The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology

Abstract Background Tanzania has experienced outbreaks of dengue fever in major cities. The main vectors of the dengue virus in Tanzania are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The control of this mosquito vector is based on insecticide, and yet, the insecticide susceptibility of this species is not well known in many places in Tanzania. Conversely, the breeding habitats mostly preferred by this species are not well documented in the study area. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the pyrethroid insecticide susceptibility status and breeding habitats preference of Ae. aegypti mosquito in the three sites from three districts in Mwanza, Tanzania. The assessment of Ae. aegypti mosquito 24-h percentage mortality was based on WHO criteria. Results A total of 850 Ae. aegypti were exposed to three pyrethroid insecticides. In Bwiru site, 100% mortality was observed for all three pyrethroids, indicating full susceptibility. At Igekemaja and Mwagagala villages, Ae. aegypti were resistant to all the three pyrethroid insecticides tested. In Igekemaja, there were variations in Ae. aegypti mortality rates induced by different insecticides, with mortality rates ranging from 72% for alphacypermethrin to 86% for deltamethrin. Although the mortality rates were lower than in Bwiru site, they were still substantial and statistically significant. The mortality rates in Mwagagala were lowest across the three insecticides, with mortality rates ranging from 60% for deltamethrin to 86% for alphacypermethrin. In Mwagagala, the Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were less susceptible to the insecticides tested. Aedes aegypti mosquito prefer breeding in abandoned old tires in urban area and in small containers and uncovered water storage containers in rural settings. Conclusion The study has revealed pyrethroid insecticide susceptibility status and breeding habitats of Ae. aegypti in the rural and urban settings in Mwanza, Tanzania. The study findings imply the need for public health interventions with focus on community education on mosquito control.

Basiliana Emidi

Ziada Kiwanuka

Selina Antony

Debora Kajeguka

Alphaxard Manjurano

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to pyrethroid insecticides and characterization of breeding habitats in selected districts of Mwanza, Tanzania

坦桑尼亚姆万扎选定地区埃及伊蚊对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性及繁殖栖息地的特征

Abstract Background Plant oil extract like sesame oil has high polyunsaturated fatty acids, while palm oil extracts are saturated. A serial substitution of crude sesame extract together with crude palm extract was used in novel diets of African catfish. Five types of feeds designated as feed F1 to feed F5 were made to vary in the inclusion of crude sesame extract (CSE) and crude palm extract (CPE), CSE: CPE), as follows: F1, 25:5, F2, 20:10, F3, 15:15, F4, 10:5, and F5, 5:25. Feed F6 was a commercial feed. The fish were fed to satiation for 70 days. We analyzed the digestibility of CSE, CPE, the feeds and the hematology and hematobiochemical parameters of the catfish. Results Results showed that the catfish had significantly higher digestibility for CSE 93.34 ± 0.22% than for CPE 78.98 ± 0.11%. Feed F1 had the highest digestibility 91.32 ± 0.07%, followed by feed F2, 82.25 ± 0.04%. The higher digestibility of feeds F1, F2, and F3 than F4 and F5 could be due to the lipids and fatty acid composition of the feed. Sesame seed is known to be high in phospholipids and triacylglycerols, and this enhances digestibility. Phospholipids are present in low quantities in palm oil. Crude sesame extract reduced blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose, while crude palm extract increased them. Conversely higher dietary inclusions of CSE (F1 &gt; F2 &gt; F3) in that order increased the Hb, RBC, MCH, MCHC, TWBC, and the PCV.a Conclusions Crude sesame extract should be added to the diets of African catfish for optimal digestibility and enhanced hematobiochemical and hematological indices. Crude palm extract should be added but not above 10% for optimal performances.

U. D. Enyidi

P. Asuquo

Effects of plant oil extracts on the digestibility, hematobiochemistry, and hematology of Clarias gariepinus

植物油提取物对叉尾鲶消化率、血液生化及血液学的影响

Olumide Samuel Fadahunsi

Olubukola Sinbad Olorunnisola

High-salt–fat diet: a risk factor for elevated blood pressure associated with dyslipidemia, perturbation in cardio-renal anti-oxidant and pro-inflammatory status in Wistar rats

高盐高脂饮食：与血脂异常、心血管肾脏抗氧化和促炎状态紊乱相关的血压升高风险因素——以Wistar大鼠为研究对象

Abstract Background Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) poses a significant threat to global fruit production and quality, including in Pakistan, where it causes substantial losses. Traditional control methods have heavily relied on the indiscriminate and imprudent use of insecticides, leading to challenges such as insecticide resistance, environmental pollution, fruit contamination, and health risks. This study explores the insecticidal potential of seven selected botanicals: Artemisia vulgaris L., Capparis spinosa L., Mentha longifolia , Mentha piperita , Peganum harmala , Eucalyptus globulus, and Callistemon viminalis , each at three different concentrations (10mL, 20mL, and 30mL), against Bactrocera dorsalis ( B. dorsalis) . Two in vitro experiments involving the application of plant extracts mixed with protein bait and direct spray were conducted. Results Both experimental results demonstrated a direct correlation between the concentration of plant extract and the mortality of B. dorsalis . In the plant extract mixed with protein bait, results recorded after 96 h at 10 mL ranged from 8.667 ± 1.52–47.000 ± 3.00, at 20 mL from 18.667 ± 1.52–53.667 ± 6.02, and 30 mL from 26.000 ± 5.29- 67.667 ± 2.08. Meanwhile, for direct spray, mortality ranged from 2.333 ± 1.15–32.333 ± 6.80 at 10 mL, 1.000 ± 1.00–42.667 ± 7.02 at 20 mL, and 9.667 ± 2.30–61.333 ± 8.50 at 30 mL, respectively. The plant species exhibiting the highest toxic potential against the respective pests was C. viminalis , followed by A. vulgaris L. In contrast, the least toxic effect was observed in Eucalyptus globulus at all concentrations. The highest mean mortality and repellence % were recorded in C. viminalis and E. globulus in both experimental trials. The results revealed the highest efficacy of C. viminalis with an LC 50 value of 9685.15 and 19,909.11 ppm, for the extract mixed with protein bait and sprayed, was obtained, respectively, the most toxic to the pest followed by the extracts E. globulus and C. spinosa L. Conclusion Based on our experimental results, it is concluded that C. viminalis and A. vulgaris L. are an effective alternative for the management of B. dorsalis.

Wasim Akram

Azhar Hussain

Qamar Abbas

Aqleem Abbas

Insecticidal potential of botanical extracts for management of, the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

植物提取物对东方果实蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis）的杀虫潜力及其管理应用

Abstract Background Human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, industrialization, canalization, and water abstraction, negatively affect biodiversity. This study was carried out to determine the effect of anthropogenic activities on the composition, distribution, and abundance of Odonata of Akure South Local Government Area. Results A total of 2376 Odonata individuals (1363 dragonflies and 1013 damselflies) in 6 families (Libellulidae, Ceonagrionidae, Calopterygidae, Platycnemididae, Chlorocyphidae) and Gomphidae, 19 genera and 36 species were recorded in this study. Pseudagrion ‘A’ kersteni (651) is the most frequent species followed closely by Trithemis arteriosa , they were found in all the sites, therefore are generalists. Eight species including Lestinogomphus minutus , Pantala flavescens , Copera sikassoensis , etc., are least represented in the study , they were made up of one individual each. Leo study site has the richest odonate fauna (Simpson dominance: 0.8497, Shannon–Wiener H_: 2.234 and Margalef: 3.021); while, the least was Oda (Simpson dominance: 0.7899 and Shannon Wiener H_: 1.932). The distribution of the species was highest at Oda (evenness E: 0.4931), followed closely by Leo (evenness E: 0.4916); while, Ijapo (evenness E: 0.3852) is the least. Conclusion The few stenotopic species and, proliferation of eurytopic species in the study sites proved that the sites are undergoing intense anthropogenic disturbance and conservation efforts must therefore be put in place to prevent the extinction of these species and their restoration in sites they were absent.

Ayodeji Bidemi Bakare

Babasola Williams Adu

Erhomosele Isaac Ehikhamele

Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on adult Odonata fauna in Akure, south west Nigeria

人为干扰对尼日利亚西南部阿库雷成年蜻蜓群落的影响

Abstract Background Craniometric data can be useful in the estimation of sex, age, stature, and ethnicity. Despite Nigeria’s diverse and multifaceted demography, there is a dearth of information on detailed morphometry of specific features of the Nigerian cranium. This study sought to provide detailed descriptions of various dimensions on the Nigerian mandibular bone, nose, foramen magnum, and orbit for use in clinico-anatomical studies, dentistry, anthropology, and forensic medicine. Using 33 skulls and 17 mandibles, without gender bias, obtained from the departmental museum, 17 parameters were measured linearly on each mandible and thirty-six parameters on each skull using a digital Vernier calliper. Mean and standard deviation of data sets generated were analysed using t-test at p &lt; 0.05. Results The distance between the cranial and caudal angles of the mandible was 3.48 ± 0.21 mm. The distance from the rostral point of the dental bone to the condylar, coronoid, and angular processes was 4.86 ± 0.25 mm, 2.64 ± 0.52 mm, and 3.72 ± 0.30 mm, respectively. The distance between the most medial points of the most rostral left &amp; right mental foramina in the skulls was 4.51 ± 0.17 mm. The distance between the most medial points of the most rostral left &amp; right mental foramina in the skulls was 4.51 ± 0.17 mm. Most orbit skull types were megaseme in nearly 61%, and orbital asymmetry was also observed. However, the right orbit (26.07 ± 2.106) was significantly higher ( p &lt; 0.0001) than left orbit (24.80 ± 1.850). The most common shape of the foramen magnum was the oval-like foramen (78%). The common nose types were platyrrhine in 50% and mesorrhine in 26%. Conclusion Insights from this study might provide practical reference information for mandibular and orbital reconstructive surgeries in clinical settings, skull classification in forensic science, and research purposes.

Omowumi Moromoke Femi-Akinlosotu

Olumayowa Olawumi Igado

Kehinde Oluwaseyi Adeniji

Morphometrics of human skulls and mandibles obtained from Southwestern Nigeria: implications in clinical manoeuvres

来自尼日利亚西南部的人类颅骨和下颌骨形态测量学：对临床操作的启示

Abbreviation	JoBAZ
Journal Impact	1.13
Quartiles(Global)	BIOLOGY(Q3)

Publication Information	Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2012，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 100.00%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：47 Weeks

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology

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Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to pyrethroid insecticides and characterization of breeding habitats in selected districts of Mwanza, Tanzania

Effects of plant oil extracts on the digestibility, hematobiochemistry, and hematology of Clarias gariepinus

High-salt–fat diet: a risk factor for elevated blood pressure associated with dyslipidemia, perturbation in cardio-renal anti-oxidant and pro-inflammatory status in Wistar rats

Insecticidal potential of botanical extracts for management of, the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on adult Odonata fauna in Akure, south west Nigeria

Insecticidal potential of botanical extracts for management of, the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

High-salt–fat diet: a risk factor for elevated blood pressure associated with dyslipidemia, perturbation in cardio-renal anti-oxidant and pro-inflammatory status in Wistar rats

Effects of plant oil extracts on the digestibility, hematobiochemistry, and hematology of Clarias gariepinus

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to pyrethroid insecticides and characterization of breeding habitats in selected districts of Mwanza, Tanzania

Morphometrics of human skulls and mandibles obtained from Southwestern Nigeria: implications in clinical manoeuvres