The Journal of Motor Learning and Development (JMLD) publishes peer-reviewed research that advances the understanding of movement skill acquisition and expression across the lifespan. JMLD aims to provide a platform for theoretical, translational, applied, and innovative research related to factors that influence the learning or re-learning of skills in individuals with various movement-relevant abilities and disabilities.

The Journal of Motor Learning and Development (JMLD) is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing the understanding of movement skill acquisition and expression across the lifespan. The journal aims to provide a platform for theoretical, translational, applied, and innovative research related to factors that influence the learning or re-learning of skills in individuals with various movement-relevant abilities and disabilities.

《Journal of Motor Learning and Development》是一本同行评审的期刊，致力于推动对运动技能获取和表达的理解，涵盖整个生命周期。该期刊旨在为理论、转化、应用和创新研究提供一个平台，研究与影响个体在各种运动相关能力和残疾下学习或重新学习技能的因素。

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

This study aimed to understand the motor competence (MC) level of Czech school-age children determined using the product-oriented Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (second edition) and to analyze the gender and age differences. The MC level in n = 637 children aged 6.0–11.0 years (46.6% girls) was evaluated using total motor composite and subcategories of fine and gross motor skills: fine manual control, manual coordination, body coordination, and strength and agility. Seventy-one percent of children had at least a satisfactory level of MC. The distribution of the total motor composite score of the Czech sample was uneven, with only 11.0% scoring above average and 29.4% scoring below average. However, we found low-level of MC in almost one third of children. The prevalence of well-below average results was found at 7%. Significant differences were found depending on age ( p &lt; .001), where we observed decreased MC with increasing age. Gender differences were reflected in the poorer level of fine motor skills in boys ( p &lt; .001). Given the high prevalence of low MC, these findings suggest the need for effective intervention in Czech children as an important prerequisite for comprehensive development in physical, psychosocial, and cognitive aspects.

Iva Šeflová

Josef Chudoba

Michael Duncan

Aleš Suchomel

Václav Bunc

Motor Competence Prevalence in School-Aged Czech Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

捷克学龄儿童运动能力流行情况：一项横断面研究

Samuel W. Logan

Reference Accuracy of Articles Published in Volume 11 (2023) of the Journal of Motor Learning and Development

《运动学习与发展杂志》第11卷（2023年）发表文章的参考准确性

Data sharing is increasingly becoming a scientific norm due to its potential to accelerate discovery and reduce research waste. Despite significant investment in biomedical research, much of it fails to produce actionable knowledge, with timelines to impactful outcomes often exceeding 15 years when successful. Limited access to existing data contributes to this inefficiency, leading to redundant data collection and poorly designed studies. Governments are implementing policies that encourage data sharing for federally funded research, but all research stands to benefit from data sharing regardless of the funding source. Although data sharing practices have improved in some fields, their adoption remains minimal in areas like motor control, learning, and development. This editorial discusses the advantages of data sharing, including accelerating discovery, enhancing collaboration, and improving transparency and reproducibility. The editorial acknowledges concerns related to privacy, recognition for data sharing, and the risk of data misuse or misinterpretation, discussing productive ways to ameliorate these concerns.

Keith R. Lohse

Taking Steps Toward Open Data in Motor Control, Learning, and Development

迈向运动控制、学习和发展的开放数据

Motor performance has been shown to be superior when focusing on a physically farther environmental cue (external focus-far, EF-far) instead of a cue proximal to the body (EF-near). However, little is known about whether these foci affect bimanual tasks. Further, the effect of visual information on attentional focus is unclear. In the present study, healthy young participants were assigned to one of the internal focus (IF; n = 17), EF-far ( n = 17), or EF-near ( n = 17) groups and completed a tracking task on one day and two dual tasks on another day. During the dual-task tests, participants responded to auditory or visual stimuli while performing the primary tracking task. Results showed that both EF groups outperformed the IF group. Our results revealed that the EF groups improved in movement time and error, but the IF group did not improve in errors across the experiment. No distance effect was found. Also, the EF benefits over IF did not appear until later blocks of trials. Regarding the effect of vision, the distance effect was evident only during the auditory dual task condition, but not during the visual dual task condition when the primary task was distracted by the visual secondary task.

Masahiro Yamada

Omid Ansari

Ali Emami

Alireza Saberi Kakhki

Takehiro Iwatsuki

The Distance Effect and Dual Task on Attentional Focus Cues During a Bimanual Task

双任务对双手任务中注意焦点线索的距离效应

Aim : This systematic review aims to summarize evidence on correlates of fundamental motor skills in typically developing children aged 0–4 years. Methods : A literature search (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus) was performed from 2000 till 23 May 2022. Inclusion criteria was cross-sectional and prospective studies examining associations between a potential correlate and fundamental motor skills in typically developing, apparently healthy children aged 0–4 years. Two independent reviewers performed screening and methodological quality assessment. Results : Eighty-three studies met eligibility criteria and were included. Thirteen studies were of high methodological quality. In children aged &lt;1 year, we found no evidence for family income, breastfeeding-related, sleep-related, home environment, and socioeconomic variables. In children aged 1–2 years, we found no evidence for sex, growth-related variables, singleton birth, and family income. In children aged 2–4 years, we found no evidence for screen behavior, toxicity, parental education, family income, socioeconomic variables, and maternal depression/anxiety and moderate evidence for a positive association with early childhood education and care setting type. For other examined correlates, we found insufficient evidence (inconsistent findings or only one study available). Conclusions : We found insufficient evidence for over half of examined potential correlates of fundamental motor skills. We recommend investing in better research methodologies and improved reporting.

Sanne L.C. Veldman

Jessica S. Gubbels

Amika S. Singh

Johan M. Koedijker

Mai J.M. Chinapaw

Teatske M. Altenburg

Correlates of Fundamental Motor Skills in the Early Years (0–4 Years): A Systematic Review

早期（0-4岁）基本运动技能相关因素的系统综述

The dynamics of mastering the degrees of freedom in motor learning are still far from being understood. The present work explored coordination dynamics in a redundant task, relating it to performance and adaptation in a serial stimulus tracking task. One hundred and sixty-three children (10–14 years of age) continuously responded to sequential stimuli (containing five stimuli) by pressing the respective sensors before the next stimulus presentation. Participants performed 120 trials with a fixed sequence (4–2–5–3–1) and a fixed interstimuli interval (800 ms) to learn the first pattern (practice phase). Then, a changed sequence (4–2–5–1–3) with a shorter interval (700 ms) was presented for 40 trials (adaptation phase). To measure coordination and its change, we calculated the correlation matrix of the stimulus–touch interval between the five sensors in blocks of 20 trials of the practice phase and classified individuals in terms of clusters. We found associations between coordination dynamics, performance curves, and adaptation in both coordination and performance. Furthermore, using network analyses, we found a tendency for all groups to increase the clustering coefficient. We discuss the possibility of this result representing a process of progressive segregation.

Matheus M. Pacheco

Natália F.A. Ambrósio

Fernando G. Santos

Go Tani

Luciano Basso

Coordination Dynamics in Motor Learning: Acquisition and Adaptation in a Serial Stimulus Tracking Task

运动学习中的协调动力学：序列刺激追踪任务中的习得与适应

Manual exploratory behaviors during object interaction that form the basis of tool use behavior, are mostly qualitatively characterized in terms of their frequency and duration of occurrence. To fully understand their functional and clinical significance, quantitative movement characterization is needed alongside their qualitative analysis. However, there are two challenges in quantifying them—(a) reliably classifying the type of movement and (b) performing this classification on a time series automatically. Here, we propose a machine learning-based classification method to address these challenges. We measured three common exploratory behaviors (object rotation, fingering, and throwing) in college-aged adults using “sensorized objects” that had wireless Inertial Measurement Units embedded in them. We then calculated several statistical features based on linear acceleration and angular velocity data to train machine learning classifiers to identify these behaviors. All classifiers identified the behaviors with a substantially higher accuracy (average accuracy = 84.95 ± 4.16%) than chance level (33.33%). Of all models tested, Support Vector Machine Quadratic, Support Vector Machine Medium Gaussian, and Narrow Neural Network were the best models in classifying the three behaviors (average accuracy = 89.34 ± 0.12%). This classification method shows potential for automating movement characterization of exploratory behaviors, thereby may aid early assessment of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Priya Patel

Harsh Pandya

Rajiv Ranganathan

Mei-Hua Lee

Automated Classification of Manual Exploratory Behaviors Using Sensorized Objects and Machine Learning: A Preliminary Proof-of-Concept Study

使用传感器化物体和机器学习的探索性行为自动分类：一项初步的概念验证研究

The worldwide increase in childhood overweight and obesity underscores the need to study variables like fundamental movement skill (FMS) levels from early childhood. This study investigated the bidirectional longitudinal relationship between body mass index (BMI) and process-oriented FMSs, including locomotor skills and object control skills in 675 Finnish children, aged 3–8 years at baseline (50.5% female, mean age 5.5 years) over 3 years. Standardized BMI-for-age SD scores (BMI SDS z -scores) followed Finnish national standards. The FMS assessment comprised four subtests from the Test of Gross Motor Development, third edition. Age-adjusted standardized residuals of FMS or skill domains and BMI SDS z -scores were used in a two-level, cross-classified, cross-lagged regression analysis, accounting for gender, and baseline value of the dependent variables. The results showed no statistically significant longitudinal relationship between BMI and FMS or its skill domains for either gender in either direction. This suggests that BMI and process-oriented FMS, encompassing locomotor skill and object control skill, develop independently, possibly influenced by unexplored variables. These findings contradict earlier results based on product-oriented measurements, which may include a physical capacity component. The outcomes further underscore the importance of monitoring weight status from early childhood, given its significant association with later-life weight conditions.

Maria Kasanen

Arto Laukkanen

Donna Niemistö

Asko Tolvanen

Francisco Ortega

Arja Sääkslahti

Bidirectional Relationship Over Time Between Body Mass Index and Fundamental Movement Skill Domains Measured by a Process-Oriented Method in Childhood: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study

儿童时期体重指数与基本运动技能领域之间随时间变化的相互关系：一项为期3年的纵向研究，采用过程导向方法测量

We aimed to investigate the impact of smartphone use during intertrial intervals within a distributed practice regime on mental fatigue, performance, and learning of a balance motor skill. One hundred and thirty-six participants were randomly divided into two groups: the smartphone use group (SMARTPHONE) and the control group (CONTROL). The SMARTPHONE accessed social media during the rest periods within a distributed practice of a balance task, whereas the CONTROL rested passively during the rest periods. The participants practiced the toe-touch task. The participants underwent a pretest consisting of one trial. Subsequently, the participants were engaged in practice, completing six trials interspersed with 2-min intervals of either rest or smartphone use. Following the practice phase, a posttest was conducted, and after 24 hr, we administered a retention test and a transfer test. The number of touches and the number of errors (contacting the ground with the free leg to regain balance) were performance measures. We evaluated the participants’ mental fatigue after the practice session using a visual analog scale. The groups demonstrated similar mental fatigue after practice. Our results suggest that using social media on smartphones during rest periods within a distributed practice impairs performance but not motor learning.

Marina Gonçalves Leal

José Eduardo dos Martírios Luz

Ana Kariele da Silva Santos

Cicero Luciano Alves Costa

Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira

Cassio de Miranda Meira

Giordano Marcio Gatinho Bonuzzi

Spaced Use of Social Media Apps Among Motor Practice Trials Impacts Performance Without Influencing Mental Fatigue and Motor Learning

社交媒体应用在运动练习试验中的间隔使用影响表现，但不影响心理疲劳和运动学习

This study evaluated the efficacy of an 8-week (two sessions/week; 60 min/session) adapted soccer intervention on skill performance and retention in 30 adults (18 men and 12 women) ages 17–40 years with autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and intellectual disability. Of these 30 participants, 18 completed a 1-month retention test. The program included behavior supports and adaptations for participants with varying levels of behavioral needs. Dribbling, kicking a moving ball, kicking a stationary ball, throw-ins, trapping, and a composite skill score were examined. Linear mixed-effect regression revealed a significant time main effect with improvements from pretest to posttest and pretest to retention for all skills. In addition, modest offline gains (i.e., posttest &lt; retention) were observed for throw-ins, kicking a moving ball, and the composite skill score. A significant main effect of diagnosis was observed such that participants with autism spectrum disorder had better performance on kicking a moving ball than those with Down syndrome and intellectual disability. Finally, a significant main effect of level of function was observed. This program enabled adults with various disabilities to acquire fundamental soccer skills that may lead to meaningful participation in community soccer programs.

Danielle M. Lang

Emily E. Munn

Claire E. Tielke

Mary G. Nix Caden

Tessa M. Evans

Melissa M. Pangelinan

Soccer Skill Performance and Retention Following an 8-Week Adapted Soccer Intervention in Adults With Disabilities

8周适应性足球干预后残疾成年人的足球技能表现和保持

Abbreviation	J. Mot. Learn. Dev.
Journal Impact	0.78
Quartiles(Global)	SPORT SCIENCES(Q4)

ISSN	2325-3193, 2325-3215
h-index	19

Publication Information	Publisher: Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2017，Proportion of original research papers: 93.75%，Self Citation Rate:12.50%， Gold OA Rate: 3.88%

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

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