自闭症研究将涵盖被称为普遍性发育障碍（或自闭症谱系障碍 - ASD）的发育障碍。该杂志侧重于基本的遗传、神经生物学和心理机制，以及这些机制如何影响 ASD 的发育过程。

The journal "Autism Research" focuses on the study of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a pervasive developmental disorder. It covers fundamental research in genetics, neurobiology, and psychological mechanisms, examining how these mechanisms influence the developmental processes of ASD.

《Autism Research》期刊专注于自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）这一普遍性发育障碍的研究。该杂志涵盖遗传学、神经生物学和心理机制等基础研究，探讨这些机制如何影响ASD的发展过程。

Autism Research

Background Attention orienting is a cognitive process that facilitates the movement of attention focus from one location to another: this may be impaired in autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ). Dorsal and ventral attention networks ( DAN and VAN ) sub‐serve the process of attention orienting. This study investigated the functional connectivity of attention orienting in these networks in ASD using the Posner Cueing Task. Method Twenty‐one adolescents with ASD and 21 age and IQ matched controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. A psychophysical interaction ( PPI ) analysis was implemented to investigate task‐dependent functional connectivity, measuring synchronicity of brain regions during the task. Regions of interest ( ROI ) were selected to explore functional connectivity in the DAN during cue‐only conditions and in the VAN during invalid and valid trials. Results Behaviourally, the ASD and control groups performed the task in a similar manner. Functional MRI results indicated that the ASD and control groups activated similar brain regions. During invalid trials ( VAN ), the ASD group showed significant positive functional connectivity to multiple brain regions, whilst the control group demonstrated negative connectivity. During valid trials ( VAN ), the two groups also showed contrasting patterns of connectivity. In the cue‐only conditions ( DAN ), the ASD group showed weaker functional connectivity. Conclusion The DAN analysis suggests that the ASD group has weaker coherence between brain areas involved in goal‐driven, endogenous attention control. The strong positive functional connectivity exhibited by the ASD group in the VAN during the invalid trials suggests that individuals with ASD may generate compensatory mechanisms to achieve neurotypical behaviour. These results support the theory of abnormal cortical connectivity in autism. Autism Res 2015, 8: 136–152 . © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Jacqueline Fitzgerald

Katherine Johnson

Elizabeth Kehoe

Arun L.W. Bokde

Hugh Garavan

Louise Gallagher

Jane McGrath

Disrupted Functional Connectivity in Dorsal and Ventral Attention Networks During Attention Orienting in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Many autistic children and young people need extra support with social skills. Social skills programmes, such as LEGO® based therapy (LBT), are commonly used to help with these difficulties. The aim of this study was to examine the acceptability of LBT using qualitative interviews and questionnaires with facilitators and parents/guardians on behalf of autistic children and young people. Acceptability was measured in line with constructs of the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability. Questionnaires were analyzed descriptively and between group comparisons were undertaken using the Mann–Whitney U Test. Telephone interviews were undertaken with a sub‐sample of facilitators. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and framework analysis was performed by two researchers supported by NVivo. The questionnaire response rate was 80% for facilitators and 77% for parents/guardians. Overall acceptability, measured on a 1–5 (minimum–maximum) scale, was high for both facilitators and parents/guardians with a median (range) of 5 (4–5) and 4 (3–5), respectively. Facilitators rated the acceptability of the programme significantly higher overall than parents ( p &lt; 0.001). Facilitators reported that participants and wider school staff viewed the programme positively. They observed improvements in communication and social skills during the sessions. Potential barriers to programme delivery, such as resources and staff schedules, were identified but facilitators reported that these challenges did not outweigh the benefits. There is increasing emphasis on the role of schools in seeking to improve social outcomes for autistic children therefore this high degree of acceptability makes this an attractive school‐based programme for schools, autistic children and their families. Lay Summary Social skills programmes, such as LEGO® based therapy (LBT), are often used to help autistic children and young people with their social skills. The acceptability of LBT with school staff and parents/guardians on behalf of children and young people was explored using interviews and questionnaires. Our results show that LBT is viewed as a highly acceptable programme that can help autistic children and young people improve their communication and social skills.

Amy Barr

Elizabeth Coates

Ellen Kingsley

Gina Gomez de la Cuesta

Katie Biggs

Ann Le Couteur

Barry Wright

A mixed methods evaluation of the acceptability of therapy using <scp>LEGO</scp>® bricks (<scp>LEGO</scp>® based therapy) in mainstream primary and secondary education

主流小学和中学教育中使用<scp>乐高</scp>®积木（<scp>乐高</scp>®基础疗法）治疗的可接受性混合方法评估

Abstract Emotion cognitive remediation is a critical component of social skills training for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Visual perception of emotions is highly correlated with the intensity and sequence of presented emotions. However, few studies examined the effect of presentation sequence and intensity on emotion perception. The present study examined the gaze patterns of children with ASD in receiving different sequences of emotion presentation using eye‐tracking technologies. Gaze patterns of ecologically‐valid video clips of silent emotion stimuli by 51 ASD children and 34 typically developing (TD) children were recorded. Results indicated that ASD and TD children showed opposite visual fixation during different intensity presentation modes: children with ASD showed better emotion perception with a weak‐to‐strong emotion sequence when presented. The visual reductions in emotion perception in children with ASD may due to different perceptual threshold to emotional intensity. The extent of the reductions could be related to an individual's Personal‐Social ability. The present study supports the importance of intensity of emotions and the order at which the emotional stimuli were presented in yielding better emotion perceptions in children with ASD, suggesting that the order of emotion presentation may potentially influence emotion processing during ASD rehabilitation. It is anticipated that the present findings could bring more insights to clinicians for intervention planning in the future.

Duan Wang

Yiran Zhang

Haiqing Zhang

Fengyi Kuo

Linxue Zhang

Ying Yang

Yingyu Yan

Manwa L. Ng

Lan Wang

Nan Yan

Yanni Chen

Is visual gaze in children with autism spectrum disorder related to sequence of emotion intensity presentation? An eye‐tracking study of natural emotion perception processes

自闭症谱系障碍儿童的视觉注视与情绪强度呈现顺序是否相关？自然情绪感知过程的眼动研究

There is a general consensus that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is accompanied by alterations in brain connectivity. Much of the neuroimaging work has focused on assessing long‐range connectivity disruptions in ASD. However, evidence from both animal models and postmortem examination of the human brain suggests that local connections may also be disrupted in individuals with the disorder. Here, we investigated how regional homogeneity (ReHo), a measure of similarity of a voxel's timeseries to its nearest neighbors, varies across age in individuals with ASD and typically developing (TD) individuals using a cross‐sectional design. Resting‐state fMRI data obtained from a publicly available database were analyzed to determine group differences in ReHo between three age cohorts: children, adolescents, and adults. In typical development, ReHo across the entire brain was higher in children than in adolescents and adults. In contrast, children with ASD exhibited marginally lower ReHo than TD children, while adolescents and adults with ASD exhibited similar levels of local connectivity as age‐matched neurotypical individuals. During all developmental stages, individuals with ASD exhibited lower local connectivity in sensory processing brain regions and higher local connectivity in complex information processing regions. Further, higher local connectivity in ASD corresponded to more severe ASD symptomatology. These results demonstrate that local connectivity is disrupted in ASD across development, with the most pronounced differences occurring in childhood. Developmental changes in ReHo do not mirror findings from fMRI studies of long‐range connectivity in ASD, pointing to a need for more nuanced accounts of brain connectivity alterations in the disorder. Autism Res 2015 . © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Dina R. Dajani

Lucina Q. Uddin

Local brain connectivity across development in autism spectrum disorder: A cross‐sectional investigation

孤独症谱系障碍发展过程中局部脑连接的横断面研究

Abstract Although aversive responses to sensory stimuli are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it remains unknown whether the social relevance of aversive sensory inputs affects their processing. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate neural responses to mildly aversive nonsocial and social sensory stimuli as well as how sensory over‐responsivity (SOR) severity relates to these responses. Participants included 21 ASD and 25 typically‐developing (TD) youth, aged 8.6–18.0 years. Results showed that TD youth exhibited significant neural discrimination of socially relevant versus irrelevant aversive sensory stimuli, particularly in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), regions that are crucial for sensory and social processing. In contrast, ASD youth showed reduced neural discrimination of social versus nonsocial stimuli in the amygdala and OFC, as well as overall greater neural responses to nonsocial compared with social stimuli. Moreover, higher SOR in ASD was associated with heightened responses in sensory‐motor regions to socially‐relevant stimuli. These findings further our understanding of the relationship between sensory and social processing in ASD, suggesting limited attention to the social relevance compared with aversiveness level of sensory input in ASD versus TD youth, particularly in ASD youth with higher SOR.

A. Than

G. Patterson

K. K. Cummings

J. Jung

M. E. Cakar

L. Abbas

S. Y. Bookheimer

M. Dapretto

S. A. Green

Sensory over‐responsivity and atypical neural responses to socially relevant stimuli in autism

自闭症中感觉过度反应与对社会相关刺激的非典型神经反应

Abstract Self‐injurious behaviors (SIB) commonly occur in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and span diverse topographies of self‐inflicted behaviors ranging from head banging to hitting oneself against hard objects. Despite the high rates of SIB in autistic individuals, relatively little research has focused on psychological factors associated with the development and maintenance of SIB in individuals with autism and moderate‐profound intellectual disability (ID). This commentary synthesizes existing literature on SIB and highlights the need for more research focused on psychological correlates and mechanisms in autistic individuals with moderate‐profound ID. We highlight the key role of difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) and co‐occurring internalizing symptoms in the manifestation of self‐harm behaviors in clinical samples and autism. Furthermore, this commentary proposes a framework for understanding the interplay between poor ER and internalizing symptoms in the development and maintenance of SIB in autistic individuals with moderate‐profound ID. Specifically, we explore the emergence of SIB in the context of precipitating cues that trigger strong emotions, ER processes and strategy deployment, and co‐occurring internalizing symptoms. Future directions and implications for longitudinal research, measurement development, and clinical treatments are discussed.

Emily F. Ferguson

Kaylin M. Russell

Sarely J. Licona

Ru Ying Cai

Thomas W. Frazier

Giacomo Vivanti

Grace W. Gengoux

Antonio Y. Hardan

Mirko Uljarević

Toward improved understanding and treatment of self‐injurious behaviors in autistic individuals with profound intellectual disability

迈向改善对自闭症伴重度智力障碍个体自伤行为的理解和治疗

Abstract Congenital sucrase‐isomaltase deficiency (CSID) is an inherited metabolic disorder causing chronic gastrointestinal symptoms and malnutrition when untreated. Most CSID patients are likely to remain under‐ or misdiagnosed. This study aimed to investigate prevalence of CSID among patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presenting with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms via prospective SI gene sequencing. A prospective cross‐sectional study was conducted on 98 ASD patients exhibiting gastrointestinal symptoms consistent with IBS. Participants were assessed according to Rome IV criteria and underwent SI gene sequencing. Demographic, clinical, and dietary data were collected and analyzed. Sucrose content in various fruits and vegetables was evaluated using three‐day food record, and gastrointestinal symptoms were rated on Likert scale. Seven patients (7%) were diagnosed with CSID based on SI gene analysis, revealing six different variants, including four novel mutations. One patient was homozygous for one variant, and six patients were heterozygous. Clinical presentations predominantly included diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloating, with two patients showing growth retardation. One patient was diagnosed in adulthood. Food allergy and lactose intolerance were the misdiagnoses prior to CSID diagnosis in two patients. Real prevalence of CSID is likely underestimated. Clinical heterogeneity and non‐specific symptoms contribute to diagnostic challenges. Gastrointestinal symptoms consistent with IBS in ASD patients should include CSID in differential diagnosis. Early genetic screening for SI variants in ASD patients with IBS symptoms can facilitate timely diagnosis and management, improving outcomes. Heterozygous variants of the SI gene should also be considered, as heterozygous patients can exhibit typical CSID symptoms.

Tanyel Zubarioglu

Dilara Ulgen

Sedanur Akca‐Yesil

Selin Akbulut

Huseyin Onay

Gozde Uzunyayla‐Inci

Omer Faruk Beser

Ali İbrahim Hatemi

Çiğdem Aktuğlu‐Zeybek

Ertuğrul Kiykim

Exploring congenital sucrase‐isomaltase deficiency in autism spectrum disorder patients with irritable bowel syndrome symptoms: A prospective <scp><i>SI</i></scp> gene sequencing study

探索孤独症谱系障碍伴肠易激综合征症状患者中的先天性蔗糖-异麦芽糖酶缺乏症：一项前瞻性<scp><i>SI</i></scp>基因测序研究

Abstract Existing literature has documented diminished norm‐based adaptation (aftereffects) across several perceptual domains in autism. However, the exact underlying mechanisms, such as sensory dominance possibly caused by imprecise priors and/or increased sensory precision, remain elusive. The “Bayesian brain” framework offers refined methods to investigate these mechanisms. This study utilized both model‐free (frequentist statistics) and model‐based (hierarchical Drift Diffusion Modeling) analytical approaches to compare gender face aftereffects in male adolescents with autism ( n = 29) to neurotypical controls ( n = 39) using a behavioral choice experiment. Contrary to our initial hypotheses, our analyses did not find support for imprecise priors or increased sensory precision within the autistic group. Instead, we observed generally decreased drift rates towards male but not female stimuli in the autistic group. Thus, our findings suggest a lack of own‐gender bias in face processing among the autistic participants. These findings align with more recent behavioral and neurophysiological research observing intact priors in individuals with autism, suggesting that other mechanisms may better explain the perceptual challenges in autism. Our study contributes to the ongoing discourse on perceptual processing in autism, emphasizing the necessity for more nuanced analytical approaches in order to unravel the complexity of this condition.

Julius Hennig

Arne Doose

Clara Marie Breier

Alexander Soutschek

Nicole Beyer

Stefan Schweinberger

Ingeborg Kamp‐Becker

Luise Poustka

Katja Albertowski

Veit Roessner

Stefan Ehrlich

Disentangling the perceptual underpinnings of autism: Evidence from a face aftereffects experiment

解开自闭症知觉基础的谜团：来自面部后效实验的证据

Individuals with autism spectrum condition (ASC) are suggested to experience difficulties with categorization and generalization. However, empirical studies have mainly focused on one process at a time, and neglected underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we investigated categorization and generalization at a behavioral and neural level in 38 autistic and 38 neurotypical (NT) adults. By presenting shapes sampled from an artificial multidimensional stimulus space, we investigated (1) behavioral and neural underpinnings of category learning and (2) behavioral generalization of trained categorization to both an extended version of the stimulus space and a novel stimulus space. Our previous findings showed that individuals with autism were slower in category learning. In this study, we demonstrate that this slower learning in autism was not related to differences in applied categorization strategy. In contrast, electroencephalography recordings during training did reveal a reduced amplitude of the N1 component in the right occipital temporal cortex after stimulus presentation in autistic participants, which suggests atypical categorical proficiency. In addition, we observed delayed and higher activation in the frontal regions after receiving (negative) feedback in the autistic group, potentially suggesting more explicit feedback processing or a higher salience of prediction errors in autism. Finally, autistic and NT individuals were able to generalize their learned categorization after training. However, when generalizing to a novel set of shapes, autistic individuals were significantly less accurate. Reduced generalization significantly correlated with increased intolerance to uncertainty scores. This multi-level approach reveals behavioral and neural differences in learning and generalization that could be related to clinical symptoms in autism.

Jaana Van Overwalle

Stephanie Van der Donck

Birte Geusens

Bart Boets

Johan Wagemans

Altered category learning and reduced generalization in autistic adults

自闭症成年人的类别学习改变及泛化能力降低

Abstract Motor impairments are common in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) although less is known about the neural mechanisms related to such difficulties. This review provides an outline of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings associated with execution and observation of naturalistic actions in autistic adults. Summarized outcomes revealed that adults with ASD recruit similar brain regions as neurotypical adults during action execution and during action observation, although with a difference in direction and/or magnitude. For action execution, this included higher and lower activity bilaterally in the precentral cortex, the parietal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), the occipital cortex, and the cerebellum. For action observation, differences mainly concerned both higher and lower activity in bilateral IFG and right precentral gyrus, and lower activity in MTG. Activity overlaps between action execution and observation highlight atypical recruitment of IFG, MTG, precentral, and parieto‐occipital regions in ASD. The results show atypical recruitment of brain regions subserving motor planning and/or predictive control in ASD. Atypical brain activations during action observation, and the pattern of activity overlaps, indicate an association with difficulties in understanding others' actions and intentions.

Sara Stillesjö

Hanna Hjärtström

Anna‐Maria Johansson

Thomas Rudolfsson

Daniel Säfström

Erik Domellöf

Action execution and observation in autistic adults: A systematic review of <scp>fMRI</scp> studies

自闭症成年人的动作执行与观察：基于fMRI研究的系统综述

Abbreviation	Autism Res
Journal Impact	5.34
Quartiles(Global)	PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL(Q1)

ISSN	1939-3792, 1939-3806
h-index	93

Publication Information	Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc，Publishing cycle: Bimonthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2008，Proportion of original research papers: 96.02%，Self Citation Rate:7.50%， Gold OA Rate: 29.61%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：>12周，或约稿

Autism Research

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