Drug Delivery Letters

Abstract: For many years, inulin has been a versatile oligosaccharide that is mainly utilized in food. When compared to other biodegradable polysaccharides, inulin's unique and flexible structure, protective/stabilizing properties, along with organ-targeting abilities make it an ideal drug delivery vehicle. Inulin has drawn a lot of attention as a promising multifunctional natural biopolymer with a wide range of uses in drug delivery, prebiotics, and therapies. The three hydroxyl groups on each fructose unit present in inulin enable chemical modifications like (Esterification, Conjugation, crosslinking, Oxidation, or Reduction), allowing it to be tailored for drug delivery applications. Thus, therapeutics and biomolecules can be released in a sustained and controlled manner, increasing their bioavailability and cellular absorption at the targeted site. It clarifies the complex interactions between the host and inulin, microbiota, and medicinal drugs, exposing a multidimensional biopolymer with transformative potential. They are excellent carriers in healthcare and biomedicine due to their flexible structure, biocompatibility, remarkable target ability, innate ability to govern release behaviour, customizable degradation kinetics, and protective capacity. Drug targeting is the process of delivering a medication to the desired site of action. One of the advantages of drug targeting is that the medicinal molecule is released at a consistent and regulated rate, preventing overdose. The potential of inulin as an encapsulating material was examined in terms of its enzymatic degradability and drug-release characteristics. Inulin has a wide range of therapeutic applications. These include use as a dietary fibre with extra health benefits, as a diagnostic and analytical tool, and as a carrier in a drug delivery system. Inulin has been the subject of extensive research as a drug delivery carrier for colon-specific drug administration. Inulin has a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical industry overall, and research on it is still ongoing, especially concerning chemically modified inulin. Therefore, it's conceivable that this flexible oligosaccharide will find even more uses.

Debashis Mishra

Sushree Sambita Swain

Debaprasad Routray

Lipanjali Badhei

Prafulla Nandi

Gurudutta Pattnaik

Himansu Bhusan Samal

Inulin: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical Application

菊粉：一种多功能的生物聚合物在制药领域的应用

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of science and technology and an indispensable part of many fields of research in today’s world. Especially in the area of pharmaceutical research and drug development, AI has conferred numerous aids for many inventions as well as discoveries. There have been a lot of advancements and progress in the way that AI is incorporated into the pharmaceutical field, and with time, newer updates have come up which have eased many areas of this field. Objective: This review aims to provide a basic understanding of and information related to the role of AI in the pharmaceutical field, be it research, drug development, or even the process of dispensing and compounding. Methods: The literature study was carried out extensively through various databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, etc. to support this review. The information which was collected was analyzed and arranged accordingly. Results and Discussions: From the survey that was carried out, it was found that there are many important roles of AI that have helped the pharmacists and researchers in multiple sectors of the pharmaceutical field. Thus, AI can be considered as a valuable tool to speed up different processes and results can be obtained fast. Conclusion: The application of AI in the pharmaceutical sector has guided formulators and researchers in ways that were not possible earlier. Therefore, with the help of AI various manual and complex processes can now be easily accomplished without the unnecessary expenditure of resources, time, and money.

Parishmita Buragohain

Shristi Prasad

N. Kimneiniang

Hrishikesh Das

Prakash Rajak

Hemanta Pathak

Current Advancements: Application of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery and Development

当前进展：人工智能在药物发现与开发中的应用

Background: Flurbiprofen, a non-selective COX inhibitor utilized for managing mild to moderate pain and inflammation, operates through reversible inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 pathways. However, as a BCS class II drug, it exhibits limited aqueous solubility, leading to suboptimal ocular bioavailability and a brief corneal contact. Objective: The goal of this study was to amplify the aqueous solubility of Flurbiprofen by formu-lating it into a nanosuspension, which was subsequently incorporated into an in-situ gelling sys-tem so as to extend the ocular residence time and to achieve sustained drug release. Methods: Nanosuspensions were crafted through the anti-solvent precipitation ultra-sonication method. The assessment included parameters, such as particle size, surface morphology, XRD, and FT-IR. The optimized nanosuspension was then incorporated into a pH-sensitive in-situ gel. Results: The developed formulation was stable and showed enhanced contact time, minimizing the frequency of administration. Morphological analysis unveiled spherical drug nanoparticles in the nanosuspension without any signs of aggregation, supported by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The ex vivo permeation studies showed a drug release of 83.48%, indicating good permeation and histopathology, and isotonicity indicated no ocular irritation and tissue damage. Conclusion: The design and development of Flurbiprofen nanosuspension were found to be liq-uid at the formulated pH and formed gel due to changes in bonds between polymers. In-situ ocu-lar gels minimize the risk of systemic absorption of the drug, as they are designed to stay local-ized on the ocular surface and within the eye. An optimum point can be reached in the shortest time with minimum efforts to achieve desirable rheological and in-vitro release properties for in-situ gelling systems.

Anupriya D'Souza

Raghuvir R.S. Pissurlenkar

Design and Development of Nanoparticle-loaded In-situ Gel for Enhanced and Sustained Ophthalmic Delivery

纳米颗粒负载的原位凝胶的设计与开发用于增强和持续的眼部递送

aims: This article first provides an introduction to tauopathy in AD before summarizing current research on the creation of tau-oriented multi-target directed ligands and small compounds as therapies that target tau alteration, aggregation, and degradation. background: The most prevalent type of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is typified by the presence of intracellular tau protein neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques. There are currently about 50 million people who have dementia, and by 2030, that number is predicted to rise to 75 million, placing a significant financial strain on the nation's healthcare system. objective: The overall goal of this work is to present a thorough and critical review of small compounds that are being investigated as potential treatment candidates for AD tauopathy. method: Novel disease-modifying treatments are desperately needed to combat this illness, given the consequences on patients' quality of life and the mounting financial strain. There are currently no disease-modifying medications available; instead, the majority of available therapies are symptomatic ones such as cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockers. result: The primary focus of therapeutic research against AD has shifted to tau-targeting strategies following multiple unsuccessful attempts to create medications against amyloidopathy. conclusion: The majority of current pharmacologic research focuses on developing drugs with multiple pharmacological payloads or combining them into a single delivery platform, which may be a promising strategy for completing multiple functions at once. Recent studies have shown that NPs can effectively cross the blood-brain barrier and exhibit inhibitory effects that enhance targeting and effectiveness at specific pH and temperature ranges other: As of right now, there isn't an anti-amyloid drug on the market to treat AD. AD may be such a complex disease that a multimodal approach will be needed to stop its progression.

Kantrol Kumar Sahu

Ruchi Chaudhary

Mohd. Asad Farooqi

Monika Kaurav

Nanotheranostic Approach for Targeting Tauopathies in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanistic Insight and Recent Advances

阿尔茨海默病中靶向Tau病变的新型纳米诊疗方法：机制洞察与最新进展

Background: Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, its therapeutic efficacy is often restricted by its poor solubility, absorption, and permeability, especially in topical applications. Transferosomes are elastic vesicular carriers with high skin permeability values and retention, making them suitable for encapsulating hydrophilic and lipophilic actives. Objective: The objective of this research was to develop a transferosome-based topical gel formulation of Berberine hydrochloride (BER) to improve its skin permeability and anti-inflammatory efficacy. Method: The thin film hydration method was used to formulate the BER transferosomes. The effects of independent variables, amount of BER in lipid phase (X1), and lipid (Phospholipon 90G) to surfactant ratio (X2) on BER entrapment and vesicle size were studied using face-centered central composite design. The characterization was performed using differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The optimized batch (F5) was incorporated in Carbopol gel and further investigated for viscosity, in vitro and ex-vivo diffusion, skin retention by tape stripping, and in-vivo anti-inflammatory efficiency. Results: The formulation optimized with 50 mg of drug and a 5:1 lipid-to-surfactant ratio (F5) demonstrated higher drug entrapment efficiency (72.11%) and lower vesicle size (77.9 nm). TEM validated the spherical vesicle morphology, whereas DSC and XRD analysis confirmed the molecular entrapment of BER within the phospholipid vesicles. The transferosomal gel demonstrated improved BER diffusion (0.63 mg/cm2) confirmed by in vitro and ex-vivo diffusion experiments that revealed a 6-fold increase in flux and permeability coefficient (0.1053 mg. cm-2.h-1). The drug release from transferosome gel was non-Fickian in nature (n = 0.6575), indicating an integration of diffusion and erosion processes. Furthermore, BER transferosomal gel displayed substantial anti- inflammatory activity in rats (p &lt; 0.001). result: The independent variables exerted a substantial impact on drug entrapment and transferosome vesicle size. The optimized batch (F5) exhibited 72.11 % of BER entrapment and 77.9 nm vesicle size. DSC studies indicated molecular dispersion of BER in phospholipon G. The change in BER crystalline state was indicated by the XRD study. In vitro, diffusion study of Transferosome gel formulation indicated the sustained release by a non-fickian mechanism. Ex vivo skin permeation revealed significant improvement in BER permeation (p&lt; 0.05). Further, the tape-stripping method revealed higher BER skin permeability. In-vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy of BER transferosome gel was significantly higher as compared to plain BER gel. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated the potential of transferosomal gel as a promising approach for efficient drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy.

Sanjeevani S. Deshkar

Arati S. Halyali

Asha B. Thomas

Vaishali R. Undale

Roshani R. Pagar

Dheeraj N. Nagore

Development and Optimization of Transferosomal Gel for Efficient Topical Delivery of Berberine Hydrochloride

盐酸小檗碱传递体凝胶的开发与优化以实现高效透皮递送

Publication Information	Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers B.V.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2018，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

Drug Delivery Letters

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Inulin: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical Application

Current Advancements: Application of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery and Development

Design and Development of Nanoparticle-loaded In-situ Gel for Enhanced and Sustained Ophthalmic Delivery

Nanotheranostic Approach for Targeting Tauopathies in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanistic Insight and Recent Advances

Development and Optimization of Transferosomal Gel for Efficient Topical Delivery of Berberine Hydrochloride

Inulin: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical Application

Current Advancements: Application of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery and Development

Design and Development of Nanoparticle-loaded In-situ Gel for Enhanced and Sustained Ophthalmic Delivery

Nanotheranostic Approach for Targeting Tauopathies in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanistic Insight and Recent Advances

Development and Optimization of Transferosomal Gel for Efficient Topical Delivery of Berberine Hydrochloride

ISSN	2210-3031, 2210-304X
h-index	7