lower liver triglycerides were seen alongside altered hepatic microRNA expression and gut microbial profiles. Few changes were seen in their offspring. In contrast, the paternal AP diet influenced adult offspring hepatic microRNA expression and programmed a latent increase in adiposity, dysregulated satiety hormones, and modified gut microbial composition in their adult offspring that occurred following the HFD. Overall, a diet high in pea protein with added methionine demonstrated protective effects on biomarkers of metabolic health in the fathers but led to minimal effects on the offspring while a paternal diet high in casein led to evidence of an increase in characteristics of metabolic dysfunction in their adult offspring when unmasked by exposure to a HFD for 6 weeks.

Riley A Patterson

Nicole A Cho

Tyra S Fernandes

Erin W. Noye Tuplin

Dana E Lowry

Gabriel Venegas Silva

Raylene A. Reimer

Effects of a Paternal Diet High in Animal Protein (Casein) versus Plant Protein (Pea Protein with added Methionine) on Offspring Metabolic and Gut Microbiota Outcomes in Rats

父系饮食中高动物蛋白（酪蛋白）与植物蛋白（添加蛋氨酸的豌豆蛋白）对后代代谢及肠道菌群结果的影响

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can improve endurance performance. Purpose: We investigated the concurrent impact of HIIT and blood-flow restriction (BFR) as a novel approach to further enhance maximal aerobic and anaerobic physiology and performances in trained athletes. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, eighteen endurance-trained males (V ̇O2peak 65.6±5.1 ml.min-1.kg-1) included three sessions of HIIT per week (sets of 15-s efforts at 100% maximal aerobic power, interspersed by 15-s recovery) into their usual training for three weeks, either with restriction imposed on both lower limbs at 50-70% of arterial occlusion pressure (BFR group, n=10) or without (CTL group, n=8), and were tested for sprint and endurance exercise performance. Results: The total mechanical work developed during a 30-sec Wingate test increased only in BFR (3.6%, P=0.02). During the Wingate, changes in near-infrared spectroscopy-derived vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (Δ(deoxy[Hb+Mb]), % arterial occlusion) were attenuated after BFR training (-8.8%, P=0.04). The maximal aerobic power measured during an incremental cycling test increased only in BFR (4.5%, P=0.0004), but there was no change in V ̇O2peak among groups. Both groups improved 5-km cycling time trial performance, but BFR displayed a concomitant greater elevation in [H+] (11%, P=0.02). Changes in other blood variables (e.g., pH, lactate, bicarbonate and potassium ion concentration, hemoglobin) were not different between groups. Conclusion: Combining short-duration HIIT performed at 100% aerobic power with BFR elicited greater changes in sprint performance and maximal aerobic power in endurance athletes, associated with locomotor muscle metabolic adaptations but no meaningful effect on cardiorespiratory fitness.

Hubert Bourgeois

Penelope Paradis

François Billaut

High-intensity interval training with blood-flow restriction enhances sprint and maximal aerobic power in male endurance athletes

高强度间歇训练结合血流限制对男性耐力运动员的冲刺和最大有氧能力的影响

Abbreviation	Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.
Journal Impact	2.26
Quartiles(Global)	SPORT SCIENCES(Q2)

ISSN	1715-5312, 1715-5320
h-index	108

Publication Information	Publisher: National Research Council of Canada，Publishing cycle: Bimonthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2006，Proportion of original research papers: 91.47%，Self Citation Rate:4.20%， Gold OA Rate: 15.37%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：偏慢,4-8周
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：容易

Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism

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Effect of different intensities of active recovery on sprint swimming performance

Effect of whole-body resistance training at different load intensities on circulating inflammatory biomarkers, body fat, muscular strength, and physical performance in postmenopausal women

Ca²⁺/calmodulin-based signalling in the regulation of the muscle fibre phenotype and its therapeutic potential via modulation of utrophin A and myostatin expression

Ferulic acid exerts its antidiabetic effect by modulating insulin-signalling molecules in the liver of high-fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat

Effects of a high-intensity swim test on kinematic parameters in high-level athletes

Tabata training in perspective

The Effectiveness of Exercise Referral Schemes on Patient Health & their Cost: An Umbrella Review

The effects of morning vs. evening high-intensity interval exercise on the magnitude of the morning blood pressure surge

Effects of a Paternal Diet High in Animal Protein (Casein) versus Plant Protein (Pea Protein with added Methionine) on Offspring Metabolic and Gut Microbiota Outcomes in Rats

High-intensity interval training with blood-flow restriction enhances sprint and maximal aerobic power in male endurance athletes

Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal Citation Format

A journal article with 1 author

A journal article with 2 authors

A journal article with 3 authors

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Books Citation Format

Thesis Citation Format

Web sites Citation Format

Patent Citation Format

Staying up late manually editing references? ivySCI automatically matches journals and helps you generate references with a single click.

Share Submission Experience

Effect of different intensities of active recovery on sprint swimming performance

Effect of whole-body resistance training at different load intensities on circulating inflammatory biomarkers, body fat, muscular strength, and physical performance in postmenopausal women

Ca2+/calmodulin-based signalling in the regulation of the muscle fibre phenotype and its therapeutic potential via modulation of utrophin A and myostatin expression

Ferulic acid exerts its antidiabetic effect by modulating insulin-signalling molecules in the liver of high-fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat

Effects of a high-intensity swim test on kinematic parameters in high-level athletes

Tabata training in perspective

The Effectiveness of Exercise Referral Schemes on Patient Health & their Cost: An Umbrella Review

The effects of morning vs. evening high-intensity interval exercise on the magnitude of the morning blood pressure surge

Effects of a Paternal Diet High in Animal Protein (Casein) versus Plant Protein (Pea Protein with added Methionine) on Offspring Metabolic and Gut Microbiota Outcomes in Rats

High-intensity interval training with blood-flow restriction enhances sprint and maximal aerobic power in male endurance athletes

Ca²⁺/calmodulin-based signalling in the regulation of the muscle fibre phenotype and its therapeutic potential via modulation of utrophin A and myostatin expression