Batteries

The safety issue of lithium-ion batteries is a great challenge for the applications of EVs. The internal short circuit (ISC) of lithium-ion batteries is regarded as one of the main reasons for the lithium-ion batteries failure. However, the online ISC diagnosis algorithm for real vehicle data remains highly imperfect at present. Based on the onboard data from the cloud battery management system (BMS), this work proposes an ISC diagnosis algorithm for battery packs with high accuracy and high robustness via voltage anomaly detection. The mean-difference model (MDM) is applied to characterize large battery packs. A diagram of the adaptive integrated prediction algorithm combining MDM and a bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) neural network is firstly proposed to approach the voltage prediction of each cell. The diagnosis of an ISC is realized based on the residual analysis between the predicted and the actual state. The experimental data in DST conditions evaluate the proposed algorithm by comparing it with the solo equivalent circuit-based prediction algorithm and the Bi-LSTM based prediction algorithm. Finally, through the practical vehicle data from the cloud BMS, the diagnosis and pre-warn ability of the proposed algorithm for an ISC and thermal runaway (TR) in batteries are verified. The ISC diagnosis algorithm that is proposed in this paper can effectively identify the gradual ISC process in advance of it.

Rui Cao

Zhengjie Zhang

Jiayuan Lin

Jiayi Lu

Lisheng Zhang

Lingyun Xiao

Xinhua Liu

Shichun Yang

Reliable Online Internal Short Circuit Diagnosis on Lithium-Ion Battery Packs via Voltage Anomaly Detection Based on the Mean-Difference Model and the Adaptive Prediction Algorithm

The primary goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in solid-state batteries (SSBs), with a focus on recent advancements in solid electrolytes and anodes. The paper begins with a background on the evolution from liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries to advanced SSBs, highlighting their enhanced safety and energy density. It addresses the increasing demand for efficient, safe energy storage in applications like electric vehicles and portable electronics. A major part of the paper analyzes solid electrolytes, key to SSB technology. It classifies solid electrolytes as polymer-based, oxide-based, and sulfide-based, discussing their distinct properties and application suitability. The review also covers advancements in anode materials for SSBs, exploring materials like lithium metal, silicon, and intermetallic compounds, focusing on their capacity, durability, and compatibility with solid electrolytes. It addresses challenges in integrating these anode materials, like the interface stability and lithium dendrite growth. This review includes a discussion on the latest analytical techniques, experimental studies, and computational models to understand and improve the anode–solid electrolyte interface. These are crucial for tackling interfacial resistance and ensuring SSBs’ long-term stability and efficiency. Concluding, the paper suggests future research and development directions, highlighting SSBs’ potential in revolutionizing energy storage technologies. This review serves as a vital resource for academics, researchers, and industry professionals in advanced battery technology development. It offers a detailed overview of materials and technologies shaping SSBs’ future, providing insights into current challenges and potential solutions in this rapidly evolving field.

Abniel Machín

Carmen Morant

Francisco Márquez

Advancements and Challenges in Solid-State Battery Technology: An In-Depth Review of Solid Electrolytes and Anode Innovations

The lithium-sulfur battery has garnered significant attention from both researchers and industry due to its exceptional energy density and capacity. However, the conventional liquid electrolyte poses safety concerns due to its low boiling point, hence, research on liquid electrolytes has gradually shifted towards solid electrolytes. The polymer electrolyte exhibits significant potential for packaging flexible batteries with high energy density owing to its exceptional flexibility and processability, but it also has inherent disadvantages such as poor ionic conductivity, high crystallinity, and lack of active groups. This article critically examines recent literature to explore two types of polymer electrolytes, namely gel polymer electrolyte and solid polymer electrolyte. It analyzes the impact of polymers on the formation of lithium dendrites, addresses the challenges posed by multiple interfaces, and investigates the underlying causes of capacity decay in polymer solid-state batteries. Clarifying the current progress and summarizing the specific challenges encountered by polymer-based electrolytes will significantly contribute to the development of polymer-based lithium-sulfur battery. Finally, the challenges and prospects of certain polymer solid electrolytes in lithium-sulfur battery are examined, thereby facilitating the commercialization of solid polymer electrolytes.

Mingxun Jia

Tunan Li

Daotong Yang

Luhua Lu

Limei Duan

Jinghai Liu

Tong Wu

Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Progress and Challenges

The abundant use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in a wide variety of electric devices and vehicles will generate a large number of depleted batteries, which contain several valuable metals, such as Li, Co, Mn, and Ni, present in the structure of the cathode material (LiMO2). The present work investigates the extraction of lithium, as lithium chloride, from spent LIBs by carbochlorination roasting. The starting samples consisted of a mixture of cathode and anode materials from different spent LIBs known as black mass. Calcium chloride was used as a chlorinating agent, and carbon black was used as a reducing agent. The black mass, calcium chloride, and carbon black were mixed in 50:20:30 w/w % proportions. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric tests up to 850 °C and isothermal tests at 350, 500, and 700 °C were carried out in an inert atmosphere. It was observed that the carbochlorination reaction starts at 500 °C. An extraction percentage of 99% was attained through carbochlorination at 700 °C. The characterization results indicate that CaCO3, Ni, and Co and, to a lesser extent, CoO, NiO, and MnO2 are present in the roasted sample after the processes of washing, filtering, and drying.

Yarivith C. González

Lorena Alcaraz

Francisco J. Alguacil

Jorge González

Lucía Barbosa

Félix A. López

Study of the Carbochlorination Process with CaCl2 and Water Leaching for the Extraction of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

从废旧锂离子电池中提取锂的碳氯化法与氯化钙和水浸出过程研究

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been widely explored by researchers because of their abundant raw materials, uniform distribution, high-energy density and conductivity, low cost, and high safety. In recent years, theoretical calculations and experimental studies on SIBs have been increasing, and the applications and results of first-principles calculations have aroused extensive interests worldwide. Herein, the authors review the applications of density functional (DFT) theory in cathode materials for SIBs, summarize the applications of DFT in transition-metal oxides/chalcogenides, polyanionic compounds, Prussian blue, and organic cathode materials for SIBs from three aspects: diffusion energy barrier and diffusion path, energy calculation and structure, and electronic structure. The relationship between the structure and performance of the battery material will be comprehensively understood by analyzing the specific working principle of battery material through theoretical calculation and combining with high-precision experimental characterization technologies. Selecting materials with good performance from a large number of electrode materials through theoretical calculation can avoid unnecessary complex experiments and instrument characterizations. With the gradual deepening of research, the DFT calculation will play a greater role in the sodium-ion battery electrode field.

Yuqiu Wang

Binkai Yu

Jin Xiao

Limin Zhou

Mingzhe Chen

Application of First Principles Computations Based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) in Cathode Materials of Sodium-Ion Batteries

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理计算在钠离子电池正极材料中的应用

A uniformly coating transition metal oxide solution (TS-M) was developed to simultaneously remove residual Li compounds (RLCs) and stabilize the surface of NCM811 material. XRD analysis revealed that the synthesized cathode samples (TS-M, where M = Ti, Ge, Sn) exhibited hexagonal α-NaFeO2 structures without impurity phases. FE-SEM and EDX results confirmed the formation of a uniform metal oxide coating (TS-Ti, TS-Ge: and TS-Sn) on the surface of NCM811, demonstrating its potential as a high-performance cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Among the treated samples, the TS-Sn sample delivered an excellent discharge capacity of 172.4 mAh g−1 with a retention of 90.4% after 50 cycles at a 1.0 C rate, outperforming the TS-Ge and TS-Ti samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further validated the improved impedance of NCM samples after Ti, Ge, and Sn coatings. Based on these findings, the application of Ti, Ge, and Sn metal oxide coatings to NCM811 is considered a reliable surface modification strategy for enhancing electrochemical performance by eliminating RLCs and stabilizing the surface.

Seung Hyun Kim

Nanasaheb M. Shinde

Young-Eun Yun

Jeom-Soo Kim

A Novel Bifunctional Surface Coating Method to Effectively Eliminate Residual Li on NCM811 by Using Uniformly Dispersed Metal Oxide Solution

一种新型双功能表面涂层方法，通过使用均匀分散的金属氧化物溶液有效消除NCM811上的残留锂

While lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have pushed the progression of electric vehicles (EVs) as a viable commercial option, they introduce their own set of issues regarding sustainable development. This paper investigates how using end-of-life LIBs in stationary applications can bring us closer to meeting the sustainable development goals (SDGs) highlighted by the United Nations. We focus on how this practice can support three of these goals, namely Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy, Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, and Goal 13: Climate Action. We present a literature review that details the aging mechanisms of LIBs, namely battery degradation, state of charge, state of health, depth of discharge, remaining useful life, and battery management systems. Then, we thoroughly examine the environmental and economic benefits of using second-life EV batteries in stationary applications and how they align with the SDGs. Our review of the literature summarizes the most relevant research in battery aging, giving a foundation for further research and allowing effective legislation to be written around EVs. Additionally, our examination of the benefits of using second-life batteries motivates initiatives for sustainable practices, helping both corporations and legislators orient their ideals towards the SDGs.

Muhammad Nadeem Akram

Walid Abdul-Kader

Repurposing Second-Life EV Batteries to Advance Sustainable Development: A Comprehensive Review

再利用电动汽车二次电池以促进可持续发展：综合评述

Tongchao Liu was not included as an author in the original publication [...]

Gary Vegh

Anil Kumar Madikere Raghunatha Reddy

Xia Li

Sixu Deng

Tongchao Liu

Khalil Amine

Karim Zaghib

Correction: Vegh et al. North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value Chain. Batteries 2024, 10, 377

更正：Vegh 等人。北美环境可持续的镍、锰和钴电池价值链的潜力。《电池》2024, 10, 377

Electric vehicle (EV) battery technology is at the forefront of the shift towards sustainable transportation. However, maximising the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles depends on advances in battery life cycle management. This comprehensive review analyses trends, techniques, and challenges across EV battery development, capacity prediction, and recycling, drawing on a dataset of over 22,000 articles from four major databases. Using Dynamic Topic Modelling (DTM), this study identifies key innovations and evolving research themes in battery-related technologies, capacity degradation factors, and recycling methods. The literature is structured into two primary themes: (1) “Electric Vehicle Battery Technologies, Development &amp; Trends” and (2) “Capacity Prediction and Influencing Factors”. DTM revealed pivotal findings: advancements in lithium-ion and solid-state batteries for higher energy density, improvements in recycling technologies to reduce environmental impact, and the efficacy of machine learning-based models for real-time capacity prediction. Gaps persist in scaling sustainable recycling methods, developing cost-effective manufacturing processes, and creating standards for life cycle impact assessment. Future directions emphasise multidisciplinary research on new battery chemistries, efficient end-of-life management, and policy frameworks that support circular economy practices. This review serves as a resource for stakeholders to address the critical technological and regulatory challenges that will shape the sustainable future of electric vehicles.

Vo Tri Duc Sang

Quang Huy Duong

Li Zhou

Carlos F. A. Arranz

Electric Vehicle Battery Technologies and Capacity Prediction: A Comprehensive Literature Review of Trends and Influencing Factors

电动汽车电池技术与容量预测：趋势与影响因素的综合文献综述

Lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) is an effective cathode material for high-capacity lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Therefore, to optimize battery efficiency, it is essential to understand how sputtering deposition conditions affect the quality and performance of LiMn2O4. This research examines how argon deposition pressure affects the stoichiometric characteristics and electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4. The study finds that changing argon deposition pressures, from a low of 5 mTorr to a high of 30 mTorr, results in the formation of different coating stoichiometries. At low argon deposition pressures, stoichiometric LiMn2O4 cathode coatings formed, exhibiting the highest discharge capacity of 115 mAh/g. Conversely, at high argon deposition pressures, non-stoichiometric LiMn2O4 with lithium deficiency was produced. These coatings exhibited diminished electrochemical behavior, achieving a discharge capacity of only 70 mAh/g at 5 mTorr. The lack of lithium resulted in a significant reduction in electrochemical performance, indicated by a high surface charge transfer resistance (R2 = 48,529 Ω), which led to a low discharge capacity of 40 mAh/g.

Fabián Ambriz-Vargas

Raquel Garza-Hernández

José Salvador Martínez-Flores

Francisco Servando Aguirre-Tostado

Eduardo Martínez-Guerra

Manuel Quevedo-López

Fine-Tuning Cathode Performance: The Influence of Argon Deposition Pressure on LiMn2O4 Thin Film Electrochemistry for Li-Ion Batteries

调谐阴极性能：氩沉积压力对锂离子电池用LiMn2O4薄膜电化学性能的影响

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	4.55
Quartiles(Global)	MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY(Q2)

ISSN	2313-0105
h-index	44

Publication Information	Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2015，Proportion of original research papers: 85.86%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%
Journal Fees	$Details
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：7 Weeks

Batteries

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