Acta Neuropsychologica

The reports of committees investigating the causes of rail accidents indicate the significance of the so-called human factor (e.g. UTK, 2019). In addition to issues related to perso nality functioning, the organization and culture of work, this also includes variables related to the cognitive functioning of  train drivers themselves. These are significant factors that determine the occurrence of accidents that result from ignoring or not spotting railway signals and signs. The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship between cognitive functioning and safety determinants, which was measured using an eye-tracking technique. The application of this technique was intended to check its usefulness in the field of railway traffic safety and to achieve an approximate simulation environment of the real working conditions of a train driver.

In the present study, the Vienna Test System was used as a me - thod for the determination of cognitive functioning. Based on the variables described in the subject literature, the following tests were applied: Determination Test, Visual Memory Test, Visual Pursuit Test, Reaction Time, Cognitrone, Signal Detection and Vigilance. In addition to computer cognitive tests, an eye-tracking test method was designed based on a film recorded in  real train-driving situation. Measures describing areas of interest (AOI) that are crucial for safety were analysed. Due to the pilot nature of the research, only 10 passenger train drivers participated in the study.

The results of the study showed a link between the cognitive functioning of the train drivers and visual security determinants. Significant correlations were found with stress tolerance resulting from cognitive overload, visual memory, alertness and concentration ability under time pressure.

The study confirmed the significant role of the train driver's cogni- tive functioning in the analysis and perception of safety-critical signals. The use of an eye-tracking method has delivered results that are in agreement with  studies based on other methods. This pro- vides a sound basis for the continuation of research using eye- tracking in the assessment of rail transport safety. In the future, the research should be extended to include an analysis of the effect of demographic and situational variables (types of signalling devices and signage) and a broader model of the relationship between cog- nitive functioning and the driver's visual attention. This will provide data that is crucial for the prevention of railway incidents and the development of training plans for train drivers.

Grzegorz Kata

Wiesław Poleszak

COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AND SAFETY DETERMINANTS IN THE WORK OF A TRAIN DRIVERS

列车驾驶员认知功能与安全决定因素

The aim of this study is to present a patient with semantic variant PPA (svPPA) diagnosed following SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 contraction, who experienced a dramatic disintegration of the Self system.The patient, a 45-year-old bilingual physician with no chronic diseases, contracted SARS-CoV-2 in November 2020, confirmed by RT-PCR. During acute COVID-19, he developed high fever (40C) and neurological symptoms such as severe headache, dizziness, confusion, and loss of smell. About 16 weeks later, he had difficulties understanding common words in Polish and English (he was bilingual). One year post-COVID-19, his language impairment has intensified affecting word comprehension and naming. His syntax and phonology in Polish remained relatively intact, but he appeared confused. Despite losing word meaning, he could still use various objects. Psychiatric examination showed no mental illness, while neurological and neuropsychological assessments revealed long COVID with predominant aphasia symptoms. He had problems with lexical classification and higher-level differentiation. A MRI one year after COVID-19 showed significant asymmetric cortical atrophy in the temporal regions, predominantly on the left side, and in subcortical areas. In the Polish Boston Naming Test (BNT), he had difficulty recalling well-known items and used general descriptions instead (the patient occasionally mixed Polish and English). In the Pyramids and Palm Trees Test (PPTT) we found impairment of semantic memory. Surface dyslexia and dysgraphia were also found. Working memory impairment increased as the disease progressed. Information flow was profoundly disturbed, and ERPs to all stimuli significantly reduced. Two years after contracting COVID-19, the patient exhibited significant loss of object knowledge and constructional apraxia. He developed blank speech, making incoherent statements. As the disease progressed the patient lost his sense of identity, unable to recognize objects or faces, including his reflection. In June 2023, just over two and a half years after contracting COVID-19, the patient developed pneumonia. He was hospitalized and died a few days later. Post-mortem examinations revealed asymmetric cortical atrophy of the temporal lobes, more severe in the left hemisphere, which is associated with language functions. TDP-43 proteinopathy was also diagnosed. We will discuss the multifaceted symptoms and significance of this case study for modern medicine.This reliably documented case serves as a significant contribution to modern neuroscience, offering valuable insights into the intersection of COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases, and paving the way for future research and improved patient care.

Maria Pąchalska

Magdalena Wilk-Frańczuk

DISINTEGRATION OF THE SELF SYSTEM IN A PATIENT WITH SEMANTIC VARIANT PPA (SVPPA) DIAGNOSED FOLLOWING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION AND COVID-19

COVID-19后诊断为语义变异型原发性进行性失语(SVPPA)患者的自我系统解体

There is a need to break away from the tradition of grammatical descriptions that attempt to force a living language into the tight framework of formal logic and ignore the context in which they are used. The preoccupation with grammatical structure was the legacy of structural linguistics, but the cognitive revolution brought about an interest in factors beyond purely linguistic concerns. As a consequence, the significance of nonlinguistic communication (including paralinguistic and extralinguistic codes) for efficient social interrelations has been recognized. Paralinguistic codes involve tone and pitch of voice besides intonation and rhythm, while extralinguistic codes comprise a variety of vocal and kinesis behaviours. In addition, individual, social, and cultural factors impact the functioning of these codes. Difficulties encountered by patients with injuries in different brain areas confer the significance of these codes. It was found that patients with aphasia are able to communicate with the use of an extralinguistic code. On the other hand, patients with right hemisphere injuries exhibit disorders of the paralinguistic and extralinguistic codes, which results in severe difficulties in establishing good social relations. Frontal lobe lesions lead to disturbances of all three codes but on a metalinguistic level. Such patients tend to use language that is objectionable in a given situation. The orbitofrontal lesions induce folly or excessive frivolity connected with excessive talkativeness (moria), while the dorsolateral lesions lead to the lack or substantial reduction of verbal contact (logopenia). At the same time, patients with both types of frontal syndrome exhibit difficulties in understanding complex and metaphorical utterances.

Bożydar L.J. Kaczmarek

Marcin Stencel

SIGNIFICANCE OF COMMUNICATION CODES AND FACTORS IN BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENTS

脑损伤患者中沟通代码和因素的意义

Difficulties in the capacities of inferring and attributing cognitions and emotions to oneself or other people –referred to as those of mentalizing - are very consistently documented in subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These socio-cognitive capacities have typically been shown to be impaired in ASD while their impairment is proposed to lie behind the symptoms of ASD.The purpose of the study is to examine affective mentalizing inArabic-speaking children with ASD, in comparison with children with typical development (TD).Thirty-six children with ASD and 36 TD children, aged 8 to 12 years-old, took the RMET (child) tasks to assess and explore their affective mentalizing.The results indicated that children with ASD perform worse in affective mentalizing than do TD children. Compared to the latter, they have clear difficulties in affective mentalizing. Except for differences in sex, factors of age and severity of autistic symptoms affect the affective mentalizing performance of subjects with ASD.In general, difficulties in affective mentalizing are a feature of ASD. In this context, our study continues to propose to train and educate affective mentalizing skills in subjects with ASD in order to reduce the severity of their autistic symptoms and to facilitate their social integration.

Azzeddine Charki

Ettouzani Adnane

Affective mentalizing in children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder at school age

学龄期自闭症谱系障碍儿童及非自闭症儿童的情感心理理论

Interventions in physical activity for children with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) remain a challenge for educators for the following reasons: first, information processing, an essential foundation for physical practice, is a persistent impairment for this population due to the sensory deficits associated with this condition. Second, their reluctance to engage and participate in physical activity due to challenging behaviors. The aim of the present study toward quantitatively measuring the behaviors of children with ASD in relation to motor task design during a physical activity session.Eight children were recruited for this study (6 boys; 2 girls), aged between 6 and 12 years (mean = 10.0 1.5 years). All participants were classified at level 2 (moderate) according to the APA (2015), which takes into account the amount of support the child needs to function in their environment. The inclusion criteria adopted in this study were as follows: regular, full-time attendance at the association where the study was conducted, absence of regular participation in extracurricular sports activities, absence of comorbidities that would impair physical activity (e.g., visual impairment), and absence of medical treatment (e.g., psychotropic medications) likely to influence the study's outcomes. Three types of motor tasks (closed, play-based, and interaction-based) were designed in this study to assess their impact on the behaviors of children with ASD. Live and video scoring allowed us to evaluate both positive and problematic behaviors of the participants.The results revealed that task design plays a crucial role in the emergence of behaviors in children with ASD. Specifically, the more task is tailored to their unique characteristics, the more problematic behaviors decrease and positive behavior increase. This is particularly true for play-based tasks, which demonstrated a more pronounced effect and a preferential advantage compared to other tasks. Indeed these tasks led to significant improvements in most items (5 out of 7 items), due to their approach rootes in unconscious learning, which proved to be beneficial for these children during physical activity.The findings of this study may provide a promising pathway for the development of programs and the design of physical activity learning situations for this community with very specific needs.

Rachid Touali

Hamid El Oirdi

Maxime Allisse

El Mahjoub Chakir

Boujdi Rachid

Eloirdi Aziz

Ahmed El Ouirghioui

Jamal Zerouaoui

Analysis of the behavior of children with ASD during physical activity

自闭症谱系障碍儿童在体育活动中的行为分析

The study aimed to investigate the hypothesis indicating that the type of discourse influences the macro- and microstructure of the language used by Polish speakers diagnosed with mixed aphasia, and to demonstrate the discourse-specific linguistic properties in two groups of patients with mixed aphasia with either motor or sensory components compared to the neurotypical control group. The study aimed to investigate the hypothesis indicating that the type of discourse influences the macro- and microstructure of the language used by Polish speakers diagnosed with mixed aphasia, and to demonstrate the discourse-specific linguistic properties in two groups of patients with mixed aphasia with either motor or sensory components compared to the neurotypical control group.Language samples were collected from people with mixed aphasia with motor component (10 subjects), sensory component (10 subjects) and the control group (10 subjects), matched in terms of age and education. Discursive tasks (a description of experiences related to the disease, a description of an important life event, sequential image description, single image description, fairy tale narrative, procedural discourse) were taken from the Aphasia Bank protocol for discourse tasks. The discourse samples were analyzed within the general terms of cohesion and coherence, the relations between them, and the influence of discourse genre on cohesion. Language samples were analyzed for consistency and coded. To obtain qualitative data SALT software was used. Then, a statistical analysis was performed.A greater number of utterances were recorded in mixed aphasia with sensory component, something which may occur due to difficulties in selecting the appropriate vocabulary and overproduction which does not affect the coherence of the elements, but results in grammatical and semantic breakdown. Research has shown that for those with mixed aphasia it is easier to achieve a higher degree of local coherence than global coherence. Analysis has shown that the statements of people with mixed aphasia are characterized by lower local and global coherence.There is a necessity to continue the research to demonstrate the differences within other types of aphasia in Polish. Additionally, it is necessary for therapeutic activities to be undertaken so that those with aphasia could improve their linguistic functioning on a daily basis, especially in discourse production.

Paulina Wójcik-Topór

Urszula Malina

Jędrzej Michalik

Examination of local and global coherence in the impaired discourse of patients diagnosed with mixed aphasia

混合性失语症患者受损语篇中的局部和全局连贯性考察

Abbreviation	Acta. Neuropsychol.
Journal Impact	0.88
Quartiles(Global)	PSYCHOLOGY(Q4)

ISSN	1730-7503, 2084-4298
h-index	14

Publication Information	Publisher: Agencja Wydawnicza Medsportpress，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2005，Proportion of original research papers: 90.91%，Self Citation Rate:50.00%， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

Acta Neuropsychologica

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COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AND SAFETY DETERMINANTS IN THE WORK OF A TRAIN DRIVERS

DISINTEGRATION OF THE SELF SYSTEM IN A PATIENT WITH SEMANTIC VARIANT PPA (SVPPA) DIAGNOSED FOLLOWING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION AND COVID-19

SIGNIFICANCE OF COMMUNICATION CODES AND FACTORS IN BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENTS

Affective mentalizing in children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder at school age

Analysis of the behavior of children with ASD during physical activity

SIGNIFICANCE OF COMMUNICATION CODES AND FACTORS IN BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENTS

DISINTEGRATION OF THE SELF SYSTEM IN A PATIENT WITH SEMANTIC VARIANT PPA (SVPPA) DIAGNOSED FOLLOWING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION AND COVID-19

Affective mentalizing in children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder at school age

Analysis of the behavior of children with ASD during physical activity

Examination of local and global coherence in the impaired discourse of patients diagnosed with mixed aphasia