Current Tissue Engineering

This review provides an overview of the Side Population (SP) phenotype related to stemness biology and tumorigenesis, highlighting the key technical mechanisms and biological processes involved. The actual challenges to fully exploit the possibilities provided by the SP phenotype in normal and cancer tissues are discussed. We put forward some suggestions for future research and the empowerment of a network of SP users to make the SP assay fully understood and technically scalable for its broader use. Keywords: Cancer stem cells, side population, stem cells, stemness, tumor initiating cells, tumorigenesis.

Manuela Monti

Claudia Fante

Cesare Perotti

Ruggero Baena

Carlo Redi

Stem Cells and the Side Population Theory: A Critical Review

干细胞与侧群理论：一项批判性综述

Cell therapy for the failing heart has advanced in distinct phases or era with a first transition from dynamic to cellular cardiomyoplasty. Currently, the quest is to find the optimal replacement cell type or to engineer a substitute for the dysfunctional scarred tissue. Cell therapies still require major refinements before they can—in a truly therapeutic manner—aid the suffering myocardium that fails either to adequately support contraction or to permit dilatation. Here, we outline the road so far and provide an insight into current and future challenges that await resolving. Keywords: Autologous cell therapy, cardiomyoplasty, extracellular matrix, heart failure, micrografts, tissue.

Esko Kankuri

Milla Lampinen

Ari Harjula

Cellular Cardiomyoplasty – Challenges of a New Era

细胞心肌成形术——新时代的挑战

Background: Stem cell strategies and autologous bone grafting remain a gold standard for the reconstruction of bone defects in the maxillofacial region. In fact, maxillofacial tissue engineering aims to reconstruct and regenerate bone that simultaneously fulfills both morphological and functional restorations. For this purpose, scaffolds in combination with mesenchymal stem cells/osteoprogenitor cells and bioactive factors are necessary to recreate a 3D microenvironment that improves the quality of engineered tissues. Objective and Methods: The key objective of this mini-review is to analyze all the properties for the production of an engineered bone construct for maxillofacial tissue engineering, considering stem cells as a source and the different biomaterials used to support structures enhancing adhesion, proliferation and matrix production of seeded cells according to the circumstances of the bone defects. Results and Conclusion: In maxillofacial tissue engineering, dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) represent the most common source of stem cells used for the fabrication of 3D structures, thanks to their ability of self-renewal and their capacity for multilineage differentiation. In addition, the identification of the most suitable scaffold allows soft-tissue regeneration and bone repair is strongly recommended for autologous micro-grafts. Fabrication of this 3D-culture will provide a powerful tool for regenerative medicine and may generate an adequate biocomplex to restore delicate maxillofacial and craniofacial anomalies. Keywords: Biocomplex, gingistat, maxillofacial tissue engineering, stem cells.

Gabriele Ceccarelli

Laura Benedetti

Nora Bloise

Livia Visai

Antonio Graziano

Marcello Imbriani

Maria Cusella De Angelis

Building of Bio-complexes in Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering

颌面组织工程中的生物复合体构建

The skin, the largest organ of the body in vertebrates, represents approximately one-tenth of the body mass in humans. It is composed of the epidermis and dermis with a complex nerve and blood supply that provides vital barrier function. Disruption of epidermal integrity due to trauma, disease, burn or surgery can be fatal, and therefore strategies are needed to enhance the physiological regenerative properties of the skin. Tissue engineering, an evolving interdisciplinary field within biomedical engineering, aims for repair of diseased and damaged tissues, such as the skin. This requires a source of cells, but additionally, support from an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM), together with appropriate molecular signals. Engineered skin substitutes represent a developing source of advanced therapy in the clinical settings (e.g. use in acute and chronic skin wounds) as well as valuable skin surrogates for lab-based drug testing for permeability and toxicity. There has yet to be a model of bioengineered skin developed which replicates completely the appearance, structure, physiology and biological stability of uninjured skin. This paper discusses the use, advantages and disadvantages of skin equivalents and future directions of research in this field. Keywords: Collagen, connective tissue, keratinocytes, skin, tissue engineering.

Tami Yap

Eugene Tan

Michael McCullough

Nicola Cirillo

The Epidermis as a Model for Tissue Engineering

表皮作为组织工程的模型

Human tissue regeneration, especially the bone, today is one of the most important challenges for medicine and the need for this is particularly evident in the maxillo-facial area where it can be estimated that 1,500,000 patients in Europe undergo craniofacial reconstruction each year. Autologous bone is considered as the gold standard of bone graft materials, however, this approach is very limited. Recent research of non-embryonic stem cells provides new possibilities for no invasively obtaining new autologous bone from stem cells provided by various tissues from the same patient. Furthermore, in the literature, there are limited long-term data available mainly on the safe and efficacy of the prolonged use of stem cells. In this review, we will summarize the studies conducted on the regeneration, repair and rebuilding of craniofacial tissues using stem cells both in the presence or the absence of implantable biocompatible materials and the use of new micro-graft technologies, obtained through the Rigeneracons® medical device. Keywords: Analogous bone, micro-grafts, scaffold, stem cells, tissue regeneration.

Ruggero y Baena

Riccardo d’Aquino

Letizia Trovato

Human Tissue Regeneration in Maxillo-facial Area: From Stem Cells to Micrografts

颌面区域人体组织再生：从干细胞到微移植

Low back pain is a common ailment that affects millions of individuals each year and is linked to degeneration of the intervertebral discs in the spine. Intervertebral disc degeneration is known to result from an imbalance in anabolic and catabolic activity by disc cells. Due to the avascular nature of the intervertebral disc, oxygen deficiency may occur in the central nucleus pulposus (NP). The resulting hypoxia affects matrix regulation and energy metabolism of disc cells, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. This study investigates in vitro glucose consumption and gene expression by NP cells over time under varying oxygen tensions. Notochordal porcine NP cells were cultured in agarose discs at 21, 5, or 1% oxygen tension for 1, 5, or 10 days. The expression of 10 key matrix genes, as well as Brachyury (T), by NP cells was analyzed using RT-PCR. Glucose consumption was measured using a two-point method. Results show that culture time and oxygen tension significantly affect glucose consumption rates by porcine NP cells. There were also significant changes in T expression based on oxygen level and culture time. The 1% oxygen tension had a significantly higher T expression on day 10 than the other two groups, which may indicate a better maintenance of the notochordal phenotype. MMP 1 and 13 expression increased over time for all groups, while only the 5% group showed an increase over time for MMP 3. TIMP expression followed the direction of MMPs but to a lesser magnitude. Five percent and twenty-one percent oxygen tensions led to decreases in anabolic gene expression while 1% led to increases. Oxygen concentration and culture time significantly impacted glucose consumption rate and the gene expression of matrix regulatory genes with hypoxic conditions most accurately maintaining the proper NP phenotype. This information is valuable not only for understanding disc pathophysiology, but also for harnessing the potential of notochordal NP cells in therapeutic applications.

Lukas M. Jaworski

Kelsey L. Kleinhans

Alicia R. Jackson

Effects Of Oxygen Concentration And Culture Time On Porcine Nucleus Pulposus Cell Metabolism: An In Vitro Study

氧浓度和培养时间对猪椎间盘髓核细胞代谢的影响：一项体外研究

Hamideh Ebrahimi

Ali Jebali

Seyed Hossein Hekmati-Moghaddam

Growth of rat testis cells on novel scaffolds containing albumin and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: comparison of two additive functional groups

大鼠睾丸细胞在含白蛋白和羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒的新型支架上的生长：两种添加剂功能基团的比较

Vinoy Thomas

Andrew Wood

Dimensionally Stable Fiber-Reinforced Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

出版信息	出版商: Bentham Science Publishers，出版周期: ，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 否
基本数据	创刊年份: 2014，原创研究文献占比: ，自引率:， Gold OA占比:

Current Tissue Engineering

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