Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the dosimetric result of the Field-In-Field (FIF) plans compared with Tangential Wedged Beams (TWB) plans for whole breast radiotherapy of patients. Materials and Methods: In this survey, we entered fifty patients with breast-conserving surgery and postoperative whole-breast radiotherapy. FIF and a TWB plan were made for each patient to compare dosimetric outcomes. Results: The Homogeneity Index (HI) and Conformity Index (CI) were specified for the evaluation of Planning Target Volume (PTV). The mean dose of the ipsilateral lung and contra-lateral breast for the evaluation of organs at risk dose were used. The FIF plans had significantly lower HI (p &lt; 0.01) and CI (p &lt; 0.01) than those of the TWB plans. It means in the dosimetric comparisons of the PTV, the FIF plans were better than the TWB plans. The V10lung (31.152vs. 32.72%, p &lt; 0.01), V20lung (25.6064vs. 26.6%, p &lt; 0.01) V30lung (17.4% vs. 18.4%, p &lt; 0.01) were lower with the FIF plans compared with those of the TWB plans, with statistical significance. The FIF plans had a lower mean dose for the lung than those of TWB plans (1225.48 vs. 1670.32 cGy) but no statistical significance (p=0.06). The mean dose in the contra-lateral of the breast in FIF plans was lower than in TWB plans (61.666 vs. 163.45 cGy), with statistical significance (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: The FIF plans increased the dose homogeneity, and conformity of the target volume for the whole-breast irradiation compared with the TWB plans. Moreover, the doses of organs at risk (ipsilateral lung and contralateral breast) were reduced with FIF plans.

Seraj Addin Zare

Maryam Bahador

Samira Yazdani

Frontiers in biomedical technologies

Comparison of Lung and Contralateral Scattered Breast Dose between Field-in-Field and Wedge Techniques in Patients with Early Breast Cancer

早期乳腺癌患者中田野内田野与楔形技术对肺和对照侧散射乳腺剂量的比较

Purpose: Urine volume and urine conductivity monitoring allow better care for urinary tract infection disease. Urine volume and conductivity involve electrical bioimpedance change at the lower abdomen. In previous studies, bioimpedance has been only used for estimating the volume, and the estimation error significantly increases when the conductivity changes. Materials and Methods: In this work, the neuron network technique is proposed to determine both the volume and the conductivity based on the measured bioimpedance data on a sixteen-electrode configuration. Nine architectures of neuron networks were investigated by simulation. Eleven body models were created, consisting of muscle, fat, pelvis bone, rectum, and bladder. Seven bladder sizes, eleven conductivities, and eight levels of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNRs) were simulated. Results: The result showed that the neural network method could efficiently estimate with an average of 1.04% volume error and 2.85% conductivity error. The performance remained stable with a signal-to-noise ratio higher than 60 dB, but it may reduce 2-8 times at lower SNRs. The moderate fat content provided high performance. The performance would be worsened if the bladder size was very small and the conductivity was low. The performance was increased when the volume was moderate, i.e. 302 ml, and the conductivity was higher than 1.76 S/m. The 3-layer architecture with 1024, 512, and 2 neurons yielded the highest performance. The 2-layer architecture with hidden neurons higher than 512 provided a comparative performance with only 0.9-1.5% lesser performance. Conclusion: Neural network technique can be used to estimate urine volume and urine conductivity with excellent performance.

Taweechai Ouypornkochagorn

Phirakrit Chiangchin

Napatsawan Ngamdi

Tudsanee Limpisophon

Anurak Dowloy

Estimation of Urine Volume and Urine Conductivity Using Electrical Bioimpedance Based on the Neural Network Method

基于神经网络方法的电生物阻抗法估算尿量和尿导电性

Purpose: This study characterized and incorporated a novel Boron Nitride Nanoplatelet (BNNP) into conventional cement known as Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) with changed ratios (range from 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%wt) Subsequently. Materials and Methods: The study examined the impact of adding BNNP on the mechanical characteristics of GIC, including its Flexural Strength (FS), Diametral Tensile Strength (DTS), water sorption/solubility, and setting times. The BNNP was characterized using Physio-Chemical Characterization, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) testing, and density was also measured. In addition to showing considerably greater DTS (16.34± 1.26MPa) and FS (24.037 ± 0.816 MPa), the results showed that 3% wt. BNNP-modified GIC specimens decreased in water sorption/solubility 19.358±2.40 and 2.979±0.65 µg/mm3, respectively, compared with traditional GIC. Results: In this work, a novel BNNP containing GIC was created, resulting in a 15% reduction in water sorption. When compared to commercial GIC, the demonstrated GIC can quadruple the DTS and FS. Conclusion: For water-based cement types, the glass-ionomer formulations including BNNP exhibit equivalent and acceptable working qualities.

Hasanein A. AlNamel

Rafid M. AlBadr

Farah Abdul Razzaq

Evaluation and Characterization of some Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement Reinforced by Novel Boron Nitride Nanoplatelets

新型氮化硼纳米片增强玻璃离子水门汀性能的评价与表征

Purpose: In recent years, the Electroencephalography (EEG)-based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) application has been growing rapidly and has emerged as a technology with high translational potential since it allows disabled people to translate human intentions into control signals and to interact with the external environment without any kinesthetic movement. Individuals with significant health problems can benefit from this technology to improve their independence and facilitate participation in activities, thus improving general well-being and preventing impairments. The rapid advances in technology have led to optimal innovation in the context of wearable health monitoring and remote control solutions. Many wearable devices for capturing EEG signals in daily life have recently been released on the market. Our paper aims to present a wearable de-vice-based system for real-time and remote EEG monitoring, to describe the proposed system modules and the signal processing algorithms, to explore the functionalities of this wearable EEG solution, and to suggest its potential application for daily brain data recordings in the home environment. Materials and Methods: The validity of the Emotiv Epoc+ device in the continuous and real-time EEG signals acquisition and monitoring was demonstrated by means of preliminary test measurements during a resting state paradigm performed by a healthy control subject. Results: Our findings confirmed the Epoc+ reliability for event-related brain potential research and in measuring acceptable spectral EEG data. Conclusion: The described approach, focusing on the emerging area of remote monitoring sensors and wearable device applications, might be leveraged to measure complex health outcomes in non-specialist and remote settings.

Arrigo Palumbo

Vera Gramigna

Barbara Calabrese

Nicola Ielpo

Andrea Demeco

A Wearable Device-Based System: The Potential Role in Real-time and Remote EEG Monitoring

基于可穿戴设备的系统：在实时和远程脑电监测中的潜在作用

Purpose: In recent years, the use of Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) in Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems has dramatically increased across several fields, such as rehabilitation, cognitive impairment, and brain disease or disorder detection, as well as artificial limbs, wheelchairs, and biomechanical systems. In this study, a novel method is proposed to help scientists develop more efficient BCI systems for Machine Learning Operations (MLOps). This study proposed a state-of-the-art method for detecting SSVEP-based stimulation frequencies with statistical models to design an optimal BCI system. Materials and Methods: In this study, the Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) method has been implemented to extract features from the accessible-to-the-public Tsinghua University Benchmark dataset. A limited number of subjects are being studied. After completing feature selection methods and selecting the best subset of features using a specified feature selection method, the classification of the best features using machine learning-based classification methods has been completed. Furthermore, it is assumed that scientists will design and implement a system specifically for subjects. Models work for subjects independently. However, because model training is subject-specific, we must execute the proposed methods on each subject separately. Results: The findings indicate that the novel suggested BCI system achieves an average accuracy of 83±9% in stimulation detection, which is higher than that of the traditional CCA approach with an accuracy of 80±11% (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, we demonstrated an increase in accuracy with the novel method. It was also discovered that by using the proposed techniques, it is possible to keep MLOps systems as an advantage.

Moein Esfahani

Hosein Najafi

Hossein Sadati

Closed Loop Subject-Independent SSVEP Frequency Detection System Using CCA Features and Ensemble Learning Methods

基于CCA特征和集成学习方法的闭环独立于受试者的SSVEP频率检测系统

Purpose: High-energy heavy ions generated by accelerators utilized in industrial and medical uses. Ar, C, and He heavy ions have been used in the treatment of cancer. In this research, it was tried to calculate the radioactive elements production in healthy tissues around tumors by heavy ions spallation process in the direct usage of high-energy ions for the treatment of cancerous tumors. Materials and Methods: The radioactive elements production in body tissues irradiated with heavy ions was calculated by Monte Carlo N Particle X-version (MCNPX) code based on the Monte Carlo method. The F8 tally card with FT8 command was utilized to derive the activation and spallation data in the range of Z1 to Z2 atomic numbers. Results: A wide range of radioactive elements was created in healthful tissues in Ne, C, Ar, and He heavy ions therapy. Results show that 10Be,14C, 26Al, 36Cl, 39Ar, 40K, 39Ar, 32Si, 22Na, and 36Cl radioactive materials were produced for high-energy heavy ions spallation in healthy soft tissue. Conclusion: The results of this research show that due to using directly high-energy ions to treat internal tumors, healthy soft tissue is activated. Also, by irradiated Ne, C, Ar, and He ions, the radioactive elements are produced with high gains and long half-lives. Therefore, in the therapy of cancerous tumors with high-energy ions, due to the production of radioactive agents, healthy tissues are at high risk.

Mohammad Reza Rezaie Rayeni Nejad

Saeedeh Khezripour

Ali Nouraddini

Monte Carlo Simulation of Radioactive Elements Production in Tissues by Spallation in Cancer Therapy

癌症治疗中靶向组织中放射性元素产生的蒙特卡罗模拟

Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are arguably the most prominent and most widely used healthcare diagnostic modalities for a wide range of applications. There are certain specific applications for which a particular modality is specifically used or has been adopted over a period of time because of reasons like good diagnostic accuracy, fast diagnosis, etc. One such application for CT has been “Spinal Fracture Diagnosis” and for MRI has been “Brain Tumor Detection”. This study presents case studies from different time periods to demonstrate the evolution of these respective applications and emphasizes the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based techniques like machine learning, deep learning, etc. for advancements in the diagnostic process. The case studies will enable the new researchers to understand the background and the work done in the respective time period. The time period of the studies referred to is between the years 2000 and 2023 (Present date). The purpose of this study is to enlighten the reader about the evolution of spinal fractures and brain tumor diagnosis which are understood to be primary applications of CT and MRI, respectively and, encourage further study into topics pertaining to AI-based tools used in diagnostic modalities for applications like automatic detection and prediction, smart decision making, early detection, etc.

Yashodhan Gharote

Gajanan Nagare

Evolution in Spinal Fracture Diagnosis and Brain Tumor Detection in the Last two Decades: A Timeline-Based Study

过去二十年脊椎骨折诊断与脑肿瘤检测的演变：基于时间线的研究

Breast Cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women and the most common cancer worldwide. It is classified based on its anatomical origin, the presence of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2), and the presence of Estrogen Receptor (ER) and/or Progesterone Receptor (PR). Around 20% of breast cancers are HER-2 positive. While biopsy-based diagnoses are valuable in clinical settings, they have limitations in terms of sampling and interpretation. However, laboratory tests such as Immunohistochemistry (IHC) or Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) are also limited, including being time-consuming, expensive, and requiring specialized equipment. Ongoing research and technological advancements aim to address the challenges associated with biopsy-based diagnoses and laboratory tests to develop more accurate and efficient methods for assessing HER-2 status. To this end, various radioactively labeled proteins and small compounds, such as single-chain variable Fragments (scFv), F(ab')2, affibody, and nanobody, have been developed to target HER-2 using molecular array techniques. These smaller targeted compounds offer improved image quality, shorter circulating half-life, and reduced immunogenicity compared to their larger counterparts. This is due to their better biodistribution, clearance, and stability. This study investigates the current understanding and ongoing efforts in utilizing antibody fragments for molecular imaging. The specific objectives were to evaluate the advantages of antibody fragments over full-length antibodies regarding biodistribution, clearance, and stability. Additionally, this study aims to assess the current knowledge and ongoing research in utilizing antibody fragments for molecular imaging.

Reza Gerami

Mana Altafi

Zahra Shahpar

Ensieh Izadpanah

Siamak Soltani

Omid Naderloo

Ali Tarighatnia

Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Radiolabeled Antibody Fragments for Breast Cancer Molecular Imaging

放射性标记抗体片段在乳腺癌分子影像学中的最新进展与未来展望

Purpose: Restless legs syndrome is claimed to be associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Intima-media thickness has been reported to be the most valuable surrogate marker and predictor of atherosclerosis progression and upcoming cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between restless legs syndrome and intima-media thickness of the carotid artery. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, a total of 23 patients with restless legs syndrome without other known risk factors of cardiovascular diseases were evaluated with regard to the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery by employing a high-resolution B-mode ultrasound study. The findings of the ultrasound study between the case and the control group were compared and statistically analyzed. Results: Intima-media thickness was revealed to be of a lower value in subjects with restless legs syndrome (0.79 ± 0.10) compared to the control group (0.88 ± 0.13). Also, our study showed that older age and the presence of hypertension directly correlates with intima-media thickness. Conclusion: It can be concluded that restless legs syndrome is associated with a lower intima-media thickness.

Mohamad Ghazanfari Hashemi

Mahsa Vafaei Mastanabad

Maryam Alaei

Mohammad Ali Kaviani

Ali Asadifar

Rahim Momivand

Helia Helali

Meadeh Ghazanfari Hashemi

Marjan Gholami

Seyedeh Nooshin Miratashi Yazdi

Effects of Idiopathic Restless Leg Syndrome on Intima-Media Thickness of Carotid Artery: A Case Control Study

特发性不宁腿综合征对颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度的影响：一项病例对照研究

Purpose: The impact of various hip prosthesis materials on the amount of dose perturbation generated by 9 MeV electron and 18 MV photon beams during pelvic radiation therapy is analyzed in this research. Materials and Methods: The Varian 2100 C/D LINAC head for the electron (9 MeV) and photon (18 MV) modes and a water phantom with a realistic hip prosthesis were modeled using the Monte Carlo (MC) code; MCNPX (Ver. 2.6.0) and were benchmarked for measurement. Four different materials, including Cobalt–Chromium–Molybdenum-alloy (CCM), Stainless Steel (SS), Titanium, and Titanium-alloy (Ti-alloy) were evaluated. The changes in electron and photon fluences and dose perturbations due to the presence of the hip prostheses were investigated. Results: An increased dose of 13.29%, 13.77%, 6.16%, and 5.93% for 9 MeV and 30.43%, 33.05%, 10.89%, and 11.27% for 18 MV was calculated for Ti-alloy, Ti, CCM, and SS prosthesis, respectively. At 0.5 mm distance from the prosthesis, the Electron Backscatter Factor (EBF) of 1.31, 1.33, 1.15, and 1.14 for 9 MeV and 1.32, 1.34, 1.11, and 1.12 for 18 MV was calculated for Ti-alloy, Ti, CCM, and SS prosthesis, respectively. Dose perturbation is higher at a near distance from the prosthesis; by reducing the distance from the Ti-alloy prosthesis (1.5 to 0.5 mm), an increased dose of 7.70% and 5.54% resulted in 18 MV and 9 MeV, respectively. The dose decreases of up to 21% behind the hip prosthesis were calculated for 18 MV. Conclusion: It is essential to consider the dose perturbation due to the presence of a hip prosthesis to achieve the optimal treatment planning in radiotherapy.

Morteza Hashemizadeh

Mansour Zabihzadeh

Omid Azadbakht

Masoud Jamali

Estimation of Dose Perturbation Due to the Presence of Metal Hip Prostheses in Radiotherapy with Electron and Photon Beams: A Monte Carlo Study

金属髋关节假体在电子束和光子束放射治疗中剂量扰动的估计：蒙特卡罗研究

Publication Information	Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2019，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies

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