The Anatomical Record is a journal dedicated to anatomical research, covering various fields related to anatomy. It aims to provide researchers with a platform to communicate and share the latest research findings.

《Anatomical Record》是一本专注于解剖学研究的期刊，涵盖了与解剖学相关的各个领域，旨在为研究者提供一个交流和分享最新研究成果的平台。

Anatomical Record

Multifidus muscles maintain the stability of the lumbar spine and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of nonspecific lower back pain. Previous studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) can relieve the symptoms of low back pain and reduce injury to the lumbar multifidus muscles. In this study, a rat model of lumbar multifidus muscle injury was established by 0.05% bupivacaine injection and subsequently treated with EA at bilateral "Weizhong" (BL40) acupoints. Disruption of the function and structure of multifidus muscles, increased cytosolic Ca2+ in multifidus myocytes, and reduced mitochondrial fission and ATP production were observed in the model group. Additionally, increased expression of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) promoted mitochondrial reuptake of Ca2+ , reversing the excessive increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ . However, the excessive increase in MCU not only aggravated the increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ but also decreased the expression of the mitochondrial division proteins dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission factor (MFF). EA inhibited the overexpression of MCU, promoted mitochondrial reuptake of Ca2+ , and reversed cytosolic Ca2+ overload. Furthermore, EA regulated the expression of the mitochondrial fission proteins Drp1 and MFF and promoted the production of ATP, helping the recovery of mitochondrial function after multifidus injury. Therefore, EA can protect against bupivacaine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, possibly by attenuating MCU overexpression in the inner mitochondrial membrane and reducing Ca2+ overloading in muscle cells, thereby protecting mitochondrial function and maintaining the normal energy demand of muscle cells.腰多裂肌维持腰椎的稳定性，在非特异性下腰痛发病中发挥重要作用。前期研究表明电针(EA)能够缓解腰痛症状，减轻腰多裂肌损伤。本研究通过0.05%布比卡因注射制备腰多裂肌损伤大鼠模型，并在“委中”(BL40)穴进行EA干预。结果显示，模型组多裂肌的结构和功能异常，肌细胞胞浆Ca2+ 增加，线粒体分裂和ATP的产生能力降低。本研究还发现一定程度的线粒体钙单向转运体(MCU)增加，可促使线粒体重摄取Ca2+ ,从而逆转胞浆Ca2+ 过度升高；而MCU的过度增加不仅会加剧胞浆Ca2+ 增高，还会减少线粒体分裂蛋白Drp1和MFF。EA干预后可以抑制MCU的过度表达，促进线粒体重摄取Ca2+ ,逆转胞浆Ca2+ 超载。此外，EA还可以调控线粒体分裂蛋白Drp1和MFF的表达，促进ATP的产生，这有利于多裂肌损伤后线粒体功能的恢复。因此，我们得出结论，EA对布比卡因引起的线粒体功能障碍具有保护作用，这些保护机制可能是通过抑制线粒体内膜的MCU的过度表达，减少肌细胞Ca2+ 超载现象，保护线粒体功能，从而维持肌细胞正常能量需求来实现。.

Xia Li

Jun Zhao

Qiaoqiao Lv

Yuan Tian

Li Zhang

Tong Liu

The Anatomical Record

Electroacupuncture alleviates multifidus muscle injury by modulating mitochondrial function and Ca2+ uptake

电针通过调节线粒体功能和钙离子摄取减轻多裂肌损伤

Abstract The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gut motility, secretion, and blood flow in the gut microvasculature and can modulate gastrointestinal inflammation. Sympathetic neurons signal via catecholamines, neuropeptides, and gas mediators. In the current review, we summarize the current understanding of the mature sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract with a focus mainly on the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia as the main output to the gut. We also highlight recent work regarding the developmental processes of sympathetic innervation. The anatomy, neurochemistry, and connections of the sympathetic prevertebral ganglia with different parts of the gut are considered in adult organisms during prenatal and postnatal development and aging. The processes and mechanisms that control the development of sympathetic neurons, including their migratory pathways, neuronal differentiation, and aging, are reviewed.

Petr M. Masliukov

Andrey I. Emanuilov

Antonina F. Budnik

Sympathetic innervation of the development, maturity, and aging of the gastrointestinal tract

胃肠道发育、成熟和衰老的交感神经支配

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to evaluate whether the tumoricidal activity of mouse IFN R −/− nature killer (NK) cells is induced by Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin‐neuraminidase (NDV‐HN) stimulation, and to investigate what is the mechanism of the HN‐stimulated NK cells to kill mouse hepatoma cell line in vitro . The mouse IFN R −/− NK cells were stimulated for 16 hr with 500 ng/mL NDV‐HN in 1640 medium. Quantify the cytotoxic activities of NK cells against mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa1‐6) by flow cytometry. Granzymes B (GrB) and Fas/FasL concentrations in the supernatants of IFN R −/− NK cells medium were determined by specific ELISA assay. The expression of cell surface GrB and Fas was determined by Western blot. NDV‐HN stimulation enhanced tumoricidal activity of IFN R −/− NK cells toward Hepa1‐6 in vitro . Treating with anti‐HN neutralizing mAb induced significant decline in the cytotoxicity of IFN R −/− NK cells toward Hepa1‐6 cell line ( P &lt; 0.05). After treating with anti‐HN protein (1 μL/mL), Syk‐specific inhibitor Herbimycin A(250 ng/mL) and NF‐κB inhibitor PDTC (500 ng/mL) downregulated the tumoricidal activity of HN‐stimulated IFN R −/− NK cells ( P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, significant suppressions in the production of GrB and Fas/FasL were observed in HN‐stimulated IFN R −/− NK cells ( P &lt; 0.05). Thus, we concluded that killer activation receptors pathway is involved in the IFN‐γ‐independent GrB and Fas/FasL expression of NDV‐HN‐stimulated IFN R −/− NK cells, and these are activated by Syk and NF‐κB. Anat Rec, 302:1718–1725, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association for Anatomy

Shuang Liang

Xiao Lin

Ying Liang

Dezhi Song

Lei Zhang

Xiaohui Fan

Killing Effects of IFN R−/− Mouse NK Cells Activated by HN Protein of NDV on Mouse Hepatoma Cells and Possible Mechanism with Syk and NF‐κB

IFN R−/− 小鼠NK细胞被NDV HN蛋白激活后对小鼠肝癌细胞的杀伤作用及可能的机制：Syk和NF‐κB

Abstract The fine structures, enzyme histochemical, and immunohistochemical characterization of liver in zebrafish were investigated using light microscopy and electron microscopy. The results showed that liver was separated into three lobes and each lobe had a central vessel comparable to the mammalian central vein. However typical hepatic lobules, portal areas, and hepatic arteries were not observed. A portal vein entered the liver and its tributaries were connected directly to the sinusoids, which then converged to the central vessel. Three central vessels in lobes finally carried the blood out of liver. The polygonal and bilayered hepatocytes were arranged as twisting, branching, and anastomosing cords. Ultrastructurally, they showed apparent morphological features of protein synthesis and secretion. Bile entered the biliary tree through the intracellular canaliculus, the ramifications of intercellular canaliculi that originated near the hepatic nucleus and then extended to the hepatocyte surface where two adjacent hepatocyte membranes formed intercellular canaliculi, and then ran sequentially through bile preductules, bile ductules, and bile ducts to be secreted out of the liver. Bile preductular epithelial cells (BPs) were cells located between bilayered hepatocytes in one hepatic cord. Occasionally, some tight junctions were detected forming the link between BPs and hepatocytes, which led us to assume that BPs might have a close relationship with hepatocytes during evolution. The present results indicate that zebrafish liver has its own specific fine structure. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Yilin Yao

Jinxing Lin

Ping Yang

Qiusheng Chen

Xiaohong Chu

Cheng Gao

Jianhua Hu

Fine Structure, Enzyme Histochemistry, and Immunohistochemistry of Liver in Zebrafish

Pseudosuchia, one of the two main clades of Archosauria, is today only represented by some 20 extant species, the crocodilians, representing only a fraction of its extinct diversity. Extant crocodilians are ectotherms but present morphological and anatomical features usually associated with endothermy. In 2004, it was proposed that pseudosuchians were ancestrally endothermic and the features observed in extant crocodilians are the remains of this lost legacy. This contribution has two parts: the first part covers 20 years of studies on this subject, first exploring the evidence for a loss of endothermy in extant crocodilians, before covering the variety of proxies used to infer the thermophymetabolic regime of extinct pseudosuchians. In the second part, the quantitative results of these previous studies are integrated into a comprehensive ancestral state reconstruction to discuss a potential scenario for the evolution of thermometabolism. Pseudosuchian endothermy would then have been lost close to the node Crocodylomorpha. The end-Triassic mass extinction is proposed to have played the role of a filter, leading to the extinction of endothermic pseudosuchians and the survival of ectothermic ones. This difference in survival in Pseudosuchia is compared to those of dinosaurs, and difference in their metabolism is also considered. Pseudosuchian endothermy might have been of a different level than the dinosaurian one and more studies are expected to clarify this question.

Mathieu Gabriel Faure‐Brac

Pseudosuchian thermometabolism: A review of the past two decades

伪鳄类体温代谢：过去二十年的回顾

Xenodens calminechari is a mosasaurid taxon named by Longrich et al. (2021) based on the holotype MHNM.KH.331, a left maxilla with several teeth. This holotype was obtained nonscientifically (without technical supervision) from an area in Morocco that yields many manipulated or forged specimens. Examination of Longrich et al. (2021) reveals four tooth crowns occupy what appear to be two alveoli in MHNM.KH.331, and there is potential adhesive connecting the tooth crowns to the maxilla on their lateral sides. We argue that the articulated tooth crowns of this taxon were artificially placed in the maxilla, rendering at least two apomorphies of this taxon the product of forgery. Longrich et al. (2021)'s claims of fused tooth 'roots' in MNHM.KH.331 are instead calcified periodontal ligament and alveolar bone that have ankylosed, resembling the typical mosasaurid condition. Differing tooth crown morphology does not preclude the referral of the teeth of this specimen to a younger ontogenetic stage of another mosasaur (possibly Carinodens) because many extant lizard species show drastic ontogenetic changes in the dentition. We argue that Xenodens calminechari represents a nomen dubium. This specimen constitutes a confluence of two persistent problems in vertebrate paleontology: material sourced from commercial excavations that has not been adequately tested for forgery, and taxa named from tooth-based holotypes that ignore the potential for intraspecific dental variation and interspecific convergence in dental characters, as are common in squamates. We suggest that Longrich et al. CT scan MHNM.KH.331, and we supply CT examples for identifying artificially added tooth crowns to Moroccan mosasaur jaws. Finally, we provide recommendations for the designation of mosasaurid holotypes.

Henry S. Sharpe

Mark J. Powers

Michael W. Caldwell

Reassessment of Xenodens calminechari with a discussion of tooth morphology in mosasaurs

重新评估Xenodens calminechari及其在沧龙类牙齿形态中的讨论

In the context of an increasing interest for Pseudosuchia, we have compiled a Special Issue, comprising 14 collaborative studies that deepen our understanding of pseudosuchian evolution. These contributions range from the description of a new taxon to exhaustive reviews of thermometabolism, morphological adaptation, systematics, and detailed investigations into ontogeny, paleoneurology, paleohistology, and paleobiology. Through these papers, we explore the evolutionary history of pseudosuchian archosaurs, spotlighting their rise and diversification following the end-Permian mass extinction.

Mariana Valeria de Araujo Sena

Holly Noelle Woodward

Jorge Cubo

Pseudosuchia: Masters of survival and diversification

伪鳄类：生存与多样化的主宰

Abstract Crocodylians evolved a unique gular valve that is capable of creating a water‐tight seal between the oral and pharyngeal cavities, allowing the animal to safely submerge with an open mouth. The gular valve has traditionally been described as consisting of two separate parts: an active mobile ventral portion (consisting of the tongue and portions of the hyolingual apparatus) and a dorsal portion, which is a static fold on the hard palate (often termed the palatal velum). The results of the present study argue that the two portions of the gular valve are functionally integrated, not separate, and that the dorsal portion (herein the dorsal gular fold) is a dynamic element the shape and tension of which are influenced by active and passive forces. Using gross dissection, histology, and DiceCT, the present study documents a previously underscribed component of the gular valve, the velar chord, which links the hyolingual apparatus to the dorsal gular fold, functionally integrating the two halves of the gular valve. Through endoscopic videography and a variety of manipulations on living crocodylians, this study demonstrates that changes in the tension on the velar chord directly alter the shape and tension of the dorsal gular fold. The shape changes observed in the dorsal gular fold could be accommodated by a shallow depression in the ventral surface of the palatine bones, herein termed the velar fossa. The velar fossa is a prominent feature of Alligator mississippiensis and was observed in other crocodilians; however, a survey of living and fossil crocodylians demonstrated that the velar fossa is not a universal feature in this clade. Understanding the functional linkage between the dorsal and ventral portions of the gular valve has implications beyond the dive reflex of crocodylians, since active manipulation of the dorsal gular fold likely plays a role in a variety of behavioral and physiological processes such as deglutition and vocalization.

Bruce A. Young

Michael Cramberg

Olivia G. Young

The velar chord and dynamic integration of the gular valve in crocodylians

鳄类动物的腭索与喉瓣的动态整合

Abstract Understanding patterns of cortico‐cortical connections in both frequently and infrequently studied species advances our knowledge of cortical organization and evolution. The agouti ( Dasyprocta aguti , a medium‐size South American rodent) offers a unique opportunity, because of its large lissencephalic brain and its natural behaviors, such as gnawing and hiding seeds, that require bimanual interaction while sitting on its hindlimbs and aligning its head to receive images of the horizon on the retinal visual streak. There have been no previous studies of the intrinsic and extrinsic ipsilateral projections of the agouti's primary somatosensory cortical area (S1). In the present study, we utilized biotinylated dextran (BDA) anatomical tract‐tracer injections combined with microelectrode electrophysiological mapping, correlated with analysis of cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemical staining, to investigate the ipsilateral corticocortical connectivity of the agouti's S1. By injecting BDA into electrophysiologically identified regions within the S1, we revealed ipsilateral intrinsic connections, as well as connections with cortical areas rostral and caudal to S1, and homotopic labeling in the second somatosensory cortical area (S2). In addition, we identified a focal cluster of labeled axons and axonal terminals adjacent to the rhinal fissure, tentatively named the parietal rhinal area (PR). The analysis of CO reactivity allowed delineation of the boundaries and subdivisions of S1, as well as the locations and limits of primary auditory and visual areas. These findings provide support for the notion of a similar pattern of somatosensory cortical organization and connectivity across mammalian species.

João G. Franca

Marco Aurelio M. Freire

Antonio Pereira

Paul R. Manger

Jon H. Kaas

Cristovam W. Picanço‐Diniz

Cortico‐cortical connectivity of the somatosensory cortex of the agouti: Topographical organization and evolutionary implications

刺鼠体感皮层的皮层间连接：地形组织及其进化意义

Abbreviation	Anat Rec
Journal Impact	2.00
Quartiles(Global)	ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY(Q2)

ISSN	1932-8486, 1932-8494
h-index	99

Publication Information	Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc.，Publishing cycle: Monthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2007，Proportion of original research papers: 93.86%，Self Citation Rate:16.70%， Gold OA Rate: 22.90%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：平均4月
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：约37.5%

Anatomical Record

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Electroacupuncture alleviates multifidus muscle injury by modulating mitochondrial function and Ca²⁺ uptake

Sympathetic innervation of the development, maturity, and aging of the gastrointestinal tract

Killing Effects of IFN R^−/− Mouse NK Cells Activated by HN Protein of NDV on Mouse Hepatoma Cells and Possible Mechanism with Syk and NF‐κB

Fine Structure, Enzyme Histochemistry, and Immunohistochemistry of Liver in Zebrafish

Pseudosuchian thermometabolism: A review of the past two decades

Pseudosuchian thermometabolism: A review of the past two decades

Reassessment of Xenodens calminechari with a discussion of tooth morphology in mosasaurs

Pseudosuchia: Masters of survival and diversification

The velar chord and dynamic integration of the gular valve in crocodylians

Cortico‐cortical connectivity of the somatosensory cortex of the agouti: Topographical organization and evolutionary implications