抗氧化剂 (ISSN 2076-3921)，为与抗氧化剂科学和技术相关的研究提供了一个高级论坛。它发表研究论文、评论和通讯。我们的目标是鼓励科学家尽可能详细地发表他们的实验和理论结果。论文的长度没有限制。必须提供完整的实验细节，以便重现结果。有关计算或实验程序的全部细节的电子文件和软件，如果不能以正常方式发布，可以作为补充电子材料存放。

Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921) is a high-level forum dedicated to research related to the science and technology of antioxidants. The journal publishes research papers, reviews, and communications, aiming to encourage scientists to report their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no limit on the length of papers, and complete experimental details must be provided to allow for the reproducibility of results. Any detailed electronic files and software related to computational or experimental procedures that cannot be published in the usual manner may be stored as supplementary electronic materials.

《Antioxidants》 (ISSN 2076-3921) 是一个专注于抗氧化剂科学与技术的高级论坛。期刊发表研究论文、评论和通讯，旨在鼓励科学家详细报告他们的实验和理论结果。论文长度没有限制，要求提供完整的实验细节，以便他人能够重现结果。如果计算或实验程序的详细信息无法以常规方式发布，可以将其作为补充电子材料存放。

Antioxidants

The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX) was first identified in the membrane of phagocytic cells. For many years, its only known role was in immune defense, where its ROS production leads to the destruction of pathogens by the immune cells. NOX from phagocytes catalyzes, via one-electron trans-membrane transfer to molecular oxygen, the production of the superoxide anion. Over the years, six human homologs of the catalytic subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the NOX2/gp91phox component present in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase assembly itself, the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. NOX are complex multidomain proteins with varying requirements for assembly with combinations of other proteins for activity. The recent structural insights acquired on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic NOX open new perspectives for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms inherent to NOX regulation and ROS production (superoxide or hydrogen peroxide). This new structural information will certainly inform new investigations of human disease. As specialized ROS producers, NOX enzymes participate in numerous crucial physiological processes, including host defense, the post-translational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. These diversities of physiological context will be discussed in this review. We also discuss NOX misregulation, which can contribute to a wide range of severe pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, lung fibrosis, cancer, or neurodegenerative diseases, giving this family of membrane proteins a strong therapeutic interest.

Annelise Vermot

Isabelle Petit-Härtlein

Susan M. E. Smith

Franck Fieschi

NADPH Oxidases (NOX): An Overview from Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology and Pathology

Oil-in-water emulsions contain the inner oil phase, the protein membrane at the interface and the aqueous phase. In this study, the spatial partition of resveratrol was investigated in sunflower oil, fish oil, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and peppermint oil emulsions stabilized by native whey protein isolate (WPI), heat-denatured WPI and sodium caseinate. Resveratrol was added in the aqueous phase of emulsions and its partition was analyzed in term of resveratrol solubility in bulk oil and in the aqueous phase of protein, protein concentration and interfacial protein. The final concentrations of resveratrol in the aqueous phase were basically greater than those in the oil phase of fish oil, sunflower oil and MCT oil emulsions, while the final concentrations of resveratrol in the oil phase were greater than those in the aqueous phase of peppermint oil emulsions. The difference in the interfacial partition of resveratrol and proteins increased as the polyphenol solubility in bulk oil increased. Resveratrol solubility in the oil phase drove its transfer from the aqueous phase into the oil phase in all emulsions, except that the interfacial protein also contributed to the transfer in fish oil emulsions. The oil-water interface provided the microenvironment for the enrichment of resveratrol by proteins.

Yang Chen

Hao Cheng

Li Liang

Effect of Oil Type on Spatial Partition of Resveratrol in the Aqueous Phase, the Protein Interface and the Oil Phase of O/W Emulsions Stabilized by Whey Protein and Caseinate

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote oxidative stress, which directly causes molecular damage and disrupts cellular homeostasis, leading to skin aging. Baicalein, a flavonoid compound isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and other medicinal properties. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of baicalein on the disruption of tight junctions and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. The cells were pretreated with 20 and 40 µM baicalein followed by treatment with 500 µM H2O2. The results revealed that baicalein exerted antioxidant effects by reducing intracellular ROS production. Baicalein attenuated the degradation of the ECM (MMP-1 and Col1A1) and the disruption of tight junctions (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-4). In addition, baicalein prevented mitochondrial dysfunction (PGC-1α, PINK1, and Parkin) and restored mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, baicalein regulated the expression of antioxidant enzymes, including NQO-1 and HO-1, via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Our data suggest that the cytoprotective effects of baicalein against H2O2-induced oxidative stress may be mediated through the Nrf2/NQO-1/HO-1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, baicalein exerts potent antioxidant effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular tight junctions.

Gyeonghyeon Kim

Dong-Wook Han

Jong Hun Lee

The Cytoprotective Effects of Baicalein on H2O2-Induced ROS by Maintaining Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Cellular Tight Junction in HaCaT Keratinocytes

Osteoporosis is the second most common disease only secondary to cardiovascular disease, with the risk of fracture increasing with age. Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis processes. Osteoclastogenesis may be enhanced, osteoblastogenesis may be reduced, or both may be evident. Inflammation and high reactive oxygen enhance osteoclastogenesis while reducing osteoblastogenesis by inducing osteoblast apoptosis and suppressing osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation. Catechins, the main polyphenols found in green tea with potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, can counteract the deleterious effects of the imbalance of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis caused by osteoporosis. Green tea catechins can attenuate osteoclastogenesis by enhancing apoptosis of osteoclasts, hampering osteoclastogenesis, and prohibiting bone resorption in vitro. Catechin effects can be directly exerted on pre-osteoclasts/osteoclasts or indirectly exerted via the modulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)/stromal cell regulation of pre-osteoclasts through activation of the nuclear factor kB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system. Catechins also can enhance osteoblastogenesis by enhancing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and increasing osteoblastic survival, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. The in vitro effects of catechins on osteogenesis have been confirmed in several animal models, as well as in epidemiological observational studies on human subjects. Even though randomized control trials have not shown that catechins provide anti-fracture efficacy, safety data in the trials are promising. A large-scale, placebo-controlled, long-term randomized trial with a tea regimen intervention of optimal duration is required to determine anti-fracture efficacy.

Hsuan-Ti Huang

Tsung-Lin Cheng

Sung-Yen Lin

Cheng-Jung Ho

Joanna Y. Chyu

Rong-Sen Yang

Chung-Hwan Chen

Chwan-Li Shen

Osteoprotective Roles of Green Tea Catechins

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intermediates in oxidation–reduction reactions with the capacity to modify biomolecules and temporarily or permanently alter cell behaviour through signalling pathways under physiological and pathophysiological conditions where there is an imbalance between oxidative factors and the antioxidant response of the organism, a phenomenon known as oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that the differential modulation of ROS-mediated oxidative stress occurs in the pathogenesis and progression of melanoma, and that this imbalance in redox homeostasis appears to be functionally linked to microRNA (miRNA o miRs)-mediated non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming involving genes and transcription factors. The relationship between ROS-mediated stress control, tumour microenvironment, and miRNA expression in melanoma is not fully understood. The aim of this review is to analyse the involvement of miRNAs in the modulation of the signalling pathways involved in ROS-mediated oxidative stress in melanoma. It is hoped that these considerations will contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms associated with a potential epigenetic network regulation, where the modulation of oxidative stress is consolidated as a common factor in melanoma, and therefore, a potential footprint poorly documented.

José Daniel Escobar Moreno

José Luis Fajardo Castiblanco

Laura Camila Riaño Rodriguez

Paula Marcela Barrios Ospina

Carlos Andrés Zabala Bello

Esther Natalia Muñoz Roa

Hernán Mauricio Rivera Escobar

miRNAs Involvement in Modulating Signalling Pathways Involved in Ros-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Melanoma

miRNAs 在调节黑色素瘤中 ROS 介导的氧化应激相关信号通路中的作用

Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) has become a promising non-invasive method that uses visible light, typically within the 405–470 nm wavelength range, to efficiently inactivate a wide variety of pathogens. However, the mechanism of antimicrobial blue light (aBL) has not been fully understood. In this study, our research group investigated the sensitivity of Escherichia coli BW25113 single-gene deletion mutants to individual stressors generated by aBL. Sixty-four aBL-sensitive mutants were tested under conditions mimicking the stress generated by irradiation with aBL, with their growth defects compared to the wild-type strain. Results revealed no positive correlation between aBL and single stressors, indicating that aBL’s effectiveness is due to the simultaneous generation of multiple stressors. This multifactorial effect suggests that aBL targets microbial cells more precisely than single stressors such as hydrogen peroxide. No single gene knockout conferred specific resistance, highlighting aBL’s potential as an antimicrobial strategy.

Beata Kruszewska-Naczk

Mariusz Grinholc

Aleksandra Rapacka-Zdonczyk

Mimicking the Effects of Antimicrobial Blue Light: Exploring Single Stressors and Their Impact on Microbial Growth

模仿抗菌蓝光的效果：探究单一应激源及其对微生物生长的影响

In regenerative medicine, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown their importance and potential in tissue reconstruction and immune system modification. However, such cells’ potential is often diminished by factors such as oxidative stress, immune rejection, and inadequate engraftment. This review highlights the role of molecular hydrogen (H2) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) as adjunct therapies to improve the effectiveness of MSC therapy. H2 has strong antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions as it quenches reactive oxygen species and positively stimulates the Nrf2 pathway that promotes MSC survival and life. CAP, being a modulated source of ROS and RNS, also assists MSCs by altering the cellular redox balance, thus facilitating cellular adaptation, migration, and differentiation. H2 and CAP in conjunction with each other assist in establishing an ambience favorable for promoting MSCs’ survival and growth abilities, and reduce the healing time in various pathways such as wound, neuroprotection, and ischemia. Besides these concerns, this review also covers the best administration routes and doses of H2 and CAP together with MSCs in therapy. This study informs on a novel dual method aimed at improving the outcome of MSC therapy while adding several molecular targets and relevant clinical uses concerning these therapies. Research of the future has to deal with bettering these protocols so that the therapeutic benefits can be maximized without long-term implications for clinical applications.

Mikhail Yu. Artamonov

Felix A. Pyatakovich

Inessa A. Minenko

Synergistic Antioxidant Effects of Molecular Hydrogen and Cold Atmospheric Plasma in Enhancing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy

分子氢与冷大气等离子体协同抗氧化作用在增强间充质干细胞治疗中的效果

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the retina play a key role in maintaining function and cell survival. However, excessive ROS can lead to oxidative stress, inducing dysregulation of metabolic and inflammatory pathways. The chmru848 zebrafish models choroideremia (CHM), an X-linked chorioretinal dystrophy, which predominantly affects the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid. In this study, we examined the transcriptomic signature of the chmru848 zebrafish retina to reveal the upregulation of cytokine pathways and glia migration, upregulation of oxidative, ER stress and apoptosis markers, and the dysregulation of glucose metabolism with the downregulation of glycolysis and the upregulation of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. Glucose uptake was impaired in the chmru848 retina using the 2-NBDG glucose uptake assay. Following the overexpression of human PFKM, partial rescue was seen with the preservation of photoreceptors and RPE and increased glucose uptake, but without modifying glycolysis and oxidative stress markers. Therapies targeting glucose metabolism in CHM may represent a potential remedial approach.

Cécile Méjécase

Neelima Nair

Hajrah Sarkar

Pablo Soro-Barrio

Maria Toms

Sophia Halliday

Katy Linkens

Natalia Jaroszynska

Constance Maurer

Nicholas Owen

Mariya Moosajee

Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Altered Glucose Metabolism Contribute to the Retinal Phenotype in the Choroideremia Zebrafish

氧化应激、炎症和葡萄糖代谢改变共同导致视网膜表型在无脉络膜症斑马鱼中的表现

Based on the established neuroprotective properties of indole-based compounds and their significant potential as multi-targeted therapeutic agents, a series of synthetic indole–phenolic compounds was evaluated as multifunctional neuroprotectors. Each compound demonstrated metal-chelating properties, particularly in sequestering copper ions, with quantitative analysis revealing approximately 40% chelating activity across all the compounds. In cellular models, these hybrid compounds exhibited strong antioxidant and cytoprotective effects, countering reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the Aβ(25–35) peptide and its oxidative byproduct, hydrogen peroxide, as demonstrated by quantitative analysis showing on average a 25% increase in cell viability and a reduction in ROS levels to basal states. Further analysis using thioflavin T fluorescence assays, circular dichroism, and computational studies indicated that the synthesized derivatives effectively promoted the self-disaggregation of the Aβ(25–35) fragment. Taken together, these findings suggest a unique profile of neuroprotective actions for indole–phenolic derivatives, combining chelating, antioxidant, and anti-aggregation properties, which position them as promising compounds for the development of multifunctional agents in Alzheimer’s disease therapy. The methods used provide reliable in vitro data, although further in vivo validation and assessment of blood–brain barrier penetration are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and safety.

Tania Ciaglia

Maria Rosaria Miranda

Simone Di Micco

Mariapia Vietri

Gerardina Smaldone

Simona Musella

Veronica Di Sarno

Giulia Auriemma

Carla Sardo

Ornella Moltedo

Giacomo Pepe

Giuseppe Bifulco

Carmine Ostacolo

Pietro Campiglia

Michele Manfra

Vincenzo Vestuto

Alessia Bertamino

Neuroprotective Potential of Indole-Based Compounds: A Biochemical Study on Antioxidant Properties and Amyloid Disaggregation in Neuroblastoma Cells

基于吲哚的化合物对神经保护的潜力：神经母细胞瘤细胞中抗氧化特性和淀粉样蛋白解聚的生化研究

To determine the optimal conditions of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of polyphenols from black chokeberry leaves (BCL), temperature, time and sample-to-solvent ratio (SSR) were varied to obtain maximum polyphenols yield. The extracts were analyzed for total polyphenols (TP) as well as individual ones (UPLC ESI MS2) and antioxidant capacity (FRAP, DPPH and ORAC). Moreover, the biological activity of the selected extracts was additionally determined. The optimal PLE and MAE conditions were 150 °C, 5 min extraction time and SSR 1:30 g/mL (TP 80.0 mg GAE/g dm), and 70 °C, extraction time 5 min and SSR 1:30 g/mL (TP 36.4 mg GAE/g dm), respectively. Both methods yielded similar polyphenol profiles (43 compounds) but differed quantitatively. MAE extracts contained more flavonols and phenolic acids, while PLE extracts had higher procyanidins and flavan-3-ols. Furthermore, the PLE extract exhibited a superior antioxidant capacity. This BCL extract also showed that it can protect against oxidative and DNA damage and can induce free radical formation and DNA damage, albeit at different doses. Moreover, it had a moderate antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis, while no antimicrobial activity was observed against Gram-negative bacteria as well as yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and molds.

Maja Repajić

Ivona Elez Garofulić

Ena Cegledi

Erika Dobroslavić

Sandra Pedisić

Ksenija Durgo

Ana Huđek Turković

Jasna Mrvčić

Karla Hanousek Čiča

Verica Dragović-Uzelac

Bioactive and Biological Potential of Black Chokeberry Leaves Under the Influence of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Microwave-Assisted Extraction

黑果腺肋花楸叶在加压液体提取和微波辅助提取影响下的生物活性和生物潜力

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	6.04
Quartiles(Global)	FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY(Q1)

Publication Information	Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2012，Proportion of original research papers: 79.39%，Self Citation Rate:8.30%， Gold OA Rate: 99.50%
Journal Fees	$Details
Average review cycle	期刊官网数据：平均16.3天网友分享经验：11 Weeks

Antioxidants

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