Age of Human Rights Journal

This paper examines the challenges in defining and safeguarding religious minorities within international and regional legal frameworks. It explores the main research question of how existing legal instruments and definitions impact the protection of religious minorities and aims to propose recommendations for improving these protections. Through a literature review and critical analysis of international and regional legal frameworks, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and various regional instruments, the paper identifies significant gaps and inconsistencies in current protections. Key issues highlighted include the lack of a universally accepted definition of religious minorities, the limitations of international and regional instruments, and the varying interpretations of religious rights by bodies such as the European Court of Human Rights. The paper concludes with recommendations for clearer definitions, more robust legal provisions, and enhanced international and regional cooperation to better safeguard the rights of religious minorities. The findings emphasize the need for more effective approaches to protecting religious diversity and ensuring proper representation.

Sanh Shareef

The Age of Human Rights Journal

Redefining Protection: Challenges and Solutions in Safeguarding Religious Minorities within International and Regional Legal Frameworks

重新定义保护：在国际和区域法律框架内保护宗教少数群体的挑战与解决方案

This paper reflects on the possibility of opening new ways of revaluing the role of human responsibilities and duties by establishing a relationship with rights that goes further than a simple correspondence between correlative terms. Approaching the interdependence between the language of rights and the language of duties from an intercultural perspective helps achieve an increasingly broader, but necessarily more complex, consensus. This analysis goes back to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which left duties in the background but showed the incipient presence of an intercultural purpose thanks to the work of UNESCO. The final part of the paper is devoted to those international declarations which delve deeper into this purpose and focus on duties. The aim of these initiatives, which originated with dialogue, is to strengthen those bonds of solidarity that involve assuming responsibilities when faced by the requirements of others that cannot be expressed in terms of enforceable powers.

Emilia Bea

Human Duties and Rights in an Intercultural Perspective

跨文化视角下的人类义务与权利

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of counteracting human rights violations due to age discrimination in the social and communicative sphere to identify problematic aspects of this discrimination; to study current changes in connection with the pandemic threat and generalize a set of legal guarantees to prevent and counteract inappropriate legal policy in this area. The research is based on a humanistic approach, which determines the individual value criterion of the research methodology and is manifested through the ideology of anthropocentrism; a complementary approach to scientific research and a balanced combination of national and international state-building and law-making principles. A comparative legal method was used, which made it possible to summarize the legal requirements of various states, including the United Arab Emirates, Great Britain, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Colombia, on measures to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical and information reports of the European Union countries, monitoring of the Equality Representatives of individual countries (Serbia, Lithuania), analytical data, government decisions and practical cases were used.

Nataliya Hren

Mykhailo Kelman

Maiia Pyvovar

Anna Koval

Yaroslav Melnyk

Human rights and current discriminatory manifestations (on the example of age discrimination in the social and communicative sphere)

人权与当前歧视现象（以社会和交流领域中的年龄歧视为例）

In this study, we begin by analysing the guiding legal principles and international standards that States must consider when developing laws, programs, and policies to protect indigenous women's human rights. Besides, we try to find out what priority issues States are trying to address. Once we establish the theoretical framework, we will review how, in practice, the Inter-American Commission and Court have examined some of the leading cases concerning the protection of the economic, social, and cultural rights of indigenous women. All this will lead us to understand the bases of indigenous women's worldview. Thus, we can propose the (de)construction of their legal status, which should suggest a necessary conquest of public spaces and conceive them as individuals, protecting their honour and recognizing their dignity.

Jonatán Cruz Ángeles

Developing indigenous women´legal status in the inter-amerian law

发展美洲间法中的土著妇女法律地位

In 1975, with Decree No. 31, the Federal Military Government of Nigeria established the Public Complaints Commission as the country’s ombudsman institution. Charging it with the responsibility for protecting the citizen’s rights in the administration, Decree No. 31 was an enabling law to the 1974 report of the Public Service Review Panel instituted by the Military Government in 1974 to appraise and revamp the country’s public service. Following Nigeria’s return to democratic rule in 1999, the Commission’s establishment law became known as the Public Complaints Commission Act, CAP P37 of Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004, which sustains its existence and operation in the present Fourth Republic. Notwithstanding, the Commission’s performance has largely remained unsatisfactory for being unable to effectively deliver on its statutory mandate. This conceptual study, therefore, investigates the main factors accounting for the ineffectiveness of the Nigerian ombudsman institution. The study relies on qualitative data generated from secondary sources, which was analyzed using the thematic analysis technique of qualitative data analysis. The work finds that, among other issues, the lack of independence and legal capacity to punish offenders, are the key impediments to the effectiveness of the Commission. The study thus recommends, among other things, the amendment of the Commission’s establishment Act to grant the institution independence from the executive and legislative arms of the Nigerian Federal Government and confer on it punitive powers, as workable measures for repositioning the nation’s ombudsman institution for improved performance.

Solomon I. Ifejika

Protecting Citizens against Bureaucratic Abuse and Maladministration

保护公民免受官僚滥用和行政不善

Due to ongoing demographic changes, old age is receiving increasing attention, to the extent that it is considered a “new frontier” of justice, with spatial justice being one of the more recent areas of interest within the legal sphere. The article aims to explore the relationships among the elderly, rights, and space, particularly concerning the urban dimension of the latter. The analysis is preceded by a brief account of the historical significance assumed by old age in philosophy and law, at the intersection of which legal philosophy is situated.

Maria Giulia Bernardini

Old Age as a “New Frontier” of (Spatial) Justice

老龄化作为（空间）正义的“新边疆”

The aim of this paper is to offer some reflections on the role that new technologies can play in the field of human rights, and specially from the point of view of the general data protection regulation and blockchain technology. The European Union General Data Protection Regulation of 2016 has modified the regulatory framework in key aspects for human rights, such as the consent of the individuals affected by the processing of their data, the right to data portability, or the right to be forgotten.In line with this approach, the first part of the study focuses especially on the regulation of the right to be forgotten and the rights to privacy and respect for privacy. In the second part of my study, the paper analyses the role that blockchain technology can play in guaranteeing and protecting human rights, as well as in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Oscar Celador Angón

General Data Protection Regulation, Right to Be Forgotten, Blockchain Technology and Human Rights

通用数据保护条例、被遗忘权、区块链技术与人类权利

Despite the numerous advances that have been made in gender-based violence and femicide (GBVF) or violence against women and girls (VAWG) at the national and international levels, GBVF continues at pandemic levels throughout the world. One of the main reasons for the high rates of GBVF is that there is currently no global legally binding treaty that comprehensively addresses VAW. The purpose of this paper is to consequently examine whether and how VAWG is being acknowledged and regulated within the international human rights law, and more specifically within CEDAW. It calls for an internationally binding treaty to effectively address VAWG.

Tameshnie Deane

Gender-Based Violence in International Human Rights Law – The Efficacy of the United Nations Human Rights Legal Framework and CEDAW in Addressing the Issue

国际人权法中的基于性别的暴力——联合国人权法律框架和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》在解决该问题上的效力

In this article, I intend to identify, within the frame of the semiotic theories of C.S. Peirce and U. Eco, some indications that may help to shed light on a remarkable phenomenon of constitutional interpretation, namely the influence exerted, in the process of determination of the constitutional provisions which attribute fundamental rights, by the set of beliefs, expectations, purposes etc., sedimented within a socially oriented linguistic practice. Through this operation of analogical transposition, I seek to highlight how the identification of the theoretical-doctrinal backgrounds related to the complex of ethical-political conceptions incorporated by the constitutions is strongly influenced by various elements of an intra- and extra-textual nature. Furthermore, by placing the interpretative processes in a broader hermeneutic-semiotic framework that considers legal cases as sign functions, the text seeks to demonstrate in a relatively easy-to-understand manner that the theoretical complications involved in the legal field do not ultimately differ from to those found in any other interpretative activity that involves the use of a natural-historical language.

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	0.34
Quartiles(Global)	LAW(Q4)

Publication Information	Publisher: Universidad de Jaen，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2013，Proportion of original research papers: 100.00%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 91.84%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：24 Weeks

Age of Human Rights Journal

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Redefining Protection: Challenges and Solutions in Safeguarding Religious Minorities within International and Regional Legal Frameworks

Human Duties and Rights in an Intercultural Perspective

Human rights and current discriminatory manifestations (on the example of age discrimination in the social and communicative sphere)

Developing indigenous women´legal status in the inter-amerian law

Protecting Citizens against Bureaucratic Abuse and Maladministration

Redefining Protection: Challenges and Solutions in Safeguarding Religious Minorities within International and Regional Legal Frameworks

Old Age as a “New Frontier” of (Spatial) Justice

General Data Protection Regulation, Right to Be Forgotten, Blockchain Technology and Human Rights

Gender-Based Violence in International Human Rights Law – The Efficacy of the United Nations Human Rights Legal Framework and CEDAW in Addressing the Issue

Unlimited Semiosis, Encyclopaedic Semantics, and Interpretation of Rights

ISSN	2340-9592
h-index	5