Decyzje

Wojciech Rutkiewicz

Rational Models Of Clinical Reasoning

临床推理的理性模型

Marek Bożykowski

Podział Ziemi Obiecanej, Księga Jozuego – Biblia Tysiąclecia. Komentarz:

《应许之地的分配，约书亚记——千年圣经。评论：》

Grzegorz Lissowski

Przypowieść o talentach

才华寓言

Michał Krawczyk

Sylwetka Ernsta Fehra

欧内斯特·费赫的肖像

Agata Sobków

Ellen Peters „Innumeracy in the Wild. Misunderstanding and Misusing Numbers”

艾伦·彼得斯《现实中的数学盲：误解与误用数字》

The primacy effect has long been considered a decisive factor in determining election outcomes and has consequently developed a robust literature dedicated to studying it in different scenarios and contexts. However, existing research has offered limited insight into how the choice of voting method, particularly by-mail voting, may infl uence its impact on elections by altering how and when voters participate. This article fi rst reviews why the primacy effect exists, how researchers identify its infl uence, and its overall impact on election outcomes. It then discusses why the use of by-mail voting should be expected to alter the primacy effect, and analyzes two works where this relationship has been explored. Their results highlight several of the issues faced when trying to examine this relationship, but also indicate that further study is warranted and likely to be fruitful.

Steven Linder

Primacy Effects and Voting Methods (Literature Review)

首要效应与投票方法（文献综述）

Na gruncie teorii proces podejmowania decyzji jest rozpatrywany z dwóch punktów widzenia.W pierwszym przypadku szuka się metod dochodzenia do rozstrzygnięć optymalnych,

Maciej Malawski

Leszek Jasiński

Maurice Allais o podejmowaniu decyzji

莫里斯·阿莱斯的决策之道

In the prison subculture, informal institutions have spontaneously evolved to mitigate levels of violence and potential confrontations between inmates. First, rookies (new prisoners) are subjected to initiation tests, which try to measure their rigidity (bravery) and cunning (intelligence) and assign to the appropriate subcultural group. Membership in a group of grypsmen signals the rigidity of prisoners and discourages fighting between the grypsmen or the resistance from members of lower groups. Experienced prisoners perfect eristics within the framework of prison argot, which allows them to turn real confl icts into verbal duels, use informal arbitration and learn to pretend aggression towards freshmen. All prisoners are trying to join the defensive coalitions. Inmates also perform spectacular self-injuries in accordance with secret procedures, faking desperation, but in fact minimizing damage to health and trying to get some benefi ts from the prosecutor or prison authorities. The collected empirical material comes from the prisons in Warsaw (Rakowiecka) and Białołęka, where the author spent fi ve months in 1985 as a political prisoner.

Marek Kamiński

W te gry więźniowie nie grają. Instytucje rzeczywistej subkultury więziennej łagodzące konflikt i przemoc w kontraście do eksperymentu Zimbardo

在监狱里，囚犯不玩游戏。真实监狱亚文化的机构缓解冲突与暴力，与津巴多实验形成对比

Z sylwetki Gary'ego Beckera, która niedawno została opublikowana na łamach czasopisma "Decyzje", dowiadujemy się, że "Sednem podejścia ekonomicznego Beckera są trzy założenia, które konsekwentnie przyjmował i których nigdy nie porzucił: o maksymalizacji użyteczności, o istnieniu stabilnych preferencji decydenta oraz o dążeniu rynku do stanu równowagi" (Domurat, 2020, s. 97

Katarzyna Idzikowska

Gary S. Becker i Kevin M. Murphy – „Ekonomia społeczna. Co wpływa na zachowania jednostki”

加里·S·贝克尔与凯文·M·墨菲 – 《社会经济学：什么影响个体行为》

Though I had hired chambers in the fort and a house in Girgaum, God would not let me settle down.Scarcely had I moved into my new house when my second son Manilal, who had already been through an acute attack of smallpox some years back, had a severe attack of typhoid, combined with pneumonia and signs of delirium at night.The doctor was called in.He said medicine would have little effect, but eggs and chicken broth might be given with profi t.Manilal was only ten years old.To consult his wishes was out of the question.Being his guardian I had to decide.The doctor was a very good Parsi.I told him that we were all vegetarians and that I could not possibly give either of the two things to my son.Would he therefore recommend something else? ‚Your son's life is in danger,' said the good doctor.‚We could give him milk diluted with water, but that will not give him enough nourishment.As you know, I am called in by many Hindu families, and they do not object to anything I prescribe.I think you will be well advised not to be so hard on your son.' ‚What you say is quite right,' said I. ‚As a doctor you could not do otherwise.But my responsibility is very great.If the boy had been grown up, I should certainly have tried to ascertain his wishes and respected them.But here I have to think and decide for him.To my mind it is only on such occasions, that a man's faith is truly tested Rightly or wrongly it is part of my religious conviction that man may not eat meat, eggs, and the like.There should be a limit even means of keeping ourselves alive.Even for itself we may not so certain things.Religion, as I understand it, does not permit me to use meat or eggs for me or mine even on occasions like this, and I must therefore take the risk that you say is likely.But I beg of you one thing.As I cannot avail myself of your treatment, I propose to try some hydropathic remedies which I happen to know.But I shall not know how to examine the boy's pulse, chest, lungs, etc.If you will kindly look in from time to time to examine him and keep me informed of his condition, I shall be grateful to you.

Tadeusz Tyszka

Raymond Dacey

M.K. Gandhi – “An Autobiography or Story of my Experiments with Truth”

M.K. 甘地 – “自传或我与真理的实验故事”

Publication Information	Publisher: Kozminski University -Center of Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2018，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：12 Weeks

Decyzje

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