Sports

Adopting low carbohydrate, ketogenic diets remains a controversial issue for individuals who resistance train given that this form of dieting has been speculated to reduce skeletal muscle glycogen levels and stifle muscle anabolism. We sought to characterize the effects of a 12-week ketogenic diet (KD) on body composition, metabolic, and performance parameters in participants who trained recreationally at a local CrossFit facility. Twelve participants (nine males and three females, 31 ± 2 years of age, 80.3 ± 5.1 kg body mass, 22.9 ± 2.3% body fat, 1.37 back squat: body mass ratio) were divided into a control group (CTL; n = 5) and a KD group (n = 7). KD participants were given dietary guidelines to follow over 12 weeks while CTL participants were instructed to continue their normal diet throughout the study, and all participants continued their CrossFit training routine for 12 weeks. Pre, 2.5-week, and 12-week anaerobic performance tests were conducted, and pre- and 12-week tests were performed for body composition using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and ultrasound, resting energy expenditure (REE), blood-serum health markers, and aerobic capacity. Additionally, blood beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels were measured weekly. Blood BHB levels were 2.8- to 9.5-fold higher in KD versus CTL throughout confirming a state of nutritional ketosis. DXA fat mass decreased by 12.4% in KD (p = 0.053). DXA total lean body mass changes were not different between groups, although DXA dual-leg lean mass decreased in the KD group by 1.4% (p = 0.068), and vastus lateralis thickness values decreased in the KD group by ~8% (p = 0.065). Changes in fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were similar between groups, although LDL cholesterol increased ~35% in KD (p = 0.048). Between-group changes in REE, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat, 400 m run times, and VO2peak were similar between groups. While our n-sizes were limited, these preliminary data suggest that adopting a ketogenic diet causes marked reductions in whole-body adiposity while not impacting performance measures in recreationally-trained CrossFit trainees. Whether decrements in dual-leg muscle mass and vastus lateralis thickness in KD participants were due to fluid shifts remain unresolved, and increased LDL-C in these individuals warrants further investigation.

Wesley C Kephart

Coree D Pledge

Paul A Roberson

Petey W Mumford

Matthew A Romero

Christopher B Mobley

Jeffrey S Martin

Kaelin C Young

Ryan P Lowery

Jacob M Wilson

Kevin W Huggins

Michael D Roberts

The Three-Month Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition, Blood Parameters, and Performance Metrics in CrossFit Trainees: A Pilot Study

生酮饮食对CrossFit训练者身体成分、血液参数及运动表现指标的三个月影响：一项初步研究

Research is emerging on the use of Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and its potential for augmenting human performance, however, relatively little research exists utilizing full-body administration methods. As such, further research supporting the efficacy of whole-body applications of PBMT for behavioral and physiological modifications in applicable, real-world settings are warranted. The purpose of this analysis was to observe cardiorespiratory and sleep patterns surrounding the use of full-body PBMT in an elite cohort of female soccer players. Members of a women's soccer team in a "Power 5 conference" of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) were observed across one competitive season while wearing an OURA Ring nightly and a global positioning system (GPS) sensor during training. Within-subject comparisons of cardiorespiratory physiology, sleep duration, and sleep composition were evaluated the night before and after PBMT sessions completed as a standard of care for team recovery. Compared to pre-intervention, mean heart rate (HR) was significantly lower the night after a PBMT session (p = 0.0055). Sleep durations were also reduced following PBMT, with total sleep time (TST) averaging 40 min less the night after a session (p = 0.0006), as well as significant reductions in light sleep (p = 0.0307) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep durations (p = 0.0019). Sleep durations were still lower following PBMT, even when controlling for daily and accumulated training loads. Enhanced cardiorespiratory indicators of recovery following PBMT, despite significant reductions in sleep duration, suggest that it may be an effective modality for maintaining adequate recovery from the high stress loads experienced by elite athletes.

Lauren E. Rentz

Randy W. Bryner

Jad Ramadan

Ali Rezai

Scott M. Galster

Full-Body Photobiomodulation Therapy Is Associated with Reduced Sleep Durations and Augmented Cardiorespiratory Indicators of Recovery

全身光生物调节疗法与睡眠时间减少及增强的心肺恢复指标相关

This study aimed to provide reference values for anthropometric characteristics of elite male and female soccer players, considering a group of individuals from the general population as controls. The anthropometric profiles of 357 elite soccer players [184 males (age 24.3 ± 4.3 y) and 173 females (age 25.2 ± 5.1 y)] participating in the first Italian league (Serie A) and 363 subjects from the general population [188 males (age 24.2 ± 4.8 y) and 175 females (age 25.0 ± 5.1 y)] were measured according to the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Reference percentiles for stature, body mass, circumferences, eight skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, supraspinal, abdominal, front thigh, and calf), breadths, and somatotype were calculated and stratified by player position and sex. No difference (p &gt; 0.05) was found in age between the two groups. Soccer players showed lower values for the sum of the eight ISAK skinfolds than individuals from the general population of the same sex. This suggests lower adipose tissue, as indicated by a lower endomorphic component. The somatotype was endomorphic mesomorph and mesomorphic endomorph for the male and female individuals from the general population, respectively. The male soccer players were ectomorphic mesomorphs, while the females were balanced mesomorphs, defining a sport-specific morphology. This study provides sex- and role-specific anthropometric standards for elite soccer players. Raw anthropometric reference values may be useful for evaluating body composition without using any predictive equations or assumptions.

Cristian Petri

Francesco Campa

Francis Holway

Luca Pengue

Luis Suarez Arrones

ISAK-Based Anthropometric Standards for Elite Male and Female Soccer Players

基于ISAK的人体测量标准用于精英男性和女性足球运动员

Dietary protein is required to support recovery and adaptation following exercise training. While prior research demonstrates that many athletes meet total daily protein needs, intake seems to be predominantly skewed toward the evening meal. An even distribution of protein doses of ≥0.24 g/kg BW consumed throughout the course of a day is theorized to confer greater skeletal muscle anabolism outcomes compared to a skewed pattern of intake. Protein quality is also an important dietary consideration for athletes, with the amino acid leucine seemingly serving as the primary driver of the postprandial anabolic response. The present study investigates protein consumption characteristics among a cohort of NCAA D1 soccer players and evaluates differences between male and female athletes. Athletes were instructed to complete 3-day food diaries, which were subsequently analyzed and compared to UEFA expert group-issued nutrition guidelines for soccer players. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner accounted for 81.4% of the total daily dietary protein intake. Most athletes (77.8%) ingested optimum amounts of protein at dinner but not at breakfast (11.1%) or lunch (47.2%). In addition, statistically significant sex-based differences in daily dietary protein intake, meal-specific protein amounts, and protein quality measures were detected. Findings indicate suboptimal dietary protein intake practices among the collegiate soccer athletes.

Jun Kwon

Morgan M. Nishisaka

Alexandra F. McGrath

Aleksandra S. Kristo

Angelos K. Sikalidis

Scott K. Reaves

Protein Intake in NCAA Division 1 Soccer Players: Assessment of Daily Amounts, Distribution Patterns, and Leucine Levels as a Quality Indicator

NCAA 1 级足球运动员蛋白质摄入量：每日摄入量、分布模式及亮氨酸水平作为质量指标的评估

Background: The benefits of sport in mental health have been broadly studied. However, few studies have examined these outcomes in high-performance athletes. We aimed to analyze the state of the mental health of the Villarreal Soccer Club’s first- (FD) and second-division (SD) players and the possible mediating effects of sex and professional category. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with an initial sample of 108 soccer players (final sample n = 54). Data from MINI, HARS, HDRS, BARRAT-11 and SCSRQ questionnaires were analyzed. Results: The mean age was 23.41 years (SD = 4.56) and 61.1% (n = 33) were men. A proportion of 24.1% (n = 13) stated that they had undergone mental health treatment, 7.4% (n = 4) had taken psychotropic drugs, and 2.1% (n = 1) had made a suicide attempt. Differences were observed between the FD and SD players in terms of the sensitivity to punishment (t = −2.2; p = 0.033), overall impulsivity (t = −3.1; p = 0.003), unplanned impulsivity (t = 3.4; p = 0.001), and the HDRS (U = −110.5; p = 0.004), HARS-Total (U = −104.0; p = 0.006) and HARS-Psychological subscale scores (U = −104.0; p = 0.001). Differences were also observed between the female and male SD players for the HARS-Somatic subscale (U = 136.5; p = 0.028). Conclusion: The low values obtained in the clinical scales, together with the reported psychopathological histories, suggested that the Villareal players showed better mental health than the general population.

Lucía Bonet

Ana Benito

Héctor Usó

Marc Peraire

Gonzalo Haro

Isabel Almodóvar-Fernández

Mental Health in First- and Second-Division Soccer Players: A Cross-Sectional Study

第一和第二级别足球运动员的心理健康：一项横断面研究

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 11 additional soccer training sessions among youth soccer players according to their performance in a skill course. A total of 90 participants, aged 9 to 12, were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (IG) (n = 54) or a control group (CG) (n = 36) and have validated data. The trainings focused upon enhancing ball mastery and decision-making and included a combination of one vs. one situations and small-sided games (SSGs). Pre- and post-tests measured passing and dribbling skills through a skill course. The best time with additional time penalties for each dribbling and passing error was used for further analysis. An independent t-test revealed no significant differences in improvement between the two groups. However, paired t-tests revealed significant improvements for both the IG and the CG from pre- to post-test (7.9 and 3.9 s, respectively). Furthermore, no significant differences in the development of track time, cone touches, or passing errors between the groups were detected. These findings suggest that soccer players aged 9 to 12 improve their performance in a skill course through increased familiarity with the course and natural development of technical skills based on participation in soccer training and recreational soccer play. We argue that the lack of significant differences between the groups’ performances can be attributed to the short duration and few sessions of the intervention, and a somehow low similarity between the skill course and the activities in the sessions.

Arne Sørensen

Terje Dalen

Pål Lagestad

Effects of a Short-Term Soccer Training Intervention on Skill Course Performance in Youth Players: A Randomized Study

短期足球训练干预对青少年球员技能课程表现的影响：一项随机研究

Foods rich in polyphenols have beneficial effects on health. This study aimed to examine the impact of dark chocolate on endurance runners’ arterial function. Forty-six male amateur runners, aged 25–55, participated. The initial assessments included clinical testing, arterial stiffness measurements, and a cardiopulmonary exercise test. The participants then consumed 50 g of dark chocolate (70% cocoa) daily for two weeks, maintaining their usual training routine. After this period, the baseline assessment was repeated. The results showed significant improvements. Pulse wave velocity decreased by 11.82% (p &lt; 0.001), and augmentation index by 19.47% (p &lt; 0.001). Systolic brachial blood pressure reduced by 2.12% (p &lt; 0.05), diastolic by 2.79% (p &lt; 0.05), and mean pressure by 2.41% (p &lt; 0.05). Central arterial pressure also decreased, with systolic by 1.24% (p &lt; 0.05), diastolic by 2.80% (p &lt; 0.05), and mean pressure by 2.43% (p &lt; 0.05). Resting heart rate increased by 4.57% (p &lt; 0.05) and left ventricular ejection time decreased by 4.89% (p &lt; 0.05), particularly in athletes over 40. Exercise time increased by 2.16% (p &lt; 0.05), heart rate (max) by 1.15% (p &lt; 0.05), VO2max by 2.31% (p &lt; 0.05), and anaerobic threshold shifted by 6.91% (p &lt; 0.001) in exercise time and 6.93% (p &lt; 0.001) in VO2max. In conclusion, dark chocolate improves arterial function in endurance runners, enhancing vascular health.

Zacharias Vordos

Ifigeneia Deli

Maria Anifanti

Stefan Kluzek

Nikolaos Koutlianos

Evangelia Kouidi

Asterios Deligiannis

The Effect of Dark Chocolate Consumption on Arterial Function in Endurance Male Runners: Prospective Cohort Study

耐力型男性跑步者食用黑巧克力对动脉功能的影响：前瞻性队列研究

Fitness clubs may be environments where abnormal eating behaviors and excessive exercise are socially accepted, potentially putting individuals at risk for disordered eating (DE). This study examined the DE risk prevalence among gym members, comparing body appreciation, exercise motivation, frequency, BMI, and age across DE risk levels, and assessed the associated factors. A sample of 232 gym members (age: 39.6 ± 13.7) completed an online survey measuring DE risk (Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care (ESP)), body appreciation (Body Appreciation Scale version 2), and exercise motivation (Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2). One out of five (19.4%) were at risk of DE, while 15.5% and 11.6% reported having secretive eating behaviors and a history of eating disorders, respectively. Body weight impacted self-perception for 62.5% of the respondents. Those at DE risk had a higher mean BMI (26.23 ± 4.36 vs. 24.68 ± 3.61, p = 0.032) with a higher proportion of those with a BMI of 25–29.9 (46.67% vs. 29.41%, p = 0.027) compared to non-at-risk individuals. DE risk was associated with lower body appreciation (3.00 ± 3.60 versus 4.00 ± 3.70, p = ≤0.001), with body appreciation being the only factor associated with DE risk (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.39, p = ≤0.001).

Christina Gjestvang

Therese F. Mathisen

Solfrid Bratland-Sanda

Lene A. H. Haakstad

The Risk of Disordered Eating in Fitness Club Members—A Cross-Sectional Study

健身俱乐部会员的饮食失调风险——一项横断面研究

Purposeful heading, in which players may use their heads to advance the ball in play, is a unique part of soccer. Clinical outcome measures used to aid in the diagnosis of a concussion have long been a cornerstone of the contemporary measurements associated with the short- and long-term effects of monitoring repetitive head impacts (RHI) and soccer heading exposure. The effects of RHI in the youth population are still unknown, therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine if heading exposure is predictive of changes in self-reported symptoms, neurocognitive functioning, gait, and balance in female youth soccer players over the course of one soccer season. Small improvements in neurocognitive functioning and gait and slight deficits in balance were observed from pre- to post-season. All changes were not clinically relevant and likely due to a practice effect. The low heading exposure in our cohort of youth soccer players was likely not enough to elicit any changes in clinical measures. In general, our clinical outcomes did not change after a season of soccer play and change scores were not predicted by heading exposure.

Victoria E. Wahlquist

Thomas A. Buckley

Jaclyn B. Caccese

Joseph J. Glutting

Todd D. Royer

Thomas W. Kaminski

Youth Soccer Heading Exposure and Its Effects on Clinical Outcome Measures

青少年足球头球暴露及其对临床结果指标的影响

The aim of this study was to examine the differences in match running performance (MRP) according to the ambient temperature during UEFA Champions League (UCL) matches. Data were collected using an optical tracking system from all teams (n = 32) in all UCL matches (n = 125) during the 2022/23 season, and classified according to the ambient temperature at which matches were played: &lt;5 °C, 6–10 °C, 11–20 °C, and &gt;21 °C. The results revealed the following: (i) less total distance was covered in matches played at ≥21 °C compared to the matches played at 6–10 °C (d = 0.58), (ii) less high-speed running and high-intensity running were covered in matches played at ≥21 °C compared to the matches played at 11–20 °C (d = 0.54 and 0.43, respectively), 6–10 °C (d = 0.89 and 0.8, respectively), and ≤5 °C (d = 0.62 and 0.57, respectively), and (iii) less sprinting was covered in matches played at ≥21 °C compared to the matches played at 6–10 °C (d = 0.22). These findings indicated the significant differences in MRP when UCL matches were played at different ambient temperatures, with notable reductions in overall and high-intensity efforts in warmer conditions.

Vladimir Pavlinovic

Ryland Morgans

Toni Modric

Temperature-Related Variations in Physical Performance During Elite Soccer Matches

精英足球比赛中与温度相关的身体表现变化

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	2.03
Quartiles(Global)	SPORT SCIENCES(Q2)

ISSN	2075-4663
h-index	40

Publication Information	Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2013，Proportion of original research papers: 88.83%，Self Citation Rate:9.10%， Gold OA Rate: 99.19%
Journal Fees	$Details
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：11 Weeks

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