土壤研究（前身为澳大利亚土壤研究杂志）是一份国际期刊，旨在快速发表关于土壤科学基础和应用方面的高质量、新颖的研究。除了在陆地生态系统的土壤生物学、土壤物理学和土壤化学的传统方面发表外，该杂志还欢迎处理土壤与环境更广泛相互作用的手稿。土壤研究的出版得到了英联邦科学与工业研究组织的认可（ CSIRO) 和澳大利亚科学院。

Soil Research is an international journal aimed at the rapid publication of high-quality and novel research in the fundamental and applied aspects of soil science. In addition to traditional areas such as soil biology, soil physics, and soil chemistry within terrestrial ecosystems, the journal also welcomes manuscripts addressing broader interactions between soil and the environment. The publication of Soil Research is endorsed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Australian Academy of Science.

《Soil Research》是一本国际期刊，旨在快速发表高质量和新颖的土壤科学基础与应用研究。除了传统的土壤生物学、土壤物理学和土壤化学领域外，该期刊还欢迎涉及土壤与环境之间更广泛相互作用的稿件。《Soil Research》的出版得到了英联邦科学与工业研究组织（CSIRO）和澳大利亚科学院的认可。

Soil Research

One of the most difficult challenges facing the coal mining industry is rehabilitation of open cut mines in the absence of sufficient quality and quantity of topsoil. As a result, the growth medium for rehabilitation of open cut mines is often mine spoil that has poor chemical and structural properties. Microorganisms play a critical role in natural soil forming processes, nutrient cycling and soil aggregate stabilisation. However, soil microbiota and their impact on soil chemistry and structure has traditionally been overlooked in mine site remediation and mine spoil amelioration. Soil bioengineering, using microbial inoculants to modify soil chemistry and structure, is a novel approach that has the potential to positively alter the chemical and physical limitations prevented by mine spoil and improve mine site rehabilitation outcomes. This review focuses on the importance of microbiology in the spoil-to-soil transformation after open cut coal mining and discusses the ways that microbial inoculants could be used to accelerate the amelioration of coal mine spoil during rehabilitation. The work seeks to establish a platform for soil bioengineering approaches to be considered during rehabilitation of open cut coal mines. The review focuses on Australian open cut coal mines but has application for all mines with nutrient limited substrates and/or saline or sodic spoil that is prone to erosion.

Guilherme Oliveira Andrade da Silva

Gordon Southam

Emma Jayne Gagen

Accelerating soil aggregate formation: a review on microbial processes as the critical step in a post-mining rehabilitation context

加速土壤团聚体形成：矿后修复背景下微生物过程的关键作用综述

Dye tracing experiments provide direct visual evidence of preferential flow in the soil. In this study, we applied the Brilliant Blue tracer across three forest sites (high-mountain forest, HF; middle-mountain forest, MF; and low-mountain forest, LF) and one cultivated field (CL) in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China to visualise preferential flow and characterise its interaction with the surrounding soil matrix. A set of parameters was extracted from photographs of dye-stained soil profiles to measure preferential flow, including (1) the ratio of the stained area to the total area of a soil section (SAR), (2) the degree of lateral water mixing of preferential flow into the soil matrix (LWM), (3) the greatest stained depth (SD), and (4) the stained path width (SPW). The highest SAR of all of the stained areas (i.e. a measure of the degree of preferential flow) was for MF (80%), followed by LF (68%), CL (48%), and HF (30%). The higher SAR in MF and LF was likely associated with more abundant and interconnected void spaces created by roots and soil fissures. The shallower rooting depth together with the higher content of clay and soil organic matter might lead to the lowest SAR in HF, suggesting a higher likelihood of soil erosion due to surface runoff. The relatively lower SAR in CL could be a result of soil compaction after tillage destroyed soil macropores. Moreover, the spatial distribution of preferential flow with soil depth varied among slope positions. In HF and MF, macropore flow dominated the A horizon with limited lateral diffusion. However, in the subsoil, although the SAR of all of the stained areas declined, the LWM (quantified as the SAR of yellow and green patches that have a lower concentration of the dye tracer) intensified. In the sandy soils at the LF site, macropore flow via soil fissures was the major type of preferential flow that showed a limited lateral diffusion. In CL, the degree of preferential flow (mainly as finger flows) decreased with soil depth. Based on the SPW profile, flow patterns were classified along soil depth at each site. The lower degree of preferential flow and the reduced SD in agricultural soils demonstrated the substantial impact of soil management on preferential flow and thereby infiltration. Therefore, current agricultural management exacerbates surface runoff and soil erosion and causes ecological degradation and sediment deposition in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China.

Muxing Liu

Li Guo

Jun Yi

Henry Lin

Shulan Lou

Hailin Zhang

Tian Li

Characterising preferential flow and its interaction with the soil matrix using dye tracing in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China

表征优先流及其与土壤基质的相互作用：以中国三峡库区染色示踪法研究

The ratio of nutrient concentration in eroded sediment to that in the original soil (the enrichment ratio, ER) commonly varies with the accumulated soil loss. The objective of this study was to investigate possible factors contributing to this change in ER when erosion was accompanied by a significant depth of water. The enrichment ratio was directly measured on sediment from a sandy clay loam soil. ER was followed as a function of time for eight erosion experiments in which the mix of erosion processes and the fractional surface cover was varied. By using a simulated rainfall tilting flume facility, experiments covered low slope (0.1%), when rainfall detachment was the only erosion process, and 3% soil surface slope, where the processes of rainfall detachment and entrainment occurred. The type and extent of fractional surface cover was varied for the experiments with the 3% slope. In all cases, the rainfall rate was 100 mm h-1and the drop size was 2.2 mm. A new analytical framework is described, showing that ER can be interpreted from the product of two component distributions. The first component distribution is the concentration of sediment as a function of sediment size (a distribution found to vary with time and mix of erosion processes). The second distribution is nitrogen concentration (largely organic) as a function of size (found to be much less time-variable than sediment size). The conclusions reached, after analysis of these experimental data by using this framework, were: (i) time variation in ER was largely due to time variation in the first component distribution; (ii) values of ER different from unity require some variation with sediment size (or settling velocity) in the concentration of the nutrient sorbed to the soil or closely associated with the soil organic matter; (iii) the more that rainfall detachment dominates runoff erosion as the major erosion process, the more likely it is that ER is greater than unity.

RG Palis

G Okwach

CW Rose

PG Saffigna

Soil erosion processes and nutrient loss. 1. The interpretation of enrichment ratio and nitrogen loss in runoff sediment

土壤侵蚀过程与养分流失：1. 富集比与径流沉积物中氮素流失的解析

Context Analysing freeze-thaw erosion is of great significance to ecological environment protection and land resource utilisation in high altitude areas. Aims We used seven indicators (temperature, precipitation, vegetation cover, elevation, slope, slope orientation, and sand content) to calculate the freeze-thaw erosion intensity index for different seasons from 2000 to 2019. Methods We used a graded weighted evaluation model and a geographical detector method to analyse spatiotemporal pattern and driving factors of freeze-thaw erosion intensity in Qiangtang grasslands. Key results (1) From 2000 to 2019, the total area of freeze-thaw erosion was higher in the non-growing season than in the growing season. The area of moderate and above-average freeze-thaw erosion increased over time in the non-growing season but decreased in the growing season. The spatial distribution of freeze-thaw erosion was mainly determined by the annual range of precipitation and temperature, which reflect the intensity and frequency of freezing and thawing cycles. (2) Vegetation cover was an indirect factor that influenced the soil moisture and stability. The slope was another important factor that affected the spatial distribution of freeze-thaw erosion in different regions. Conclusions The results show that in 2000–2019 the area of freeze-thaw erosion showed a downward trend. The erosion degree in the non-growing season is on the rise. Implications Our study provides new insights into the dynamics and mechanisms of freeze-thaw erosion in Qiangtang grasslands and contributes to the understanding and management of water and climate change impacts on this region.

Gaobo Zhang

Xiaohuang Liu

Jinjie Wang

Jiufen Liu

Xiaofeng Zhao

Hongyu Li

Ran Wang

Xinping Luo

Liyuan Xing

Chao Wang

Honghui Zhao

Spatial and temporal distribution and environmental determinants of freeze-thaw erosion intensity in Qiangtang grasslands, China

青藏高原草地冻融侵蚀强度时空分布及其环境决定因素

We evaluated spatial heterogeneity for pH and a comprehensive set of nutrient and trace elements in surface (0–0.1 m depth) and subsurface (0.3–0.4 m depth) soils across 26.6 ha of old-growth, lowland, tropical moist forest, established on a highly weathered soil in Panama. Little is known about spatial heterogeneity patterns of soil properties in tropical forest soils. Soil was moderately acidic (pH 5.28) with low concentrations of exchangeable base cations (13.4 cmolc/kg), Bray-extractable PO4 (2.2 mg/kg), KCl-extractable NO3 (5.0 mg/kg), and KCl-extractable NH4 (15.5 mg/kg). The coefficient of variation for soil properties ranged from 24% to &gt;200%, with a median value of 84%. Geostatistical analysis revealed spatial dependence at a scale of 10–100 m for most of the soil properties; however, pH, NH4, Al, and B had spatial dependence at a scale up to 350 m. Best-fit models to individual variograms included random, exponential, spherical, Gaussian, linear, and power functions, indicating many different spatial patterns among the set of soil properties. Correlation among individual elements was poor, indicating independent patterns. Our results show complex spatial patterns in soil chemical properties and provide a basis for future investigations on soil–plant relationships and soil nutrient niche differentiation.

J. B. Yavitt

K. E. Harms

M. N. Garcia

S. J. Wright

F. He

M. J. Mirabello

Spatial heterogeneity of soil chemical properties in a lowland tropical moist forest, Panama

巴拿马低地热带湿润森林土壤化学性质的空间异质性

Context This is the first research to investigate the impact of irrigation duration on crop productivity and nitrogen (N) performance indicators in southern New South Wales (SNSW), Australia, as the industry strives for improved N productivity. Aim To benchmark the impact of different irrigation durations on waterlogging and related impacts on available soil and fertiliser N, cotton productivity and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Methods Two field experiments were conducted in SNSW where cotton was grown with varying rates of fertiliser N application interacting with different durations of furrow irrigation applications during the period from first flower to crop maturity. Key results Waterlogged conditions occurred within the top 20 cm of the soil profile during irrigations. These conditions coincided with fertiliser placement and high concentrations of available mineral N, which created conditions conducive for N loss. However, the internal NUE (kg lint kg crop N uptake−1) and N balance were not impacted by irrigation duration in either experiment, despite differences in duration of waterlogged conditions that averaged 15 h irrigation−1. Partial N budgets suggested that 48% of the available N to the crop could not be found in the plant or soil mineral N pools after harvest. Conclusion Modification of the duration of irrigation applications was not an effective management option to improve NUE in irrigated cotton; however, it improved water productivity (bales per megalitre). Implications Further research is required to consider the implications of other irrigation systems such as overhead sprinkler and drip systems for improvement of NUE.

John Smith

Shu Fukai

Michael Bell

The impact of irrigation duration on crop N uptake, lint yield and internal NUE in cotton using standard urea

灌溉持续时间对棉花作物氮素吸收、皮棉产量及内部氮素利用效率的影响——以标准尿素为例

Context It is essential to promote soil carbon sequestration as a means to mitigate climate change. Thus, it is fundamental to know the distribution of C in the soil at profile scale, the characteristics of humic substances as indicators of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover and their relationship with other soil properties. Aims Two forest ecosystems under pine and holm oak developed under a Meso-Mediterranean climate in Spain were used to characterize SOM through the complete sequence of layers of the soil profile. Methods General soil analysis, infrared spectroscopic analysis and soil color measurements were conducted for the characterization. Key results Humus form under oak was found to be Mull mesotrophic–Mull acid while humus under pine Moder oligotrophic. The infrared spectrum determined that oxidation of the humic acids was more complete in the deeper horizons. Relationships between intensities of the main spectral bands in both soils followed similar maximum and minimum sequence values. The total humic extract (THE) color measured by reflection was found inversely related to the THE color measured by transmission. In the same way, the color spectrum between 350 and 800 nm in the THE showed an inverse relation between hue/brightness and absorbance values. Conclusions Infrared analysis and color measurements provided evidence of a different level of stabilization of humic substances from each soil, and between the different horizons. Large spatial variability in soil organic carbon quantity and quality was observed. Implications Better understanding of carbon sequestration behavior in different soil ecosystems in its crucial role within the global carbon cycle

A. P. Fernández-Getino García

Characterization of soil organic carbon at profile scale in two forest soils under pine and holm oak

松树和冬青栎下两种森林土壤剖面尺度上有机碳的表征

Context Lithology plays a crucial role in soil formation processes, and its interaction with soil properties is closely tied to climatic factors, making regional-scale investigations essential. Aims This study aimed to investigate the impact of lithology on both clay mineralogy and the physicochemical properties of soils in the O’Higgins region of central Chile. Methods We examined soils derived from seven distinct rock types: (1) lithic tuff (volcanoclastic, felsic); (2) andesite (volcanic, intermediate); (3) ash tuff (volcanoclastic, felsic); (4) breccia flow (volcanoclastic, intermediate; (5) granite (plutonic, felsic); (6) quartz schist (metamorphic); and (7) muscovite schist (metamorphic). A total of 21 topsoil samples (0–10 cm) and seven rock samples were collected for analysis. Key results Kaolinite and illite were ubiquitous in all soil samples, whereas smectite and vermiculite were restricted to soils derived from volcanic and volcanoclastic parent materials. Notably, the physicochemical characteristics of the soils converged toward a sandy loam texture with high base saturation levels (&gt;90%). Conclusions The parent material exerts a significant influence on the clay mineral composition of soils in the study area. Conversely, the underlying lithology appears to have a negligible impact on the physicochemical properties of the soils in the region. Implications The findings of this study highlight the need for a more extensive and diverse sampling strategy to elucidate the complex relationships between lithology, soil clay mineralogy, and soil physicochemical properties. A more comprehensive understanding of these interactions can only be achieved through the inclusion of a larger and more representative sample set.

Eduardo Navarro-Hasse

Ursula Kelm

Oscar Jerez

Carolina Yáñez

Alexander Neaman

Influence of parent rock on soil clay mineralogy and physicochemical properties: a case study from the O’Higgins region, central Chile

母岩对土壤粘土矿物学和物理化学性质的影响：来自智利中部奥伊金斯地区的案例研究

Context The status and temporal trend in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are unknown in Tongatapu, the main island and agriculture hub of the Kingdom of Tonga. This is a critical shortcoming in relation to agricultural sustainability and food security. Aim Evaluate the soil organic carbon stocks within Tongatapu’s main soil series relative to historic data. Methods Historical studies were used to establish a SOC baseline for different soil series on Tongatapu. These sites were revisited and sampled in 2018 and the SOC content of the soil samples was determined using a dry combustion analytical method. Changes in the soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) nutrient pools were estimated using stoichiometry. Key results There was a decline in SOC stocks over the last 20–30 years. The mineralisation of soil organic matter, as represented by the decline in SOC stocks, has likely also reduced the pool of N, P, and S. Soils with the greatest SOC stocks (&gt;50 t C ha−1) declined at the highest rates relative to soils with SOC stocks of 20–30 t C ha−1. Conclusion Agricultural practices that are employed on Tongatapu have caused the decline of SOC stocks and are threatening sustainable agriculture production. Implications This study shows that new farming and soil management practices should be employed that build SOC and broader soil functions.

U. Stockmann

M. Farrell

T. Carter

S. Krawitz

V. N. L. Wong

V. Minoneti

D. Finau

A. Sharma

J. Barringer

V. T. Manu

S. Karunaratne

B. C. T. Macdonald

State and trend of surface soil organic carbon stocks and associated nutrients in Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga

汤加王国通加岛表层土壤有机碳储量及其相关养分的现状与趋势

Context The optimum gypsum form and rate required to ameliorate soil sodicity constraints caused by supplementary irrigation with water containing sodium bicarbonate in humid regions are unknown. Aim Evaluate the short-term effect of different gypsum forms and rates on (i) soil physicochemical properties and (ii) grain yield in a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) sequence. Methods We conducted two field experiments in the southeastern Argentinean Pampas on soils with low electrical conductivity (0.2 dS m−1), assessing three forms of gypsum (granulated, pelletised, and powdered) applied a month before barley sowing at 2000 kg ha−1. In one experiment, 3000 kg ha−1 was also tested. Soil properties and grain yield were determined at barley and maize harvests (i.e. 7 and 13 months after the gypsum application, respectively). Key results (i) Gypsum did not significantly affect soil physical properties; (ii) powdered gypsum at 3000 kg ha−1 enhanced soil chemical properties at barley harvest, decreasing pH by 7% and exchangeable sodium percentage by 35%, while increasing the exchangeable Ca2+/Na+ ratio by 70% (0.0–0.1 m depth); (iii) powdered gypsum improved soil chemical conditions at deeper soil depths (0.1–0.2 m) at maize harvest; (iv) barley grain yield increased with gypsum application; and (v) maize yield was negatively correlated with soil pH and positively correlated with the Ca2+/Na+ ratio. Conclusions Powdered gypsum can rapidly improve soil chemical properties and increase crop yields. Implications Powdered gypsum, especially at 3000 kg ha−1, could be used to alleviate soil sodicity issues in the short-term.

Walter D. Carciochi

Justo Chevallier Boutell

Gisela V. García

Natalia V. Diovisalvi

Nicolas Wyngaard

Adrián Lapaz Olveira

Nahuel I. Reussi Calvo

Gypsum form and rate can affect soil physicochemical properties and crop productivity in soils of low electrical conductivity that have been enriched by sodium due to supplementary irrigation

石膏形态和施用速率可影响低电导率土壤的物理化学性质及作物生产力，这些土壤因补充灌溉而富含钠

Abbreviation	Soil Res.
Journal Impact	1.10
Quartiles(Global)	SOIL SCIENCE(Q4)

ISSN	1838-675X, 1838-6768
h-index	95

Publication Information	Publisher: CSIRO，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2011，Proportion of original research papers: 93.33%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 27.11%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：平均12月
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：约25%

Soil Research

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