Azerbaijan Pharmaceutical and Pharmacotherapy Journal

Tuberculosis (TB) is an age-old ailment that continues to provide a significant obstacle in both emerging and developed nations in the present era. Each year, millions of individuals get tuberculosis and millions of lives are lost as a result. This research aimed to assess the frequency of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases with positive sputum smear among individuals suspected of having TB. The study was conducted from January 2019 to June 2023 in two tehsils of Okara district, Pakistan. A total of 2079 cases were recorded at THQ hospital Depalpur, with 91.10% being pulmonary tuberculosis patients 8.90% being extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients. At DHQ hospital Okara, a total of 1090 cases were registered, with 80.46% being pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 19.54% being extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients. 650 patients (31.26%) in THQ Hospital Depalpur and 315 cases (28.90%) in DHQ Hospital Okara tested positive for AFB. The disease burden in females was 53.10%, while in males it was 46.90% for TB diagnosis at THQ Hospital Depalpur. At DHQ Hospital Okara, 63.66% of cases were detected in females and 36.34% in males. The age group with the highest frequency was 46-60 years, with a documented rate of 39.50% at THQ Hospital Depalpur. DHQ Hospital Okara had a lower prevalence rate of 32.57%. The present investigation also observed a significant disease burden among individuals aged 46-60 years. The research sheds light on the demographics and clinical symptoms of tuberculosis patients. More research is required to understand the considerable differences reported in particular risk variables and problems associated with tuberculosis management.

Syed Ali Haider Shah

Azerbaijan Pharmaceutical and Pharmacoterapy Journal

Examining Tuberculosis Cases Using Sputum Testing Across Two Tehsils of District Okara, Punjab, Pakistan (2019-2023)

利用痰液检测在巴基斯坦旁遮普省奥卡拉区两个特希尔地区检查结核病例（2019-2023年）

The aim of this study was to examine the diversity, relative abundance and ecology of mosquitoes in district Okara, Pakistan. A total of 2172 adult mosquitoes and 4317 mosquito larvae were collected, in which 13 mosquito species were identified within a single order, a single family and from three genera, Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes were identified. The identified 7 species belonged to the genus Culex, three species to the genus Anopheles and only 3 species belonged to the genus Aedes. The most abundant species was Culex quinquefasciatus with relative abundance of (17.5%), Culex theileri (15%), Culex duttoni (12.01%), Culex pipiens fatigans (10%), Anopheles subpictus (9.2%), and Anopheles annularis (8.13%). In contrast, Culex vagans, Culex sitiens, Anopheles stephensi, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes vexans were identified to be the least in number with 5.61%, 5.52%, 4.41%, 4.1%, 3.8%, 3.02%, and 1.7% relative abundance. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index showed that Sardar Chok (H′=1.601) and Company Bagh (H′=1.458) had the greater diversity of mosquitoes, followed by Junior Model School, Green City, and Canal Road, i.e., 1.354, 1.345, and 0.6833. Species evenness has varied among Locations based on diversity, with values of 0.9918 (Sardar Chok), 0.9902 (Canal Road), 0.9679 (Junior Model School), 0.9592 (Green City), and 0.8596 (Company Bagh). The Simpson index (1-D) for Sardar Chok, Company Bagh, Junior Model School, Green City, and Canal Road was 0.7968, 0.7366, 0.7337, 0.7274, and 0.4902 indicating that SC and CB had the maximum Mosquitoes species. According to the results of this study, Okara district is home to a wide variety of mosquito species.

Diversity, relative abundance and ecology of the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna in district Okara, Pakistan

巴基斯坦奥卡拉地区蚊虫（双翅目：蚊科）的多样性、相对丰度及生态特征

Background: Clexane is used in pregnant women (PW) to minimize placental blood clotting (PBC) and fetal danger. Standard coagulation tests such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and international normalized ratio (INR) are critical for anticoagulant medication optimization. As a result, the study's goal was to evaluate the efficacy of clexane as well as adherence to the American Heart Association's recommended limits for routine coagulation tests. Methods: The study included forty normal PW as controls and forty PW with PBC as patients from Al-Mafraq Hospital in Jordan. Patients were administered daily subcutaneous injections of 40 mg of clexane as an anticoagulant, in conjunction with a daily 75 mg aspirin regimen. During the first trimester, 5 ml of venous blood were drawn from each participant. The PT, INR and APTT were measured. This assessment also considered variables including plasma fibrinogen concentration (PFC), age, body mass index (BMI), blood type, and fetal gender. Results: The mean age \(\pm\) SD were 29.6 \(\pm\) 6.2 for the patient group and 28.3 \(\pm\) 5.9 years for the control group. The changes in PT, INR, APTT and PFC between the control and patient groups were statistically significant independent of mother's age, BMI, baby gender, or blood type. Patients displayed inadequate anticoagulation with an INR of 0.8, falling below the recommended therapeutic range of 2-3 for anticoagulant treatment. Surprisingly, by the end of the clinical study, all patients under investigation had safely delivered their babies without difficulties. Conclusion: The observed rise in fibrinogen levels among patients may contribute to PBC formation, necessitating further investigation. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a combined 40 mg Clexane and 75 mg aspirin regimen in PW from the Al-Mafraq region, Jordan, is warranted.

Fawzi I. Irshaid

Razan Joma’a Alrdeat

Aisha Alshdefat

Bashar Irshaid

Ahmed Irshaid

Evaluation of Clotting Parameters in Pregnant Women with Placental Blood Clots: Impact of Patient Characteristics and Assessment of Clexane Efficacy

孕妇胎盘血凝块凝血参数评估：患者特征的影响及克赛疗效评估

Background: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) has emerged as the primary approach for the initial assessment of thyroid nodules, followed by ultrasound scanning and a thyroid profile analysis. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of solitary thyroid nodules and investigate the factors contributing to malignancies in patients with solitary thyroid nodules. Methods: The study encompassed a total of 50 cases. In all instances, a neck ultrasound was performed to exclude multinodular goiter. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) served as the primary diagnostic procedure for assessing the solitary nodule in every case. Additionally, clinically diagnosed thyroid cases were subjected to further evaluation in accordance with the provided proforma. Results: The male-to-female ratio was 1:4, with the highest occurrence observed in the second and fourth decades of life. Approximately 30 patients exhibited nodules in the right thyroid lobe. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) demonstrated a sensitivity of 64% for benign lesions and 100% for malignant ones. The most frequently encountered histopathological findings were colloid goiter and follicular adenoma. The malignancy rate was 16%, with six cases experiencing hypocalcemia and seven patients encountering wound dehiscence. Conclusion: Besides determining the cystic or solid nature of the clinically palpable nodule, ultrasonography is valuable for characterizing the rest of the thyroid gland, thereby distinguishing between a true solitary nodule and a dominant nodule within a multinodular goiter. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and thyroid profile assessments are pivotal diagnostic tools. Hemi-thyroidectomy emerges as the most suitable and cost-effective surgical intervention for its treatment.

Akash D Makani

Nitin Nangre

Akshay Nerlekar

Patient Demographics and Characteristics Associated with Solitary Thyroid Nodules

与孤立性甲状腺结节相关的患者人口统计学特征和特点

Purpose: To evaluate the prescription pattern and utilization of drugs used by glaucoma patients with comorbidities including hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. Methods: This study was conducted at Al-Shifa trust eye hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from April 2021 to October 2021. Data regarding patient demographics, disease profile, medications &amp; side effects were recorded. Percent utilization of total ophthalmic, antiglaucoma, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic drugs was calculated. Comparative utilization of antiglaucoma drugs in hypertensive and diabetic patients and in pre and post-visit to glaucoma specialists was also calculated. Results: Out of 876 glaucoma patients, majority had primary open-angle glaucoma, 58.3 were males, &gt;50 belonged to the 50-70 years age group, and 27 and 18.8 were hypertensive and diabetic respectively. In the majority of cases, 1 or 2 eye drugs were prescribed and mostly in the topical dosage form. Fixed dose combinations (33.39) mainly were prescribed in all groups and Dorzolamide + Timolol was given in almost 80 of the time. Prostaglandin analogs (29.09) were 2nd most prescribed drugs. Beta-blockers were the least prescribed in all groups. Burning of the eyes was the most common side effect of ophthalmic drugs (28). Systemic beta-blockers were most commonly utilized by hypertensive patients while sulfonylureas by diabetic patients. No prominent change was noted in pre- and post-visit utilization of antiglaucoma drugs except brinzolamide. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for rational prescribing of antiglaucoma drugs in multimorbid patients and the importance of creating awareness of pharmacological actions, drug interactions, and side effects among physicians.

Muhammad Sadiq

Mahmood Ali

Waqar Ahmad

Mir Azam Khan

Farah Akhtar

Pharmacoepidemiology of drugs in glaucoma patients with comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2 in Pakistan

巴基斯坦高血压和2型糖尿病共病青光眼患者的药物流行病学

Objective: To compare the outcome of intralesional injection of Hyaluronic acid with Triamcinolone and Triamcinolone alone in the management of Oral Lichen Planus. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial, conducted in the Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery department at Punjab Dental Hospital(PDH), Lahore, included 30 patients aged 20-70 years with histopathologically confirmed Oral Lichen planus (0.5-4 cm), using a Split mouth technique. One side of the lesion received intralesional Triamcinolone (40 mg/ml), while the other side received a combination of Hyaluronic acid and Triamcinolone. Pain and lesion size were assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale and measured at 2 and 12 weeks. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 20.0, with significance at P &lt; 0.05, comparing mean pain scores and lesion disappearance between groups using t-tests and Chi-square tests. Results: Total 30 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 48.76±14.67 year. Oral health assessment revealed that 9(30%) patients had good oral hygiene, and 15(50%) average hygiene. At baseline and 2nd week mean pain score in Intervention group was 5.7±1.08, 1.60 ±0.62 and in control patients was 5.6±1.03 and 2.10±0.99. Disappearance of lesion showed no significant difference between groups. Although in intervention group rate of disappearance of lesion was higher. i.e. Intervention: 73.3% vs. Control: 50%, p-value=0.063 Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that intralesional injection of Hyaluronic acid plus Triamcinolone is more effective than Triamcinolone alone for treating Oral Lichen Planus in terms of pain reduction and lesion disappearance

Rafay Mannan

Comparison of Intralesional Injection of Hyaluronic Acid with Triamcinolone and Triamcinolone Alone in Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus at Tertiary care Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Center

三级口腔颌面中心口腔扁平苔藓治疗中透明质酸联合曲安奈德与单独使用曲安奈德的比较

Purpose of the study. To assess demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with diabetic retinopa-thy treated with anti-VEGF therapy. Materials and methods of the study. 129 patients with diabetic retinopathy treated by the method of intrav-itreal administration of anti-VEGF therapy. Information about age, gender, diagnosis, activity of patients, dia-betes and the result of examination and treatment was collected. Achieved results. For treatment of diabetic retinopathy in clinics of AMU intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF is used in 25.8±1.9% of cases. Women p (68.2%) and patients older than 40 years (6,6%) revailed among these patients. Conclusion. Intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF is highly effective method for treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Patients, involved to this method of treatment mostly are women and people older than 40 years. They often have a non-proliferative stage of retinopathy, exudative and edematous maculopathy.

Gurban Ismayilov

EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT BY METHOD OF INTRAVITREAL INJECTION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INHIBITORS

玻璃体内注射血管内皮生长因子抑制剂治疗的有效性

Objectives. The research work is a comparative study of the polyphenolic compounds and flavonoid content of the phytoextracts obtained from the ultrasonic extraction process (Stegler DG-360) with 95% ethanol and ethanol-propyleneglycol mixture (in 95 : 5 ratio) from the Clove buds (Caryophyllos aromaticus L. Myrtaceae), hibiscus flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Hs, roselle; Malvaceae)) and common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L. Asteraceae) plants, which are rich in biologically active substances with high therapeutic effect, as well as their devoted to the investigation of antioxydant activity and antimicrobial potential. Material and methods. The research work was carried out in the Central Research and Application Laboratory of Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University (MERLAB), Republic of Turkey, using a Japanese Shimadzu brand Mistral-AB SCIEX 4000 QTRAP liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer device. Results.It was found that in both extraction processes, the active substances penetrated sufficiently from the medicinal-plant raw materials into the extractant. 20 names of compounds containing polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin derivatives have been determined. However, the amount of active substances in the phytoextract obtained with the presence of the penetrate (propylene glycol) was higher. In particular, rutin ( 75.74 ± 4.91mg/g), quercetin (110.12 ± 1.30 mg/g), gallic acid (4503.19 ± 46.83mg/g), quinic acid (4041.99 ± 187.3 mg/g), chlorogenic acid (582.30 ± 1.30mg/g), vanilin (155.6g/g1 ± 3.95mg/g) prevailed. Conclusion. The research work proves once again that the studied phytoextracts are rich in polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids. The amount of biologically active substances in the phytoextract obtained with the ethanol-propylene glycol mixture which is the penetrate substance (in the ratio of 95:5) is higher than that of the other sample (with 95% ethanol). The resulting amount of biologically active substances is a clear proof that the phytoextract has sufficient antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Bahruz Mammadov

DETERMINATION OF POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN PHYTOEXTRACTS WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES AND STUDY POTENTIAL EFFECTS

植物提取物中多酚类化合物的测定及其抗菌特性的研究与潜在效应分析

Publication Information	Publisher: Azerbaijan Medical University，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2023，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

Azerbaijan Pharmaceutical and Pharmacotherapy Journal

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Examining Tuberculosis Cases Using Sputum Testing Across Two Tehsils of District Okara, Punjab, Pakistan (2019-2023)

Diversity, relative abundance and ecology of the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna in district Okara, Pakistan

Evaluation of Clotting Parameters in Pregnant Women with Placental Blood Clots: Impact of Patient Characteristics and Assessment of Clexane Efficacy

Patient Demographics and Characteristics Associated with Solitary Thyroid Nodules

Pharmacoepidemiology of drugs in glaucoma patients with comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2 in Pakistan

Examining Tuberculosis Cases Using Sputum Testing Across Two Tehsils of District Okara, Punjab, Pakistan (2019-2023)

Diversity, relative abundance and ecology of the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna in district Okara, Pakistan

Comparison of Intralesional Injection of Hyaluronic Acid with Triamcinolone and Triamcinolone Alone in Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus at Tertiary care Oral & Maxillofacial Center

EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT BY METHOD OF INTRAVITREAL INJECTION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INHIBITORS

DETERMINATION OF POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN PHYTOEXTRACTS WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES AND STUDY POTENTIAL EFFECTS

ISSN	1994-1951, 2959-1929
h-index	3