运动健康：多学科方法是参与竞技或休闲运动员训练和护理的所有医疗专业人员不可或缺的资源，包括初级保健医生、整形外科医生、物理治疗师、运动教练和其他医疗和保健专业人员。双月刊出版, SPORTS HEALTH 是美国运动医学骨科协会 (AOSSM)、美国运动医学医学会 (AMSSM)、国家运动训练师协会 (NATA) 和运动物理治疗科 (SPTS) 的合作出版物。该杂志发表评论文章、原始研究文章、案例研究、图像、简短更新、法律简报、社论和致编辑的信。主题包括：-运动损伤和治疗-运动员的护理-运动员康复-医学问题运动员-运动医学中的手术技术-运动医学中的案例研究-运动医学中的图像-法律问题-PE DIATRIC ATHLETES-GENERAL SPORTS TRAUMA-SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY

Sports Health is a multidisciplinary journal that serves as an essential resource for all healthcare professionals involved in the training and care of competitive or recreational athletes, including primary care physicians, orthopedic surgeons, physical therapists, athletic trainers, and other medical and health professionals. Published bi-monthly, Sports Health is a collaborative publication of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM), the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM), the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA), and the Sports Physical Therapy Section (SPTS). The journal features commentary articles, original research articles, case studies, images, brief updates, legal briefs, editorials, and letters to the editor. Topics include: sports injuries and treatment, athlete care, athlete rehabilitation, medical issues in athletes, surgical techniques in sports medicine, case studies in sports medicine, imaging in sports medicine, legal issues, pediatric athletes, general sports trauma, and sports psychology.

《Sports Health》是一个多学科的期刊，旨在为所有参与竞技或休闲运动员训练和护理的医疗专业人员提供重要资源，包括初级保健医生、整形外科医生、物理治疗师、运动教练及其他医疗和保健专业人员。该期刊由美国运动医学骨科协会 (AOSSM)、美国运动医学医学会 (AMSSM)、国家运动训练师协会 (NATA) 和运动物理治疗科 (SPTS) 合作出版，双月刊发行。期刊内容涵盖评论文章、原始研究、案例研究、图像、简短更新、法律简报、社论以及致编辑的信件。主要主题包括：运动损伤及其治疗、运动员护理、运动员康复、运动医学中的医学问题、手术技术、案例研究、图像、法律问题、儿童运动员、一般运动创伤和运动心理学。

Sports Health

Context: Among American sports, football has the highest incidence of exertional heat stroke (EHS), despite decades of prevention strategies. Based on recent reports, 100% of high school and college EHS football fatalities occur during conditioning sessions. Linemen are the at-risk population, constituting 97% of football EHS deaths. Linemen heat up faster and cool down slower than other players. Evidence Acquisition: Case series were identified from organized, supervised football at the youth, high school, and collegiate levels and compiled in the National Registry of Catastrophic Sports Injuries. Sources for event occurrence were media reports and newspaper clippings, autopsy reports, certificates of death, school-sponsored investigations, and published medical literature. Articles were identified through PubMed with search terms “football,” “exertional heat stroke,” and “prevention.” Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: Football EHS is tied to (1) high-intensity drills and conditioning that is not specific to individual player positions, (2) physical exertion as punishment; (3) failure to modify physical activity for high heat and humidity, (4) failure to recognize early signs and symptoms of EHS, and (5) death when cooling is delayed. Conclusion: To prevent football EHS, (1) all training and conditioning should be position specific; (2) physical activity should be modified per the heat load; (3) understand that some players have a “do-or-die” mentality that supersedes their personal safety; (4) never use physical exertion as punishment; (5) eliminate conditioning tests, serial sprints, and any reckless drills that are inappropriate for linemen; and (6) consider air-conditioned venues for linemen during hot practices. To prevent EHS, train linemen based on game demands. Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy: n/a.

Scott A. Anderson

E. Randy Eichner

Scott Bennett

Barry P. Boden

Bob Colgate

Ron Courson

Jon K. Davis

Gregory A. Elkins

Lawrence W. Judge

Mike Krueger

Kristen L. Kucera

Karissa Niehoff

Yvette Rooks

James B. Tucker

William O. Roberts

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach

Preventing Exertional Heat Stroke in Football: Time for a Paradigm Shift

预防足球运动中暑：范式转变的时机

Background: Badminton is a sport demanding both high aerobic and anaerobic fitness levels, and fatigue can significantly impact game performance. However, relevant studies are limited, and none have employed a wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) to investigate the effects of fatigue on athletic performance in the field. Hypothesis: Overall performance and body acceleration in both time and frequency domains during the fundamental badminton skills of vertical jumping and changes of direction will be affected by fatigue. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 38 young badminton players competing at the Division I level participated. Body accelerations while performing vertical jump and agility-T tests before and immediately after undergoing a fatigue protocol were measured by an IMU, positioned at the L4 to L5 level. Results: Jumping height decreased significantly by 4 cm ( P &lt; 0.01) after fatigue with greater downward acceleration (1.03 m/s 2 , P &lt; 0.05) during the squatting subphase. Finishing time increased significantly by 50 ms only during the 10-m side-shuffling of the agility-T test ( P = 0.02) after fatigue with greater peak and mean accelerations (3.83 m/s 2 , P = 0.04; 0.43 m/s 2 , P &lt; 0.01), and higher median and mean frequency (0.38 Hz, P = 0.04, 0.11 Hz, P = 0.01). Conclusion: This study using a wearable IMU demonstrates the effects of fatigue on body acceleration in badminton players. The frequency-domain analysis further indicated that fatigue might lead to loss of voluntary control of active muscles and increased impacts on the passive elastic elements. Clinical Relevance: The findings imply that fatigue can lead to diminished athletic performance and highlight the potential for an increased risk of sports injuries. Consequently, maintaining precision in monitoring fatigue is crucial for elite young badminton players.

Kai-Chia Cheng

Ya-Lan Chiu

Chia-Liang Tsai

Yu-Liang Hsu

Yi-Ju Tsai

Fatigue Affects Body Acceleration During Vertical Jumping and Agility Tasks in Elite Young Badminton Players

Despite growing applications of backward walking (BW) in assessing and rehabilitating neuromuscular conditions, its effects on gait in chronic ankle instability (CAI) remain unclear. Moreover, linking patient-reported and clinically generated measures is imperative for understanding CAI.
Patients with CAI will exhibit worse and compensatory spatio-temporal and kinetic gait parameters during BW, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) will be correlated significantly with gait parameters.
Case-control study.
Level 4.
A total of 46 volunteers participated (23 per group). Patients filled out scales for pain, functions, and fear-avoidance beliefs before testing. All participants walked 6 times each in both forward and backward conditions, and gait was recorded using the Win-Track system. A 2-way mixed analysis of variance was performed to compare gait parameters. The relationship between PRO and gait outcomes was assessed through the Pearson product correlation coefficient.
The CAI group demonstrated prolonged support and swing phases, increased walk-off angle, and plantar pressure area, but decreased step length and plantar pressure versus controls ( P < 0.05). The CAI group had a smaller right walk-off angle during BW than FW; the control group showed the opposite ( P < 0.05). The left single stance duration was greater in the CAI group, while the right was not ( P < 0.05). PRO correlated significantly with gait parameters, particularly spatial parameters ( P < 0.05).
The CAI group exhibited worse gait parameters during BW. The CAI group exhibited a characteristic compensatory gait pattern. Linking the self-reported scores provides a better representation of gait changes in CAI.
These results suggest that BW may be an effective strategy for identifying and evaluating CAI. It may be feasible to apply BW to the rehabilitation of CAI.

Lei Zhang

Tianyu Liu

Xin Zhou

Junyao Chen

Haopeng Zhang

Rao Leng

Houyin Shi

Guoyou Wang

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Gait Characteristics and Deviation Factors of Backward Walking in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability

慢性踝关节不稳患者倒走步态特征及偏差因素

Soccer players head the ball repetitively throughout their careers; this is also a potential mechanism for a concussion. Although not all soccer headers result in a concussion, these subconcussive impacts may impart acceleration, deceleration, and rotational forces on the brain, leaving structural and functional deficits. Stronger neck musculature may reduce head-neck segment kinematics.The relationship between anthropometrics and soccer heading kinematics will not differ between sexes. The relationship between anthropometrics and soccer heading kinematics will not differ between ball speeds.Pilot, cross-sectional design.Level 3.Division I soccer athletes (5 male, 8 female) were assessed for head-neck anthropometric and neck strength measurements in 6 directions (ie, flexion, extension, right and left lateral flexions and rotations). Participants headed the ball 10 times (25 or 40 mph) while wearing an accelerometer secured to their head. Kinematic measurements (ie, linear acceleration and rotational velocity) were recorded at 2 ball speeds.Sex differences were observed in neck girth ( t = 5.09, P < 0.001), flexor and left lateral flexor strength ( t = 3.006, P = 0.012 and t = 4.182, P = 0.002, respectively), and rotational velocity at both speeds ( t = -2.628, P = 0.024 and t = -2.227, P = 0.048). Neck girth had negative correlations with both linear acceleration ( r = -0.599, P = 0.031) and rotational velocity at both speeds ( r = -0.551, P = 0.012 and r = -0.652, P = 0.016). Also, stronger muscle groups had lower linear accelerations at both speeds ( P < 0.05).There was a significant relationship between anthropometrics and soccer heading kinematics for sex and ball speeds.Neck girth and neck strength are factors that may limit head impact kinematics.

Abigail C. Bretzin

Jamie L. Mansell

Ryan T. Tierney

Jane K. McDevitt

Sex Differences in Anthropometrics and Heading Kinematics Among Division I Soccer Athletes

第一部分足球运动员人体测量学和头球运动学的性别差异

Background: Persistent quadriceps weakness and activation failure are common in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. A growing body of evidence indicates that this chronic quadriceps dysfunction could be partly mediated due to reduced corticospinal excitability. However, current rehabilitation approaches do not directly target corticospinal deficits, which may be critical for restoring optimal clinical outcomes after the surgery. This case study tested the feasibility of operant conditioning of torque responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to improve quadriceps function after ACL reconstruction. Hypothesis: Operant conditioning of motor evoked torque responses would improve quadriceps strength, voluntary activation, and corticospinal excitability. Study Design: Case study and research report. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Methods: A 24-year-old male with an ACL reconstruction (6 months postsurgery) trained for 20 sessions (2-3 times per week for 8 weeks) to increase his TMS-induced motor evoked torque response (MEP torque) of the quadriceps muscles using operant conditioning principles. Knee extensor strength, voluntary quadriceps muscle activation, and quadriceps corticospinal excitability were evaluated at 3 time points: preintervention (pre), 4 weeks (mid), and immediately after the intervention (post). Results: The participant was able to successfully condition (ie, increase) the quadriceps MEP torque after 1 training session, and the conditioned MEP torque gradually increased over the course of 20 training sessions to reach about 500% of the initial value at the end of training. The participant’s control MEP torque values and corticospinal excitability, which were measured outside of the conditioning paradigm, also increased with training. These changes were paralleled by improvements in knee extensor strength and voluntary quadriceps muscle activation. Conclusion: This study shows that operant conditioning of MEP torque is a feasible approach to improving quadriceps corticospinal excitability and quadriceps function after ACL reconstruction and encourages further testing in a larger cohort of ACL-reconstructed individuals. Clinical Relevance: Operant conditioning may serve as a potential therapeutic adjuvant for ACL rehabilitation.

Chandramouli Krishnan

Edward P. Washabaugh

Aviroop Dutt-Mazumder

Scott R. Brown

Edward M. Wojtys

Riann M. Palmieri-Smith

Conditioning Brain Responses to Improve Quadriceps Function in an Individual With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a leading cause of secondary school sport-related death; however, a longitudinal analysis on observed trends is lacking. Our purpose was to describe EHS deaths in United States secondary school athletes since the 1982/1983 academic year. Hypothesis: EHS deaths will be primarily represented by football athletes and have a stable or increasing trend across a decade-by-decade analysis. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: EHS deaths in secondary school sports from July 1, 1982 through June 30, 2022 captured in the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research database were included (n = 67). Chi-square test of goodness of fit (alpha = 0.05), incidence rate ratios, and 95% CIs of differences in number of deaths between the 4 decades are reported. Results: Of 67 deaths, 66 (98.5%) were male. Ages ranged from 13 to 18 years. Football accounted for 63 (94%) of deaths, with basketball (n = 2), soccer (n = 1), and track and field (n = 1) accounting for the remainder. The southern region had the largest number of deaths, n = 50 (74.6%). Most deaths occurred in August (n = 38), followed by July (n = 15) and September (n = 9). Stratified into 4 sepa﻿rate 10-year periods, the proportion of EHS deaths differed significantly across time ( χ 2 (3, n = 67) = 8.72; P = 0.03). The period 2002-2011 had the highest number of EHS deaths (n = 26), 1982-1991 had 9, while both 1992-2011 and 2012-2021 had 16 deaths. Conclusion: The most recent decade shows a 38% reduction from the peak decade (2002-2011, n = 26), but remains similar to 1982-1991. Clinical Relevance: Continued efforts are required to prevent catastrophic sport-related death due to EHS. Secondary school EHS deaths are overwhelmingly represented by football, most commonly in August, and in the south. This emphasizes the need for secondary schools to be equipped with basic tools and policies to saves lives.

Rebecca L. Stearns

Yuri Hosokawa

Erica M. Filep

Aleksis Grace

Randi DeLong

Robert Cantu

Douglas J. Casa

Fatal Exertional Heat Stroke Trends in Secondary School Sports From 1982 Through 2022

1982年至2022年间中学体育运动中致命性劳力性热射病的趋势

José M. Oliva-Lozano

Darcy Norman

Nathan Sherlock

Miguel Vidal

Jordan Webb

Rick Cost

Tim J. Gabbett

Tips for Transitioning To and From International Soccer Camps

国际足球训练营的进出指南

Strengthening Applied Training Load Research

加强应用训练负荷研究

Background: Young female athletes may have higher rates of overuse injuries and sport specialization than male athletes. The association of sports specialization and return to sport (RTS) timeframe is also unknown. Hypothesis: Specialized female athletes will have more intense, year-round training patterns, more overuse injuries, and longer RTS times than male athletes. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Injured athletes aged 10 to 23 years presenting to a sports medicine clinic reported their degree of sport specialization and training patterns. Skeletal maturity was estimated using the Khamis-Roche method. Injury type and RTS timeframes were categorized from electronic medical records. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis assessed associations between variables. Results: A total of 485 athletes (40.2% female) were enrolled. Higher degrees of sport specialization were associated strongly with overuse injuries ( P &lt; 0.01). After adjusting for specialization, female athletes were more likely to sustain an overuse injury (adjusted odds ratio, 1.49; P = 0.04). Female athletes participated in fewer total physical activity hours per week ( P &lt; 0.01), fewer free play hours per week ( P &lt; 0.01), and participated in their main sport for more months of the year than their male counterparts ( P = 0.02). Female athletes were more likely to be at a higher developmental stage than male athletes ( P &lt; 0.01). RTS timeframes were increased in athletes with serious overuse injury; however, no association was found between degree of specialization and RTS time regardless of sex. Conclusion: Female athletes are more likely to sustain overuse injuries with more organized, year-round, training and less free play compared with their male counterparts. Clinical Relevance: Female sex may be an independent risk factor of overuse injury. Future strategies to mitigate these risks may include increased free play hours and limiting year-round training through seasonal rest.

Anna Buser

Stacey Schley

Ally Render

Mario E. Ramirez

Caleb Truong

Kirk A. Easley

Neeta Shenvi

Neeru Jayanthi

Sex Differences in Youth and Young Adult Sport Training Patterns, Specialization, and Return to Sport Durations

青年和年轻成年运动员训练模式、专项化及重返运动时间的性别差异

Context: Fastpitch softball is a popular women’s sport in the United States, and participation rates are increasing. There is growing concern about the prevalence of overuse injuries in softball pitchers at all competitive levels. Pitching workload in softball may be a modifiable risk factor and will be discussed in this narrative review. Evidence Acquisition: A review of softball injury research related to workload available in electronic databases, including PubMed, Medline, and EBSCO. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: There is a paucity of research evaluating workload (inclusive of internal and external risk factors) including pitch counts in women’s softball. In particular, research has shown that pitchers report increasing fatigue and pain over a game and weekend tournament, and that the number of pitches thrown by pitchers varies widely. One study showed that pitchers throwing &gt;85 pitches per game had an increased risk of injury over the season. As of 2023, no established pitch count restrictions exist in the United States or Canada. Further research, particularly at high school and collegiate levels, is needed. Conclusion: Softball pitchers are at an increased risk of overuse injury and further research is needed to recommend specific workload interventions such as pitch counts. Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): B.

Jason L. Zaremski

Kaila A. Holtz

Jessica L. Downs Talmage

Sophia Ulman

Gretchen D. Oliver

A Narrative Review of Softball Pitching Workload and Pitch Counts in Relationship to Injury

垒球投球工作量与投球次数相关损伤的叙述性综述

Abbreviation	Sports Health
Journal Impact	2.53
Quartiles(Global)	SPORT SCIENCES(Q1)

ISSN	1941-0921, 1941-7381
h-index	65

Publication Information	Publisher: Sage Periodicals Press，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2009，Proportion of original research papers: 79.17%，Self Citation Rate:3.70%， Gold OA Rate: 12.54%

Sports Health

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