AJOB Neuroscience

Abstract People are motivated by shared social values that, when held with moral conviction, can serve as compelling mandates capable of facilitating support for ideological violence. The current study examined this dark side of morality by identifying specific cognitive and neural mechanisms associated with beliefs about the appropriateness of sociopolitical violence, and determining the extent to which the engagement of these mechanisms was predicted by moral convictions. Participants reported their moral convictions about a variety of sociopolitical issues prior to undergoing functional MRI scanning. During scanning, they were asked to evaluate the appropriateness of violent protests that were ostensibly congruent or incongruent with their views about sociopolitical issues. Complementary univariate and multivariate analytical strategies comparing neural responses to congruent and incongruent violence identified neural mechanisms implicated in processing salience and in the encoding of subjective value. As predicted, neuro-hemodynamic response was modulated parametrically by individuals’ beliefs about the appropriateness of congruent relative to incongruent sociopolitical violence in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and by moral conviction in ventral striatum. Overall moral conviction was predicted by neural response to congruent relative to incongruent violence in amygdala. Together, these findings indicate that moral conviction about sociopolitical issues serves to increase their subjective value, overriding natural aversion to interpersonal harm.

Clifford I. Workman

Keith J. Yoder

Jean Decety

The Dark Side of Morality – Neural Mechanisms Underpinning Moral Convictions and Support for Violence

道德的阴暗面——支撑道德信念与支持暴力的神经机制

As is usually the case with other topics addressed by neuroethics, a rigorous analysis of neurorights requires an interdisciplinary approach. In response to this need and in the context of the global expansion of regulatory initiatives on neurorights, we coordinated, under the auspices of the International Center for Neuroscience and Ethics (CINET), an introductory course on neurorights from a neuroscientific perspective. The course, aimed at sixty students from diverse backgrounds (neuroscience, psychology, and law, among others), consisted of a 10-hr training that showed the current approaches and discussions on neurorights and outlined cutting-edge technologies to register, analyze, and manipulate human brain activity from a realistic stance. The course succeeded in discarding some concerns and uncovering others not frequently found in the neurorights discussions. The most pressing issues identified were protecting brain data privacy, combating bias in algorithms used in neurotechnology, and improving informed consent mechanisms for interventions with invasive neuroscientific techniques.

José M. Muñoz

Javier Bernacer

Neurorights Training of a Multidisciplinary Studentship Based on Realistic Neuroscience

基于现实神经科学的多学科学生神经权利培训

2009.03.005. Davis, N. J. 2021. Variance in cortical depth across the brain surface: Implications for transcranial stimulation of the brain. European Journal of Neuroscience 53 (4): 996–1007. doi:10.1111/ejn.14957. Davis, N. J. 2017. A taxonomy of harms inherent in cognitive enhancement. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11: 63. Davis, N. J., and M. G. van Koningsbruggen. 2013. Noninvasive’ brain stimulation is not non-invasive. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 7:76. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2013. 00076. Gershon, M. D., and J. Tack. 2007. The serotonin signalling system: from basic understanding to drug development for functional GI disorders. Gastroenterology 132 (1): 397–414. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.002. Glannon, W. 2015. Psychiatric neuroethics II: Less invasive and non-invasive techniques. In Oxford handbook of psychiatric ethics, ed. J. Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford and C. W. van Staden. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Glannon, W. 2019. Psychiatric neuroethics: Studies in research and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Grossman, N., D. Bono, N. Dedic, S. B. Kodandaramaiah, A. Rudenko, H. J. Suk, A. M. Cassara, E. Neufeld, N. Kuster, L. H. Tsai, et al. 2017. Noninvasive deep brain stimulation via temporally interfering electric fields. Cell 169 (6):1029–41.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.024. Huang, Y., A. Datta, M. Bikson, and L. C. Parra. 2019. Realistic volumetric-approach to simulate transcranial electric stimulation-ROAST-a fully automated opensource pipeline. Journal of Neural Engineering 16 (5): 056006. doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab208d. Vaughan, C. J., A. M. Aherne, E. Lane, O. Power, R. M. Carey, and D. P. O’Connell. 2000. Identification and regional distribution of the dopamine D(1A) receptor in the gastrointestinal tract. American Journal of Physiology 279 (2):R599–609. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.2.R599.

Nir Lipsman

Patrick J. McDonald

Judy Illes

Perceptions of Invasiveness: A Moving Target for Neuromodulation

感知 invasiveness：神经调控的移动靶标

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeThis article refers to:Exit from Brain Device Research: A Modified Grounded Theory Study of Researcher Obligations and Participant Experiences DISCLOSURE STATEMENTNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThe author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.

Agnieszka K. Adamczyk

Too Much Satisfaction? The Impact of the Interview Timing on the Meaning-Making Processes

满意度过高？面试时机对意义建构过程的影响

Broekman, and A. L. Bredenoord. 2020. Breeding brains? Patients’ and laymen’s perspectives on cerebral organoids. Regenerative Medicine 15 (12):2351–60. doi:10.2217/rme2020-0108. Kahan, D., D. Braman, P. Slovic, J. Gastil, and C. Geoffrey. 2009. Cultural cognition of the risks and benefits of nanotechnology. Nature Nanotechnology 4 (2):87–90. doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.341. Kahan, D., E. Peters, M. Wittlin, P. Slovic, L. L. Ouellette, D. Braman, and G. Mandel. 2012. The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature Climate Change 2 (10):732–5. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1547. Sawai, T., Y. Hayashi, T. Niikawa, J. Shepherd, E. Thomas, T. –L. Lee, A. Erler, M. Watanabe, and H. Sakaguchi. 2022. Mapping the ethical issues of brain organoid research and application. AJOB Neuroscience 13 (2): 81–94. doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1896603. Shih, T., D. A. Scheufele, and D. Brossard. 2013. Disagreement and value predispositions: Understanding public opinion about stem cell research. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 25 (3):357–67. doi:10. 1093/ijpor/eds029. Tetlock, P. 1986. A value pluralism model for ideological reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (4):819–27. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.819.

Søren Holm

Jonathan Lewis

Donation, Control and the Ownership of Conscious Things

捐赠、控制与有意识事物的所有权

Scholarship in neuroethics and related disciplines has long reflected on the value of different conceptual models of disability and impairment. While this theoretical work is valuable, centering the voices of people with mental health conditions in neuroethics research can help us better understand how such models apply in everyday people's lives. Drawing on qualitative data from a study on mental health peer providers' lived experiences of recovery, this paper will demonstrate that peers borrow from both a neurodiversity framework and the medical model of disability, though their feelings toward the two models were often complex and ambivalent. These findings advance neuroethics by indicating that future research and clinical practice should take a nuanced approach to responding to the needs of people with mental health conditions and turn to peers as experts, honoring their values and recognizing both the promise and pitfalls of living with a mental health condition.

Julia Knopes

Mental Health Conditions Between Neurodiversity and the Medical Model

神经多样性与医学模型之间的心理健康状况

Cristiano Colangelo

A Comprehensive Guide to Neuroethical Approaches: A Review of <i>The Methods of Neuroethics</i>

神经伦理学方法的综合指南：《神经伦理学方法》评述

Emma Moormann

Gert-Jan Vanaken

AJOB Neurosci

More Than a Lick of Paint. State Neuro-Neutrality Requires Structural Social Change

不仅仅是表面功夫。国家神经中立需要结构性社会变革

Kimberly Vargas Barreto

A Call for Authentic Love: Is That Truly What We Want?

呼吁真实的爱：那真的是我们想要的吗？

ISSN	2150-7740, 2150-7759
h-index	32

Publication Information	Publisher: Taylor and Francis Inc.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2010，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

AJOB Neuroscience

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The Dark Side of Morality – Neural Mechanisms Underpinning Moral Convictions and Support for Violence

Neurorights Training of a Multidisciplinary Studentship Based on Realistic Neuroscience

Perceptions of Invasiveness: A Moving Target for Neuromodulation

Too Much Satisfaction? The Impact of the Interview Timing on the Meaning-Making Processes

Donation, Control and the Ownership of Conscious Things

Neurorights Training of a Multidisciplinary Studentship Based on Realistic Neuroscience

Mental Health Conditions Between Neurodiversity and the Medical Model

A Comprehensive Guide to Neuroethical Approaches: A Review of The Methods of Neuroethics

More Than a Lick of Paint. State Neuro-Neutrality Requires Structural Social Change

A Call for Authentic Love: Is That Truly What We Want?