The journal Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics is an official journal of the Psychonomic Society.   It spans all areas of research in sensory processes, perception, attention, and psychophysics. Most articles published are reports of experimental work; the journal also presents theoretical, integrative, and evaluative reviews. Commentary on issues of importance to researchers appears in a special section of the journal. Founded in 1966 as Perception & Psychophysics, the journal assumed its present name in 2009.

The journal Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics is the official journal of the Psychonomic Society, covering all areas of research in sensory processes, perception, attention, and psychophysics. Most articles published are reports of experimental work, and the journal also features theoretical, integrative, and evaluative reviews. A special section of the journal includes commentary on issues of importance to researchers. Founded in 1966 as Perception & Psychophysics, the journal adopted its current name in 2009.

《Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics》是心理学学会的官方期刊，涵盖了感官过程、知觉、注意力和心理物理学的所有研究领域。大多数发表的文章是实验研究报告，期刊还提供理论性、综合性和评估性的综述。期刊的特别栏目中会对研究者关注的重要问题进行评论。该期刊成立于1966年，最初名为《Perception & Psychophysics》，并于2009年更名为现在的名称。

Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics

When searching for an object, we use a target template in memory that contains task-relevant information to guide visual attention to potential targets and to determine the identity of attended objects. These processes in visual search have typically been assumed to rely on a common source of template information. However, our recent work (Yu et al., 2022) argued that attentional guidance and target-match decisions rely on different information during search, with guidance using a "fuzzier" version of the template compared with target decisions. However, that work was based on the special case of search for a target amongst linearly separable distractors (e.g., search for an orange target amongst yellower distractors). Real-world search targets, however, are infrequently linearly separable from distractors, and it remains unclear whether the differences between the precision of template information used for guidance compared with target decisions also applies under more typical conditions. In four experiments, we tested this question by varying distractor similarity during visual search and measuring the likelihood of attentional guidance to distractors and target misidentifications. We found that early attentional guidance is indeed less precise than that of subsequent match decisions under varying exposure durations and distractor set sizes. These results suggest that attentional guidance operates on a coarser code than decisions, perhaps because guidance is constrained by lower acuity in peripheral vision or the need to rapidly explore a wide region of space while decisions about selected objects are more precise to optimize decision accuracy.

Xinger Yu

Simran K. Johal

Joy J. Geng

Attention Perception & Psychophysics

Atten Percept Psychophys

Visual search guidance uses coarser template information than target-match decisions

视觉搜索引导利用比目标匹配决策更粗略的模板信息

The presentation of a stimulus below the threshold of conscious awareness can exert an influence on the processing of a subsequent target. One such consequence of briefly presented "primes" is seen in the negative compatibility effect. The response time (RT) to determine the left-right orientation of an arrow (i.e., the target) is relatively slow if a prime is also an arrow whose direction corresponds to that of the target. When the direction of the arrow is opposite that of the prime, RTs are relatively fast. In four experiments, we examined whether the prime shifts attention from the location of the subsequent target and whether this attention shift influences target processing. Results showed that the prime does indeed move attention. The consequence of this attention movement is that the representation of direction is affected. Specifically, RTs to process an arrow are shorter if the arrow's direction is compatible with the last shift of attention. Furthermore, this interference occurs at a conceptual level concerning the representation of left and right rather than at the motor planning level. We argue that a shift in attention brought about by the prime can create a negative compatibility-like effect.

Geoff G Cole

Gustav Kuhn

Attention, perception & psychophysics

What the experimenter's prime tells the observer's brain.

实验者的首要任务如何告知观察者的大脑。

Sensory input that is not available for conscious report can still affect our behavior. Recent findings suggest that such subliminal information has the potency to influence behavior in a way that is dependent on the observer's current intentions. Here, we investigate whether conscious observation of stimulus relevance provides an incentive for the utilization of nonconscious stimuli. We manipulated the predictive power of directional cues to selectively affect the incentive to utilize them for a subsequent target detection task. Central arrow cues rendered invisible by interocular suppression elicited a facilitatory cuing effect, but only when intermixed with visible arrow cues that were highly predictive with respect to (i.e., 80 % congruent with) the subsequent target location. When the visible cues were nonpredictive (50 % congruent), no subliminal cuing effect was found. An analysis of learning effects corroborates these findings; Cuing effects elicited by both visible and invisible cues increased over the course of the experiment, but only when intermixed visible cues were highly predictive. In a second experiment, we demonstrated that the intrinsic relevance of invisible cues (either 50 % or 100 % congruent) has no effect on the utilization of visible cues. We conclude that conscious perception is required to make statistical inferences about the relevance of symbolic cues. Once statistical information is extracted consciously, it affects subsequent nonconscious processing in a way that fits the current context. Accordingly, one of the possible functions of consciousness could be to extract general rules out of the conscious information, to provide guidelines for future behavior.

Surya Gayet

Stefan Van der Stigchel

Chris L E Paffen

Seeing is believing: Utilization of subliminal symbols requires a visible relevant context.

眼见为实：潜意识符号的利用需要可见的相关背景。

Response time variability (RTV) is a useful measure of sustained attention; however, little is known about developmental changes in RTV at different temporal frequencies. Thirty-five 6-year-olds, 31 8-year-olds, and 37 10-year-olds completed the fixed-sequence Sustained Attention to Response Task on three occasions, six months apart. Fast Fourier Transform and ex-Gaussian analyses of response time (RT) data assessed momentary fluctuations in RT, gradual changes in RT, and very long responses, thought to reflect attentional control fluctuations, slow-shifting arousal, and infrequent lapses in attention, respectively. A half-by-half analysis measured within-occasion time-on-task effects. The 10-to 11-year-olds performed with less momentary fluctuations in RT, fewer long responses, and fewer commission and omission errors than the younger groups. This group performed well in the first half of the task but showed time-on-task effects on measures of momentary fluctuations in RT, very long responses, target sensitivity (d'), and commission errors. The 6- to 7-year-olds performed less well than the older groups, and showed time-on-task effects, on almost all measures. The 8- to- 9-year-olds mostly performed at an intermediate level compared with the other groups; however, this group performed with a similar level of momentary fluctuations in RT and very long responses as the 6- to 7-year-olds. These findings indicate that there is ongoing maturation of various aspects of sustained attention on a predictable task, with a period of relative stability in performance between 8 and 9 years of age.

Frances C Lewis

Robert A Reeve

Simon P Kelly

Katherine A Johnson

Sustained attention to a predictable, unengaging Go/No-Go task shows ongoing development between 6 and 11 years.

6至11岁期间在可预测、无趣的Go/No-Go任务中持续注意力的持续发展。

To interact with one's environment, relevant objects have to be selected as targets for saccadic eye movements. Previous studies have demonstrated that factors such as visual saliency and reward influence saccade target selection, and that humans can dynamically trade off these factors to maximize expected value during visual search. However, expected value in everyday situations not only depends on saliency and reward, but also on the required time to find objects, and the likelihood of a successful object-interaction after search. Here we studied whether search costs and the accuracy to discriminate an object feature can be traded off to maximize expected value. We designed a combined visual search and perceptual discrimination task, where participants chose whether to search for an easy- or difficult-to-discriminate target in search displays populated by distractors that shared features with either the easy or the difficult target. Participants received a monetary reward for correct discriminations and were given limited time to complete as many trials as they could. We found that participants considered their discrimination performance and the search costs when choosing targets and, by this, maximized expected value. However, the accumulated reward was constrained by noise in both the choice of which target to search for, and which elements to fixate during search. We conclude that humans take into account the prospective search time and the likelihood of successful a object-interaction, when deciding what to search for. However, search performance is constrained by noise in decisions about what to search for and how to search for it.

Ilja Wagner

Dion Henare

Jan Tünnermann

Anna Schubö

Alexander C. Schütz

Humans trade off search costs and accuracy in a combined visual search and perceptual task

人类在视觉搜索与感知任务结合中权衡搜索成本与准确性

Abstract In the attentional blink paradigm, participants attempt to identify two targets appearing in a rapidly presented stream of distractors. Report accuracy is typically high for the first target (T1) while identification of the second target (T2) is impaired when it follows within about 200–400 ms of T1. An important question is whether T2 is processed to a semantic level even when participants are unaware of its identity. We examined this issue in three studies that used natural scenes as stimuli and the N400 component of the event-related potential (ERP) as a measure of semantic priming. In the first experiment, the prime (e.g., a doghouse in a yard) was presented at the beginning of the trial and a test picture that was related (e.g., a dog standing in the kitchen) or unrelated (e.g., a coffee mug on a table) appeared as T2. In the second experiment, the prime was presented as T2 and the test picture appeared at the end of the picture sequence. In both experiments, we found robust semantic priming when participants were aware of the identity of the blinked picture and an absence of priming when they were unaware. In Experiment 3, we used identity priming to assess whether earlier representations preceding semantics were preserved, and again found that priming critically depended on awareness of the prime’s identity. These results suggest that semantic priming in scenes, as measured with the N400, is a higher-level process that critically depends on attention and awareness.

Courtney Guida

Minwoo J. B. Kim

Olivia A. Stibolt

Alyssa Lompado

James E. Hoffman

The N400 component reflecting semantic and repetition priming of visual scenes is suppressed during the attentional blink

反映视觉场景语义和重复启动的N400成分在注意瞬脱期间受到抑制

Abstract Searching for a unique target is faster when its unique feature repeats than when it changes. The standard account for this priming-of-popout (PoP) phenomenon is that selecting a target increases the attentional priority of its features in subsequent searches. However, empirical tests of this priority account have yielded contradictory findings. Here, we attempted to clarify why support of its predictions has been elusive in spatial-cueing studies. We noted that the repetition manipulation is stronger in PoP studies than in spatial-cueing studies: The target and nontarget features either repeat or swap in the former, whereas in the latter, the target color either repeats or changes while the nontarget color remains constant. Here, we implemented the stronger repetition manipulation in the spatial-cueing paradigm. If PoP affects attentional priority, the cue-validity effect should be larger when the current-cue color and previous-target color match than when they mismatch. The results of Experiment 1 revealed the opposite effect. Moreover, they showed that well-replicated contingent-capture effects do not hold when target and nontarget colors are allowed to swap—an observation that was confirmed in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, we verified that with our experimental set-up, a subtle manipulation of attentional priority could modulate cue-validity effects. While the present study does not resolve why evidence for the priority account is inconsistent with the spatial-cueing paradigm, they eliminate one possible reason for such inconsistency. They also reveal that allowing the target and distractors color to swap masks contingent-capture effects, thereby highlighting the complexity of spatial-cueing effects.

Dirk Kerzel

Dominique Lamy

Priming of pop-out in the spatial-cueing paradigm

空间线索范式中的弹出效应启动

The attentional blink (AB) paradigm is frequently used to investigate temporal attention. Essentially, rapid serial visual streams of several distractors and two targets are presented. The accuracy in detecting the second target stimulus (T2) decreases in the time window between 100 and 500 ms following accurate detection of the first target stimulus (T1). In two experiments, Colzato et al. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 76, 1510-1515, (2014) reported evidence for a modulation of the AB effect depending on the presentation of different ambient odors: Peppermint increased the AB compared with lavender. In the current study, we tried to replicate their basic findings while using different methods and procedures to present the lavender versus peppermint odorants. In three experiments, we found no evidence that these odorants influence the AB effect. We discuss our findings in comparison with those from Colzato et al., in relation to other empirical research in this field as well as in regard to different hypotheses concerning how odorants may influence human cognition.

Ryan Hackländer

Pamela Baess

Christina Bermeitinger

Smells like … no evidence that odors influence the attentional blink

气味似乎……没有证据表明气味会影响注意瞬脱

Temporal binding refers to the subjective shortening of time between a cause and its effect compared with two unrelated events. The effect has been extensively explored over the past two decades and manifests across a robust range of paradigms, reflecting two distinct expressions of binding: (1) the subjective shortening of elapsed time between cause and effect and (2) the subjective attraction of cause and effect to each other. However, whether and how these binding expressions are related is still largely unknown. In this study, we report two experiments, employing four tasks (stimulus anticipation, Libet clock, interval estimation, and reproduction). We computed within and between session and task correlations across two (Experiment 1) and six (Experiment 2) sessions. Across both experiments, we successfully replicated temporal binding in temporal estimation, temporal reproduction, and the Libet clock, but not in stimulus anticipation. Good within-task and within-session reliability were observed, but reliability between sessions was poor. Correlation analyses revealed associations between binding effects measured via temporal estimation and temporal reproduction, underscoring task-dependent variations, in line with the suggestion that different temporal tasks tap into distinct facets of the temporal binding effect. This nuanced understanding contributes to refining experimental paradigms and advancing the comprehension of human temporal processing. The data, materials, and experiments from the present study are publicly available.

Gustavo B. de Azevedo

André M. Cravo

Marc J. Buehner

Temporal binding: Task-dependent variations and reliability across experimental paradigms

Abbreviation	Atten Percept Psychophys
Journal Impact	1.71
Quartiles(Global)	PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL(Q3)

ISSN	1943-3921, 1943-393X
h-index	134

Publication Information	Publisher: Springer New York，Publishing cycle: Bimonthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2009，Proportion of original research papers: 99.05%，Self Citation Rate:11.80%， Gold OA Rate: 41.72%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：偏慢,4-8周

Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics

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