Stephen Weinberg posited in 1977 that as the universe becomes more comprehensible, it appears more meaningless owing to a strict division between facts and values. He seemingly overlooked the consideration of the purposes and values of intelligent life in examining its ability to influence the universe's development. The scientific revolution, initiated by Copernicus's heliocentric hypothesis and furthered by Darwin's theory, shifted humanity's perceived place in the cosmos, removing the sacred. However, developments in astrobiology and discoveries related to the Fermi Paradox and the Rare Earth Hypothesis are hinting at humanity's significant role in the universe, suggesting we might be the only intelligent species. This paper argues that advancing scientific knowledge reinforces the hypothesis of human exclusivity and importance in the cosmos, making the potential sixth mass extinction cosmically significant and underscoring the imperative of human persistence in the cosmos.

Luca Lo Sapio

International Journal of Technoethics

The Ethics of Astrobiology and the Cosmic Bet Argument

Social media platforms have become a threat to democracy and human flourishing. Critics have previously expressed alarm that our ever-increasing technological habits are negatively influencing human values and virtues. This research explores how the engagement design of social media sites is a morally questionable metric for social media ‘success'. Using a virtue ethics framework in relation to technology ethics research, as well as drawing from the work of Ellul (1962) and technology philosophers, this paper emphasizes the need for perspective and civility in engagement and argues for solutions that withdraw from an engagement design built on efficiency and financial gain. Proposed solutions include global change in the form of 1) altered weights for algorithmic prioritization (e.g., promoting diverse topics and reducing tribalist engagement), 2) returning autonomy to users (compared to corporate control), and 3) global legislation (i.e., the European Union's DSA).

Lana Medina

“Fridays Are Racist”

In 2022 the UK government introduced extensive updates to the Highway Code. This includes making specific reference to autonomous vehicles (AVs) on UK roads as a present reality, as well as providing a clear ‘hierarchy of road users.' This order of road users is based on the code's understanding of their relative vulnerability and, therefore, their need for protection. In the context of AVs and crash scenarios, the subject of relative value among road users has arisen – often in the form of trolleyology. Considering the new code offers a simple approach to this question, with a clear hierarchy of users, it may be argued that the code goes some way to address the public's concern. This article explores the new code, its approach of using vulnerability to create a hierarchy of road users, and its implications for programming AVs in crash scenarios.

Stephen R. Milford

Bernice S. Elger

David M. Shaw

Various Vulnerabilities in Highway Hierarchies

Baha Abu-Shaqra

Steven Umbrello

Unintended consequences of technology are ubiquitous and often negative. Certain communities, the Amish for example, have minimized these consequences by understanding and agreeing upon the social values they seek to preserve, and by making technology choices based on these values. Although similar strategies are not widely implemented in Western society, technology developers should be intentional and responsible about the impact of their work. Existing design strategies that deal with values (e.g., contextual design) focus on adapting to business culture rather than preserving social values. This article proposes a new process model that focuses on articulating social values during the design phase as a method by which to evaluate the attributes of the system being developed, and discusses a planned experimental design intended to measure the effectiveness of this approach. By considering the relationship between design decisions and social values, this model may result in a design strategy that is both intentional and responsible.

Robert Keefer

Nadav Zohar

Lisa J. Douglas

Intentional and Responsible

There are concerns amongst researchers and the general public that social media platforms threaten democratic values. Social media corporations and their engineers have responded to these concerns with various design solutions. Though the objective of designing social media democratically sounds straightforward, the concrete reality is not. The authors discuss what a democratic design for social media platforms could look like by exploring two classical conceptions of democracy, one in the liberal tradition and the other in the deliberative tradition. In particular, they discuss three concerns: 1) mis- and disinformation; 2) hate speech; and 3) the relations between filter bubbles, echo chambers, and public debate. By describing the underlying ideals of the two traditions and translating these into design guidelines, the authors make explicit how varied and contrary the implications of different conceptions of democracy can be for addressing public concerns and designing for democratic social media. With these things in mind, this article responds to a call, which is to raise awareness among social media corporations, engineers, and policymakers about varying democratic ideals and the implications that these may have for social media.

Roxanne van der Puil

Andreas Spahn

Lambèr Royakkers

Which Democratic Way to Go?

From the perspective of political philosophy, this article examines the extent to which artificial intelligence (AI) applications in higher education contain totalitarian elements. Drawing on the theoretical considerations of Hannah Arendt, the author first identifies the key characteristics of total domination and then relates these to two AI applications in the field of higher education: adaptive learning systems and AI-based text generators. On this basis, the article elaborates on the similarities between concrete AI technologies and totalitarian structures. Finally, the author formulates questions that can be used to examine if concrete AI applications exhibit totalitarian traits. The aim of this theoretical contribution is to provide a perspective that will help to identify new dangers of AI or to see already known dangers in a new light, leading to a deeper and broader discourse on the consequences of AI.

Alice Watanabe

Exploring Totalitarian Elements of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education With Hannah Arendt

Despite the prolific introduction of ethical frameworks, empirical research on AI ethics in the public sector is limited. This empirical research investigates how the ethics of AI is translated into practice and the challenges of its implementation by public service organizations. Using the Value Sensitive Design as a framework of inquiry, semi-structured interviews are conducted with eight public service organizations across the Estonian government that have piloted or developed an AI solution for delivering a public service. Results show that the practical application of AI ethical principles is indirectly considered and demonstrated in different ways in the design and development of the AI. However, translation of these principles varies according to the maturity of the AI and the public servant's level of awareness, knowledge, and competences in AI. Data-related challenges persist as public service organizations work on fine-tuning their AI applications.

Charlene Hinton

The State of Ethical AI in Practice

Despite its enormous success, the internet has recently faced new challenges that hinder its natural development. Different institutions outside the internet are trying to control and prevent certain behaviors on the net, causing a twist in the development of the internet. This article describes the fundamental principles that define the internet in the context of the human society as well as the impact of such practices in the development of the internet. Additionally, this article proposes a new definition of the term internet and contributes with a set of universal laws that establish a pathway for the development of the internet at its own pace.

Oscar Novo

Redefining the Internet

The paper deals with a review of Sorgner's new book, Philosophy of Posthuman Art. The review highlights Sorgner's positioning of postmodern art as emerging from a way of dealing with the realities of ontological naturalism and epistemic perspectivism. It is also highlighted why the author believes that the avant-garde and modernist aesthetic is lacking in dealing with a world of technology embedded post-modernity. In this sense, Sorgner's arguments for the totalitarian aspects of the avant-garde are presented. The paper also offers a critique regarding Sorgner's continental focus, and an argument for why his 10 aesthetics of posthuman art could be boiled down to eight, before finalizing with a walk through Sorgner's view on a posthuman total work of art and his view leisure within a posthuman era.

Andrei Nutas

Review of Sorgner's Philosophy of Posthuman Art

Projects of radical life extension have been discussed amongst scientists for years. Some bioethicists express reservations about this endeavor. A common objection appeals to demography: if the human lifespan is dramatically expanded, humanity would face an overpopulation problem. In this essay, the authors reply to this objection. They posit that radical life extension is unlikely to lead to overpopulation because overpopulation is determined more by fertility rates than by longevity, and as a result of the advanced phases of industrialization, fertility rates are likely to be reduced, and therefore, population size would become stable. However, they argue that although overpopulation is not a concern for the foreseeable future, it is still important to acknowledge its potential harms. Finally, they argue that even if overpopulation becomes a problem caused by radical life extension, there are plausible ways to solve it.

Maria Campo-Redondo

Gabriel Andrade

Is Concern With Overpopulation a Good Argument Against Radical Life Extension?

Since the birth of artificial intelligence, the discussion of the legitimacy of its application to judicial scenarios has never stopped. The domestic academic circles question the legality of artificial intelligence decision-making mainly embodies four aspects: the judge's subjectivity crisis, the power legitimacy crisis, the imputation difficulty crisis, and the damage to the justice realization crisis. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the legal logic of artificial intelligence in judicial decision-making and clarify its decision-making limits. Therefore, this paper aims to prove the legality of intelligent judicial operation simultaneously from the four-dimensional perspectives of artificial intelligence's intervention in judicial decision-making, such as the judge's subjectivity, the legitimacy of power, the attribution of fault, and the realization of justice, with a view to the subject, power, responsibility, justice, four aspects of the governance of China's intelligent judiciary to make recommendations.

Zichun Xu

The Legitimacy of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Decision Making

The coronavirus pandemic has led the world not to shut down but to move from the physical to the virtual. Various technologies have been used to maintain a sense of normalcy during the pandemic, as we can now work online, shop online, and socialize online. The perceived success of this technological resiliency in the face of a global health crisis has given rise to questions about whether the move from the physical to the virtual should be maintained even after the pandemic. Given the possibility that this “new normal” could soon become simply what is considered as “normal,” this paper will investigate what it means that we have indeed been able to use technologies to maintain order in a time of global disorder. To answer this question, this paper will focus on the technology that has become most synonymous with the pandemic—Zoom—and use postphenomenology, critical theory of technology, and Arendt's political philosophy in order to investigate its use during the pandemic.

Nolen Gertz

Zooming Through a Crisis

Philosopher Jeremy Weissman theorizes a new approach to social media surveillance by utilizing a familiar theoretical model: the Panopticon. In effect, Weissman argues that social media has transformed ordinary people into prison guards within the Panopticon's public watchtower and endowed ordinary individuals with the power to track, survey, and discipline elite officials, once shielded from public scrutiny. This new power, however, comes with a catch. Social media subsumes individuals within an anonymous, de-individualized public, which erases individual difference while simultaneously and paradoxically promising to amplify that very difference. This review critically examines this paradoxical tension and the ethical concerns and challenges raised by social media's propensity to elicit anonymity.

Amanda Furiasse

Reviewing the Ethics and Philosophy Behind Social Media's Crowdsourced Panopticon

It is a common misconception in risk management, from classical purely quantitative risk assessments as being coined in banking to qualitative approaches to evaluating new technologies such as AI, and hybrids like scenario techniques in the middle, that a certain toolkit and a specific set of methods serve as a panacea for all challenges risk managers may face. Given the lurking pitfalls in this area of risk management, the call for an avoidance strategy cannot be ignored. In this article, we outline six guidelines that should be followed on the way to more decision-making competency in risk management.

Christian Hugo Hoffmann

Technology Assessments and Effective Risk Management

This research investigated the cross-cultural perspectives on control-sharing in ethical decision-making when both human and AI-enabled auto-driven vehicles to involve. We reviewed the current practices. We then illustrated a survey we conducted related to this topic on a total of 771 subjects from three nations, the U.S., India, and Nigeria. We found participants from individualistic culture tend to emphasize personal choice and human control. We also found though most subjects prefer human drivers to take full control, India's subjects were more ambivalent in their attitude due to lower uncertainty avoidance. Also, subjects with higher incomes were more likely to cede control. There was consistent proportional distribution across nations in the control sharing configuration, with 2/3 chose full customization, and 1/3 chose limited customization. Car owners are more likely to have more control and full customization. Our findings shed important insights on both research in this domain and industry practitioners.

Yun Wan

Emem Akpan

Hongyu Guo

The Cultural Influence of Control Sharing in Autonomous Driving

Large companies' engineering design processes rarely consider the ethical and moral dimensions of innovation projects. This need for ethics is increasingly felt, particularly with the advent of digital technologies. The research mainly focuses on product designers in large companies during the innovation/creativity phase. The authors propose and evaluate the efficiency of a method allowing them to consider ethics from this first stage of product development. A specific database incorporating ethical categories and problems from the early stages of idea generation supports this study. This database is inspired by a research project funded by the European Commission called ETICA. The authors evaluate the proposal with a detailed case study in a large automotive company. This case study highlights the contribution of the extended ethical design method from an ethical point of view and a financial one for the company. They believe that the proposal will boost creativity by addressing innovative product designers' usual fixations.

Robin Lecomte

Camille Jean

Improving the Ethical Dimension in the Innovation Process

The Internet's design and raison d'être are complete freedom, but complete freedom might lead to anarchy and to harmful and anti-social activities. In this paper I address the concepts of moral and social responsibility, applying them to the Internet realm in considering the most troubling phenomenon of cyberbullying that results in loss of life. Specifically, I probe the moral and social responsibilities of Internet users (agents), of parents and of the education system in fighting cyberbullying. Balance needs to be struck between two most important principles: freedom of expression and social responsibility. Illustrative examples in which this disturbing and harmful phenomenon of cyberbullying had cost young life are mentioned. It is argued that all relevant stakeholders need to think of the consequences of their conduct, that Internet abusers should be accountable for their wrongdoing and be penalized, and that people who have the ability to stop or at least reduce the risk of cyberbullying should take proactive steps, exhibiting zero tolerance to cyberbullying.

Raphael Cohen-Almagor

Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Hate Speech

Value sensitive design is a new method to embed moral value into the design process and possesses broad research prospects. However, there is a gap between the industrial application and the practical application of VSD since its practical application focuses on human-computer interaction and medical ethics. In this paper, the conceptual, empirical, and technical investigation of VSD are analyzed, and the feasibility of VSD for production line design is demonstrated. It was applied to the production line design process in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China. Then, specific design issues such as environmental sustainability and safety are solved by analyzing the value demands of stakeholders and balancing the value tension. Thus, the human value of the production line becomes more sensitive, and the value conflict between natural and technical artifact is alleviated. In this process, we reflect on the design problems to be solved and obtain valuable opinions, enabling VSD to better adapt to the industrial production line design.

Lu Kong

Jihua Li

Analysis of Production Line Project Based on Value Sensitive Design

In this article I examine the structure of four deliberative models: epistemic democracy, epistocracy, dystopic algocracy, and utopian algocracy. Epistocracy and algocracy (which in its two versions is an extremization of epistocracy) represent a challenge to the alleged epistemic superiority of democracy: epistocracy for its emphasis on the role of experts; algocracy for its emphasis on technique as a cognitively and ethically superior tool. In the concluding remarks I will advance the thesis that these challenges can only be answered by emphasizing the value of citizens’ political participation, which can also represent both an increase in their cognitive abilities and a value for public ethics.

Pierpaolo Marrone

Epistemic Democracy and Technopolitics

As modern life becomes ever more mediated by technology, technology assessment becomes ever more important. Tools that help to anticipate and evaluate social impacts of technological designs are crucial to understanding this relationship. This paper presents an assessment tool called the Fairness Impact Assessment (FIA). For present purposes, fairness refers to conflicts of interest between social groups that result from the configuration of technological designs. In these situations, designs operate in a way such that advantages they provide to one social group impose disadvantages on another. The FIA helps to make clear the nature of these conflicts and possibilities for their resolution. As a broad, qualitative framework, the FIA can be applied more generally than specifically quantitative frameworks currently being explored in the field of machine learning. Though not a formula for solving difficult social issues, the FIA provides a systematic means for the investigation of fairness problems in technology design that are otherwise not always well understood or addressed.

Cameron Shelley

The Fairness Impact Assessment

In response to the many social impacts of automated mobility, in September 2020 the European Commission published Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles, a report in which recommendations on road safety, privacy, fairness, explainability, and responsibility are drawn from a set of eight overarching principles. This paper presents the results of an interdisciplinary research where philosophers and engineers joined efforts to operationalize the guidelines advanced in the report. To this aim, we endorse a function-based working approach to support the implementation of values and recommendations into the design of automated vehicle technologies. Based on this, we develop methodological tools to tackle issues related to personal autonomy, explainability, and privacy as domains that most urgently require fine-grained guidance due to the associated ethical risks. Even though each tool still requires further inquiry, we believe that our work might already prove the productivity of the function-based approach and foster its adoption in the CAV scientific community.

Fabio Fossa

Stefano Arrigoni

Giandomenico Caruso

Hafeez Husain Cholakkal

Pragyan Dahal

Matteo Matteucci

Federico Cheli

Operationalizing the Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles

Up to 70% of all watch time on YouTube is due to the suggested content of its recommender system. This system has been found, by virtue of its design, to be promoting conspiratorial content. In this paper, the author firstly critiques the value neutrality thesis regarding technology, showing it to be philosophically untenable. This means that technological artefacts can influence what people come to value (or perhaps even embody values themselves) and change the moral evaluation of an action. Secondly, he introduces the concept of an affordance, borrowed from the literature on ecological psychology. This concept allows him to make salient how technologies come to solicit certain kinds of actions from users, making such actions more or less likely, and in this way influencing the kinds of things one comes to value. Thirdly, he critically assesses the results of a study by Alfano et al. He makes use of the literature on affordances, introduced earlier, to shed light on how these technological systems come to mediate our perception of the world and influence action.

Fabio Tollon

Designed to Seduce

There are many and diverse methods available that can help researchers, designers, developers, and engineers integrate ethics in their research and innovation projects. In practice, however, they can find this challenging. They may believe that such methods are difficult and time-consuming, or that ethics hinders innovation and creativity. Borrowing from various methods, the authors created a lightweight method that researchers and designers can use to integrate ethics in their projects: rapid ethical deliberation. This research collaborated with four projects to assess this method in practice. The authors found that this method helped project team members in several ways: to envision the innovations they work in very practical terms; to look at these innovation from different normative, ethical perspectives; to look at their projects with fresh eyes and engage in creative and strategic thinking; and to articulate critical questions and associated actions to move their projects forward.

Marc Steen

Martijn Neef

Tamar Schaap

A Method for Rapid Ethical Deliberation in Research and Innovation Projects

The scientific community engaged in research practices of high-energy physics in megascience laboratories is constituted by various subcommunities. These subcommittees are involved in engineering activities and preoccupied by phenomenal analyses. In recent decades, interdisciplinary accelerator and detector researchers, whose work is rooted in engineering, have replaced the experimentalists and instrumentalists of the 1970s; however, the role of pure theorists has remained essentially unchanged. In this article, the author clarifies the roles and specializations of these groups and explicate community members' blurred professional identities; the emphasis lies on engineering specialists and experimentalists. This research also attempts to clarify the reasons for the substantial imbalance of prestige among groups and how it is associated with access to highly valued epistemic practices such as articulating statements regarding natural phenomena. This paper applies an ethical theory framework to reveal how the lack of access to phenomenal knowledge expression—despite mediated contribution to knowledge production—creates participatory epistemic injustice. Finally, the author suggests ways to address this problem.

Vitaly Pronskikh

Blurred Engineering Identities in Megascience

Many of the choices that designers and engineers make during a design process impact not only the functionality, usability, or aesthetics of a technology, but also impact the values that might be supported or undermined via the technology design. Designers can actively design for values, and this awareness has led to the development of various ‘ethics by design' approaches. One such approach is capability sensitive design (CSD). Thus far, CSD is only developed from a theoretical-ethical point of view. This article aims to bridge the theory-practice gap by entering into dialogue with various design-experts on ethics by design in general and CSD in particular. An empirical study, consisting of thematic interviews with nine design-experts, was conducted in order to explore design-experts' experiences with designing for values, what they regard as the strengths and weaknesses of CSD, and if CSD could be of practical use to their design (research) practice.

Naomi Jacobs

None Wijnand IJsselsteijn

Bridging the Theory-Practice Gap

The present paper is an attempt to answer Bernard Williams' classical dilemma of George the chemist, who is asked by a senior colleague to partake in a CBW research program. Both George and the colleague oppose the research, and George is advised not to publicize his attitude for George to get the job instead of someone more eager. On the one hand, George does not want to be involved in the research, yet on the other hand, he does not want to allow it to be completed faster. The author views George's potential actions as sabotage and argues that since the existing ethical codes demand putting safety ahead of the pressures of the employers, sabotage should not be out of the question. CBW endangers entire communities, and thus secretly sabotaging its research amounts to disaster prevention and should be considered a professional duty by consequentialists and deontologists alike, even if it may involve deception and furthermore deception about deception.

Sergei Talanker

George the Chemist

Engineering develops technologies that shape the way of relating to ourselves and others, and the last developments in robotics force us to focus on the effects of their introduction. New robots have been designed to be intimate and even potential sexual partners. Many studies work on the ethical implications of sex robots by providing a normative approach to ethically assess their introduction in the society. However, few works focus on the effects they have on the relations binding people in general, and even fewer works focus on these effects from a phenomenological perspective. This paper aims at analyzing how technologies shape the relationships from a phenomenological perspective by highlighting the process of the constitution of subjects in a love relationship. More specifically, this work shows what happens when a human being is in a love relationship while the partner uses sex robots through the analysis of texts by Husserl and Merleau-Ponty. In conclusion, this paper wants to provide a novel application of phenomenological concepts to intimate relationships with robots.

Nicola Liberati

Phenomenology and Sex Robots

What happens when an engineer attempts to address the value-neutral paradigm and the holistic deficits in engineering science? This paper sets out to account for the interplay between an unmanned aerial system engineer acting as a “champion” of value sensitive design (VSD) and their more objectivist research organization. Action research methods are used by the authors in an attempt to implement VSD in a real-world research organization and thereby bridge the theory-practice gap. Primary empirical data are collected which indicate the engineer has internalized and often utilizes a VSD approach. Both barriers and catalysts to wider adoption of VSD within the organization are experienced, and recommendations for overcoming paradigmatic, strategic, structural, and cultural barriers are addressed. This work demonstrates how action research can be used to shift engineering away from a value-neutral paradigm towards the value-sensitive approach advocated by the authors.

Tabitha Andersen

Dylan Cawthorne

Value-Sensitive Design of Unmanned Aerial Systems

Companies collect customer information in marketing research to understand customers and generate customer insights. Various public policy and ethical issues are associated with the process. The issues include intrusions on consumer privacy; misuse, misinterpretation, and misrepresentation of research findings; ethical and social dilemma in the collection of customer information; and ethical dilemma in generating customer insights through neuromarketing and its applications. In this digital age, it is easier to invade consumer privacy. Companies abide by the various laws and regulations enforced to protect customers and adopt a number of initiatives to convince their customers. Understanding of the various public policy and ethical issues and addressing such issues by adopting proper initiatives will help companies convince customers, build effective customer relationships, and achieve business excellence. The understanding might also help policymakers to appreciate the customer requirements and devise policies, rules, and regulations accordingly.

短名	Int. J. Technoethics
Journal Impact	0.33
国际分区	ETHICS(Q4)

ISSN	1947-3451, 1947-346X
h-index	14

涉及主题	政治学法学计算机科学社会学哲学心理学认识论经济工程类业务生物人工智能数学医学工程伦理学物理社会心理学操作系统
出版信息	出版商: IGI Global Publishing，出版周期: ，期刊类型: journal
基本数据	创刊年份: 2010，原创研究文献占比: 100.00%，自引率:0.00%， Gold OA占比: 25.81%

International Journal of Technoethics

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最新文章

The Ethics of Astrobiology and the Cosmic Bet Argument

“Fridays Are Racist”

Various Vulnerabilities in Highway Hierarchies

International Journal of Technoethics

Intentional and Responsible

Which Democratic Way to Go?

Exploring Totalitarian Elements of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education With Hannah Arendt

The State of Ethical AI in Practice

Redefining the Internet

Review of Sorgner's Philosophy of Posthuman Art

Is Concern With Overpopulation a Good Argument Against Radical Life Extension?

The Legitimacy of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Decision Making

Zooming Through a Crisis

Reviewing the Ethics and Philosophy Behind Social Media's Crowdsourced Panopticon

Technology Assessments and Effective Risk Management

The Cultural Influence of Control Sharing in Autonomous Driving

Improving the Ethical Dimension in the Innovation Process

Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Hate Speech

Analysis of Production Line Project Based on Value Sensitive Design

Epistemic Democracy and Technopolitics

The Fairness Impact Assessment

Operationalizing the Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles

Designed to Seduce

A Method for Rapid Ethical Deliberation in Research and Innovation Projects

Blurred Engineering Identities in Megascience

Bridging the Theory-Practice Gap

George the Chemist

Phenomenology and Sex Robots

Value-Sensitive Design of Unmanned Aerial Systems

Public Policy Issues and Technoethics in Marketing Research in the Digital Age

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