Advances in Neuroimmune Biology

The orexins are important for the regulation of several behavioral patterns, including feeding, arousal state, drug seeking, voluntary locomotion and nociception. Two orexins (A and B), and two different orexin receptors are known, which have differe

Abraham Miranda-Páez

Priscila Vázquez-León

Lucía Martínez-Mota

Vicente Sandoval-Herrera

Ivan Villanueva-Becerril

Sergio R. Zamudio

The Effects of Orexin A and B on Two Forms of Immobility Responses and on Analgesia

催产素A和B对两种不动反应及镇痛作用的影响

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T cell autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is a widely used animal model for the human demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis. Bacterial melanin has proved to be a potent neuroprotector. It supports regeneration and motor recovery after CNS lesions. It is established that bacterial melanin can induce suppression of inflammatory process. Studies have revealed the negative correlation between skin pigmentation, vitamin D and the prevalence of autoimmune disease. Therefore we analyzed the anti-inflammatory effects of bacterial melanin in a rat EAE model. EAE was induced in adult albino male rats by immunizing with a rat spinal cord encephalitogenic emulsion. The development of EAE and neurological signs were evaluated by a standard protocol. Walking track analysis was conducted to evaluate motor recovery. Histomorphological analysis was applied to show cell infiltration into the spinal cord and effects of BM on the EAE pathomorphology. Pretreatment of EAE rats with bacterial melanin inhibited the development of disease, providing significant protective effect compared to control rats. BM treated rats showed lower degree of neurological deficit and higher level of motor recovery than controls. In treated rats histomorphological analysis demonstrated that brain infiltration with mononuclears was less expressed in bacterial melanin treated rats. Results show that bacterial melanin has protective effects in EAE and ameliorates symptoms of EAE.

T.R. Petrosyan

A.S. Hovsepyan

Bacterial Melanin Ameliorates Symptoms of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Rats

细菌黑色素改善大鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎症状

Taku Naito

Epigenetics in T-cell Development and Function

T细胞发育与功能中的表观遗传学

Julieta Ivone Castro Romero

Karen Elizabeth Nava Castro

Jorge Morales Montor

Elizabeth Langley McCarron

Links between Obesity, Inflammation and Breast Cancer

肥胖、炎症与乳腺癌之间的关联

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is important for normal biological processes like immune cell development, immune responses, and differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, it is well understood that epigenetic mechanisms can include methylation, histone modification, and more recently, microRNAs. Interestingly, aberrant epigenetic modification can also promote pathology in many diseases like cancer. The effects of methylation on gene expression and its resulting phenotype have been extensively studied. In this review, we discuss the inhibition of innate immunity that occurs in humans and animal models post-stem cell transplant. In addition, we highlight the changes methylation and microRNA profiles have on regulating pulmonary innate immune responses in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in experimental animal models.

Racquel Domingo-Gonzalez

Bethany B. Moore

Innate Immunity Post-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Focus on Epigenetics

造血干细胞移植后先天免疫：聚焦表观遗传学

Biotechnologically obtained bacterial melanin (BM) has been extensively studied as a potential pharmacological preparation with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Anti-inflammatory action of BM was tested in animal model of induced encephalomyelitis. The goal of presented research was t o examine anti-inflammatory potential of BM in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells. The cells were treated with different concentrations of BM (from 6 mg/ml to 4, 2 and 1 mg/ml) and incubated for 20 hours. Results were compared with data obtained from vehicle control treated cells. Two tailed t-test was used to evaluate the results. The obtained data showed that BM reduces the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. The substance suppresses production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1b. The results revealed that BM has anti-inflammatory activity and has a potential to suppress neuroinflammation. Brain macrophages-are the only cells that mediate brain inflammation. Extracellular neuromelanin can activate the CNS microglia inducing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The water-soluble biotechnological melanin does not activate microglia – the resident brain macrophages.

Tigran Petrosyan

Anichka Hovsepyan

Sona Avetisyan

Noble Kurian

In-vitro Effects of Bacterial Melanin in Macrophage “RAW 264.7” Cell Culture

细菌黑色素对巨噬细胞“RAW 264.7”细胞培养的体外效应

Istvan Berczi

Innate Immunity, Stress and Evolution

先天免疫、应激与进化

The relationship between exercise and the immune system (IS) is a subject that has had widespread attention across time. Both types of behavior, lack of exercise/exhausting exercise, are suggested to weaken immunity. On the contrary, regular moderate exercise seems to boost it. The effects of exerc ise over the immune responses must be well determined in order to understand how lack of exercise increases the susceptibility to viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. Nonetheless, we must keep in mind that the relation between physical activity and health is not as direct as it seems, for instance, greater susceptibility to infections after strenuous exercise bouts has been reported, and no impact at all over the immune system is reported during and after low-intensity bouts. Some of the parameters from the immune system that are affected when exercise is performed to exhaustion are: levels of salivary IgA, impaired mitogenic proliferation of lymphocytes, decreased HLA-DR expression, up-regulation of CD14+ cells, variations in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes proportion, among others. This review discusses the evidence of the effects that exercise elicits on the immune response on different conditions, presenting an updated view about it. Furthermore, we will underline the evidence about the different effects provoked by exercise when performed at distinct intensities and durations. Finally, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms that offer substrate to these interactions and how they help us understand it.

Salvador Valencia-Sánchez

René Drucker-Colín

Omar Collazo-Navarrete

Oscar Prospero-García

Jorge Morales-Montor

Effects of Exercise upon Immunoregulation: Facts and a Modern View of its Molecular Mechanisms

运动对免疫调节的影响：事实与现代分子机制观点

The circadian oscillator system is known to affect various immune functions. These actions can be attributed to either direct effects of oscillator components, including those present in peripheral cellular clocks, or to indirect actions via strongly rhythmic regulators such as melatonin and gluco corticoids. The aim of this article is to outline the connections between circadian and immune systems at the level of regulation by noncoding RNAs. Numerous pleiotropically acting miRNAs are summarized that display functions in both systems. Many miRNAs that regulate inflammation are shown to harbor putative or demonstrated binding sites for oscillator components in their respective promoters or to be under control of melatonin or glucocorticoids. Melatonin, which possesses immune modulatory properties, has been shown to act partially via upregulation of sirtuin-1, a regulator that participates in inflammation control and also increases circadian amplitudes. Thus, both melatonin and sirtuin-1 can be regarded as connecting factors between circadian and immune systems. Additional bridging effects can be expected from other noncoding RNAs, in particular, circRNAs and rhythmically expressed lncRNAs. Various circRNAs are listed that sponge miRNAs under circadian control. Moreover, the intercellular spreading of information transmitted by miRNAs, circRNAs and lncRNAs via exosomes and ectosomes is addressed.

Rüdiger Hardeland

Noncoding RNAs: Bridging Regulation of Circadian Rhythms and Inflammation

非编码RNAs：连接昼夜节律与炎症的调控

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) includes a group of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with the dysregulation of cytokine profile. The family of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) has been demonstrated to exert negative regulation on production of cytokines via interference with the Jak/S tat transduction pathway. In the present study, we evaluated expression of SOCS1-3 and SOCS5 in the peripheral blood of ASD patients compared to the healthy subjects by means of real time PCR. Expression levels of SOCS genes were not significantly different between cases and controls. Significant correlations were found between expression levels of SOCS genes in female subjects, but not in male subjects. In addition, based on the Spearman correlation coefficients, correlations were more significant in ASD patients compared to the healthy subjects. SOCS3 expression levels were significantly correlated with the age of all studied participants. SOCS5 expression was correlated with the age of patients, but not healthy subjects. Although we demonstrated similar levels of SOCS genes expression in peripheral blood of ASD patients and healthy subjects, based on the observed altered cytokine profile of ASD patients, we suggest future evaluation of expression of these genes in certain components of blood.

Mohammad Mahdi Eftekharian

Mir Davood Omrani

Alireza Komaki

Shahram Arsang-Jang

Mohammad Taheri

Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard

Expression Analysis of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Genes in Blood of Autistic Patients

自闭症患者血液中细胞因子信号传导抑制因子(SOCS)基因表达分析

ISSN	1878-948X, 1878-9498
h-index	10

Publication Information	Publisher: IOS Press BV，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2020，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

Advances in Neuroimmune Biology

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